"Andfinallytheunionofsongandoratorywillcreateabridgetodramaticperformancesandtheartisantheatrewhichmustconstantlybekeptinviewastheultimateobjectiveoftheseaestheticstrivings。Onlywhenthelabouringclasseslearnoncemorehowtomoveonthestagewilltheirartisticeducationbecomplete（pp。174-175）。

Gottfriedhasthussucceededinchangingtheartisanintoacomedianandhasarrivedbackathisownsituation。

ThiswholeflirtationwiththeguildaspirationsofthemastercraftsmeninBonndidnotfailtoachieveapracticalresult。InreturnforthesolemnpromisestopromotethecauseoftheguildsGottfried’selectionasMemberforBonnintheLowerChamberunderthedictatedconstitution[25]wascontrived。"FromthismomentonGottfriedfelthappy。"

HesetoffatonceforBerlinandashebelievedthatitwastheintentionofthegovernmenttoestablishapermanent"corporation"ofapprovedmastersinthecraftoflegislationintheLowerChamber，heactedasifheweretostaythereforeverandevendecidedtosendforhiswifeandchild。ButthentheChamberwasdissolvedandFriendGottfried，bitterlydisappointed，hadtoleavehisparliamentaryblissandgobacktoMockel。

SoonafterwardsconflictsbrokeoutbetweentheFrankfurtAssemblyandtheGermangovernmentsandthisledtotheupheavalsinSouthGermanyandontheRhine。TheFatherlandcalledandGottfriedobeyed。SiegburgwasthesiteofthearsenalfortheprovinceandnexttoBonnSiegburgwastheplacewhereGottfriedhadsowntheseedoffreedommostfrequently。

Hejoinedforceswithhisfriend，Anneke，aformerlieutenantandsummonedallhisloyalvassalstoamarchonSiegburg。Theyweretoassembleattheropeferry。MorethanahundredweresupposedtocomebutwhenafterwaitingalongtimeGottfriedcountedtheheadsofthefaithfultherewerebarelythirty——andoftheseonlythreewerestudents，totheundyingshameoftheMaybugClub！Undaunted，GottfriedandhisbandcrossedtheRhineandmarchedtowardsSiegburg。Thenightwasdarkanditwasdrizzling。

Suddenlythesoundofhorses’hoovescouldbeheardbehindourvaliantheroes。Theytookcoveratthesideoftheroad，apatroloflancersgallopedby：miserableknaveshadtalkedtoofreelyandtheauthoritieshadgotwindofit。Themarchwasnowfutileandhadtobeabandoned。ThepainthatGottfriedfeltinhisbreastthatnightcanonlybecomparedwiththetormentsheexperiencedwhenbothKnappandChamissodeclinedtoprintthefirstfloweringofhispoetictalentintheirmagazines。

AfterthishecouldremainnolongerinBonnbutsurelythePalatinatewouldprovidegreatscopeforhisactivities？HewenttoKaiserslauternandashehadtohaveajobheobtainedasinecureintheWarOffice（itissaidthathewasputinchargeofnavalaffairs）。Buthecontinuedtoearnhislivingbyhawkingaroundhisideasaboutfreedomandthepeople’sparadiseamongthepeasantsoftheregionanditissaidthathisreceptioninanumberofreactionarydistrictswasanythingbutcordial。DespitetheseminormisfortunesKinkelcouldbeseenoneveryhighroad，stridingalongpurposefully，hisrucksackonhisbackandfromthispointonheappearsinallthenewspapersaccompaniedbyhisrucksack。

ButtheupheavalsinthePalatinatewerequicklyterminatedandwediscoverKinkelagaininKarlsruhewhereinsteadoftherucksackhecarriesamusketwhichnowbecomeshispermanentemblem。Thismusketissaidtohavehadaverybeautifulaspect，i。e。abuttandstockmadeofmahoganyanditwascertainlyanartistic，aestheticmusket;therewasalsoanuglysidetoitandthiswasthefactthatGottfriedcouldneitherload，norsee，norshootnormarch。Somuchsothatafriendaskedhimwhyhewasgoingintobattleatall。WhereuponGottfriedreplied：Well，thefactisthatIcan’treturntoBonn，Ihavetolive！

InthiswayGottfriedjoinedtheranksofthewarriorsinthecorpsofthechivalrousWillich。Asanumberofhiscomradesinarmshavereliablyreported。Gottfriedservedasacommonpartisan，sharingallthevicissitudesofthiscompanywithhumility。Hewasasmerryandfriendlyinbadtimesasingood，buthewasmostlyengagedinmarauding。InRastatt，[26]however，thisunsulliedwitnesstotruthandjusticewastoundergothetestfromwhichhewouldemergeunblemishedandasamartyrtotheplauditsofthewholeGermannation。Theexactdetailsofthisexploithaveneverbeenestablishedwithanyaccuracy。Allthatisknownisthatatroopofpartisansgotlostinaskirmishandafewshotswerefiredontheirflank。AbulletgrazedGottfried’sheadandhefelltothegroundwiththecry"Iamdead"。Hewasnotinfactdeadbuthiswoundwasseriousenoughtopreventhimfromretreatingwiththeothers。

HewastakentoafarmhousewhereheturnedtotheworthyBlackForestpeasantswiththewords"Saveme——IamKinkel！"HerehewasdiscoveredbythePrussians，whodraggedhimoffintoBabyloniancaptivity。

IIIWithhiscaptureanewepochopenedinKinkel’slifeandatthesametimetherebegananewerainthehistoryofGermanPhilistinism。

TheMaybugClubhadscarcelyheardthenewsofhiscapturethantheywrotetoalltheGermanpapersthatKinkel，thegreatpoet，wasindangerofbeingsummarilyshotandexhortingtheGermanpeople，especiallytheeducatedamongthem，andaboveallthewomenandgirlstogivetheiralltosavethelifeoftheimprisonedpoet。Kinkelhimselfcomposedapoemataboutthistime，aswearetold，inwhichhecomparedhimselfto"Christ，hisfriendandteacher"，adding："Mybloodisshedforyou。"Fromthispointonhisemblemisthelyre。InthiswayGermanysuddenlylearnedthatKinkelwasapoet，agreatpoetmoreover，andfromthismomentonthemassofGermanPhilistinesandaestheticisingdrivellersjoinedintheFarceoftheBlueFlowerputonbyourHeinrichvonOfterdingen。

InthemeantimethePrussiansbroughthimbeforeamilitarytribunal。

Forthefirsttimeafteralongintervalhesawhisopportunitytotryoutoneofthosemovingappealstothetearductsofhisaudiencewhich——accordingtoMockel——hadbroughthimsuchapplauseearlieronasanassistantpreacherinCologne。Colognetoowasdestinedsoontowitnesshismostgloriousperformanceinthissphere。HemadeaspeechinhisowndefencebeforethetribunalwhichthankstotheindiscretionofafriendwasunfortunatelymadeavailabletothepublicthroughthemediumoftheBerlinAbendpost。InthisspeechKinkel"repudiatesanyconnectionbetweenhisactivitiesandthefilthandthedirtthat，asIwellknow，haslatterlyattacheditselftothisrevolution"。

AfterthisrabidrevolutionaryspeechKinkelwassentencedtotwentyyearsdetentioninafortress。AsanactofgracethiswasreducedtoprisonwithhardlabourandhewasremovedtoNaugardwherehewasemployedinspinningwoolandsojustasformerlyhehadappearedwiththeemblemfirstoftherucksack，thenthemusketandthenthelyre，henowappearsinassociationwiththespinningwheel。Weshallseehimlaterwanderingovertheoceanaccompaniedbytheemblemofthepurse。

InthemeantimeacuriouseventtookplaceinGermany。ItiswellknownthattheGermanPhilistineisendowedbyNaturewithabeautifulsoul。Nowhefoundhismostcherishedillusionscruellyshatteredbythehardblowsoftheyear1849。Notasinglehopehadbecomerealityandeventhefast-beatingheartsofyoungmenbegantodespairaboutthefateofthefatherland。EveryheartyieldedtoalachrymosetorporandtheneedbegantobefeltforademocraticChrist，forarealorimaginedSuffererwhoinhistormentswouldbearthesinsofthePhilistineworldwiththepatienceofalambandwhosePassionwouldepitomiseinextremeformtheunrestrainedbutchronicself-pityofthewholeofPhilistinism。TheMaybugClub，withMockelatitshead，setouttosatisfythisuniversalneed。

Andindeed，whobetterfittedforthetaskofenactingthisgreatPassionFarcethanourcaptivepassion’dower，KinkelattheSpinningWheel，thisspongeabletoabsorbendlessfloodsofsentimentaltears，whowasinadditionpreacher，professoroffinearts，deputy，politicalcolporteur，musketeer，newlydiscoveredpoetandoldimpresarioallrolledintoone？KinkelwasthemanofthemomentandassuchhewasimmediatelyacceptedbytheGermanPhilistines。Everypaperaboundedinanecdotes，vignettes，poems，reminiscencesofthecaptivepoet，hissufferingsinprisonweremagnifiedathousandfoldandtookonmythicalstature;atleastonceamonthhishairwasreportedtohavegonegrey;ineverybourgeoismeeting-placeandateveryteapartyhewasrememberedwithgrief;thedaughtersoftheeducatedclassessighedoverhispoemsandoldmaidswhoknewwhatunrequitedpassionisweptfreelyinvariouscitiesatthethoughtofhisshatteredmanhood。Allotherprofanevictimsoftherevolutionarymovement，allwhohadbeenshot，whohadfalleninbattleorwhohadbeenimprisoneddisappearedintonaughtbesidethisonesacrificiallamb，besidethisoneheroaftertheheartsofthePhilistinesmaleandfemale。Forhimalonedidtheriversoftearsflow，andindeed，healonewasabletorespondtotheminkind。Inshort，wehavetheperfectimage，completeineverydetailofthedemocraticSiegwartepochwhichyieldedinnothingtotheliterarySiegwartepochoftheprecedingcenturyandSiegwart-Kinkelneverfeltmoreathomeinanyrolethaninthisonewherehecouldseemgreatnotbecauseofwhathedidbutbecauseofwhathedidnotdo。Hecouldseemgreatnotbydintofhisstrengthandhispowersofresistancebutthroughhisweaknessandspinelessbehaviourinasituationwherehisonlytaskwastosurvivewithdecorumandsentiment。

Mockel，however，wasableandexperiencedenoughtotakepracticaladvantageofthepublic’ssoftheartandsheimmediatelyorganisedahighlyefficientindustry。ShecausedallofGottfried’spublishedandunpublishedworkstobeprintedfortheyallsuddenlybecamefashionableandweremuchindemand;shealsofoundamarketforherownlife-experiencesfromtheinsectworld，e。g。，herStoryofaFirefly;sheemployedtheMaybugStrodtmanntoassembleGottfried’smostsecretdiary-feelingsandprostitutethemtothepublicforaconsiderablesumofmoney;sheorganisedcollectionsofeverykindandingeneralshedisplayedundeniabletalentandgreatperseveranceinconvertingthefeelingsoftheeducatedpublicintohardcash。Inadditionshehadthegreatsatisfaction"ofseeingthegreatestmenofGermany，suchasAdolfStahr，meetingdailyinherownlittleroom"。

TheclimaxofthiswholeSiegwartmaniawastobereachedattheAssizesinColognewhereGottfriedmadeaguestappearanceearlyin1850。ThiswasthetrialresultingfromtheattempteduprisinginSiegburgandKinkelwasbroughttoColognefortheoccasion。AsGottfried’sdiariesplaysuchaprominentpartinthissketchitwillbeappropriateifweinserthereanexcerptfromthediaryofaneyewitness。

"Kinkel’swifevisitedhimingaol。Shewelcomedhimfrombehindthegrillwithverses;hereplied，Iunderstand，inhexameters;whereupontheybothsanktotheirkneesbeforeeachotherandtheprisoninspector，anoldsergeant-major，whowasstandingbywonderedwhetherhewasdealingwithmadmenorclowns。WhenaskedlaterbythechiefprosecutoraboutthecontentoftheirconversationhedeclaredthatthecouplehadindeedspokenGermanbutthathecouldnotmakeheadnortailofit。WhereuponMrs。Kinkelissupposedtohaveretortedthatamanwhowassowhollyinnocentofartandliteratureshouldnotbemadeaninspector。"

FacedwiththejuryKinkelwriggledhiswayoutbyactingthepuretearjerker，thepoetasteroftheSiegwartperiodofthevintageofWerther’sSufferings。[27]

"MembersoftheCourt，GentlemenoftheJury——theblueeyesofmychildren——thegreenwatersoftheRhine——itisnodishonourtoshakethehandoftheproletarian——thepallidlipsoftheprisoner——thepeacefulairofone’shome"——andsimilarcrap：thatwaswhatthewholefamousspeechamountedtoandthepublic，thejury，theprosecutionandeventhepoliceshedtheirbitteresttearsandthetrialclosedwithaunanimousacquittalandanolessunanimousweepingandwailing。Kinkelisdoubtlessadear，goodmanbutheisalsoarepulsivemixtureofreligious，politicalandliteraryreminiscences。"

It’senoughtomakeyousick。

FortunatelythisperiodofmiserywassoonterminatedbytheromanticliberationofKinkelfromSpandualgaol。Hisescapewasare-enactmentofthestoryofRichardLionheartandBlondelwiththedifferencethatthistimeitwasBlondelwhowasinprisonwhileLionheartplayedonthebarrel-organoutsideandthatBlondelwasanordinarymusic-hallminstrelandthelionwasbasicallymorelikearabbit。LionheartwasinfactthestudentSchurzfromtheMaybugClub，alittleintriguerwithgreatambitionsandlimitedachievementswhowashoweverintelligentenoughtohaveseenthroughthe"GermanLamartine"！NotlongaftertheescapestudentSchurzdeclaredinParisthatheknewverywellthatKinkelwasnolumenmundi，whereashe，Schurz，andnoneotherwasdestinedtobethefuturepresidentoftheGermanRepublic。Thismannikin，oneofthosestudents"inbrownjacketsandpale-blueovercoats"whomGottfriedhadoncefollowedwithhisgloomilyflashingeyessucceededinfreeingKinkelatthecostofsacrificingsomepoordevilofawarderwhoisnowdoingtimeelevatedbythefeelingofbeingamartyrforfreedom——thefreedomofGottfriedKinkel。

IVWenextmeetKinkelagaininLondon，andthistime，thankstohisprisonfameandthesentimentalityoftheGermanPhilistines，hehasbecomethegreatestmaninGermany。MindfulofhissublimemissionFriendGottfriedwasabletoexploitalltheadvantagesofthemoment。

HisromanticescapegavenewimpetustotheKinkelcultinGermanyandheadroitlydirectedthisontoapaththatwasnotwithoutbeneficialmaterialconsequences。AtthesametimeLondonprovidedthemuchveneratedmanwithanew，complexarenainwhichtoreceiveevengreateracclaim。Hedidnothesitate：hewouldhavetobethenewlionoftheseason。Withthisinmindherefrainedforthetimebeingfromallpoliticalactivityandwithdrewintotheseclusionofhishomeinordertogrowabeard，withoutwhichnoprophetcansucceed。AfterthathevisitedDickens，theEnglishliberalnewspapers，theGermanbusinessmenintheCityandespeciallytheaestheticJewsinthatplace。Hewasallthingstoallmen：tooneapoet，toanotherapatriotingeneral，professoroffineartstoathird，Christtothefourth，thepatientlysufferingOdysseustothefifth。Toeveryone，however，heappearedasthegentle，artistic，benevolentandhumanitarianGottfried。

HedidnotrestuntilDickenshadeulogisedhimintheHouseholdWords，untiltheIllustratedNewshadpublishedhisportrait。HeinducedthefewGermansinLondonwhohadbeeninvolvedintheKinkelmaniaevenatadistancetoallowthemselvestobeinvitedtolecturesonmoderndrama。

OncehehadorganisedtheminthiswayticketstotheselecturesfloodedintothehomesofthelocalGermanpopulation。Norunningaround，noadvertisement，nocharlatanism，noimportunitywasbeneathhim;inreturn，however，hedidnotgounrewarded。GottfriedsunnedhimselfcomplacentlyinthemirrorofhisownfameandinthegiganticmirroroftheCrystalPalaceoftheworld。Andwemaysaythathenowfelttremendouslycontent。

Therewasnolackofpraiseforhislectures（seeKosmos）。

Kosmos："Kinkel’sLectures"

"WhilelookingonceatDobler’spaintingsofmistylandscapesIwassurprisedbythewhimsicalquestionofwhetheritwaspossibletoproducesuchchaoticcreationsinwords，whetheritwaspossibletouttermistyimages。Itisnodoubtunpleasantforthecritictohavetoconfessthatinthiscasehiscriticalautonomywillvibrateagainstthegalvanizednervesofanexternalreminiscence，asthefadingsoundofadyingnoteechoesinthestrings。NeverthelessIwouldprefertorenounceanyattemptatabewiggedandboringanalysisofpedanticinsensitivitythantodenythattonewhichthecharmingmuseoftheGermanrefugeecausedtoresonateinmysensibility。ThisgroundnoteofKinkel’spaintings，thissoundingboardofhischordsisthesonorous，creative，formativeandgraduallyshaping’word’——’modernthought’。To’judge’thisthoughtistoleadtruthoutofthechaosofmendacioustraditions，toconstituteitastheindestructiblepropertyoftheworldandassuchtoplaceitundertheprotectionofspirituallyactive，logicalminoritieswhowilleducatetheworldleadingitfromacredulousignorancetoastateofmorescepticalscience。Itisthetaskofthescienceofdoubttoprofanethemysticismofpiousdeceit，tounderminetheabsolutismofanatrophiedtradition。

Sciencemustemployscepticism，thatceaselesslylabouringguillotineofphilosophy，todecapitateacceptedauthorityandtoleadthenationsoutofthemistyregionsoftheocracybymeansofrevolutionintothelusciousmeadowsofdemocracy"（ofnonsense）。"Thesustained，unflaggingsearchintheannalsofmankindandtheunderstandingofmanhimselfisthegreattaskofallrevolutionariesandthishadbeenunderstoodbythatproscribedpoetrebelwhoonthreerecentMondayeveningsutteredhissubversiveviewsbeforeabourgeoisaudienceinthecourseofhislecturesonthehistoryofthemoderntheatre。"

"AWorker"

ItisgenerallyclaimedthatthisworkerisaverycloserelationofKinkel’s——namelyMockel——asindeedseemslikelyfromtheuseofsuchexpressionsas"sounding-board"，"fadingsound"，"chords"and"galvanizednerves"。

However，eventhisperiodofhard-earnedpleasurewasnottolastforever。TheLastJudgementontheexistingworld-order，thedemocraticdayofjudgement，namelythemuchcelebratedMay1852[28]wasdrawingevercloser。InordertoconfrontthisdayallbootedandspurredKinkelhadtodonhispoliticallionskinoncemore：hehadtomakecontactwiththe"Emigration"。

SowecometotheLondon"Emigration"，thishotchpotchofformermembersoftheFrankfurtParliament，theBerlinNationalAssembly，andChamberofDeputies，ofgentlemenfromtheBadenCampagne，GargantuasfromtheComedyoftheImperialConstitution，[29]writerswithoutapublic，loudmouthsfromthedemocraticclubsandcongresses，twelfth-ratejournalistsandsoforth。

Theheroesofthe1848revolutioninGermanyhadbeenonthepointofcomingtoastickyendwhenthevictoryof’’tyranny’’rescuedthem，sweptthemoutofthecountryandmadesaintsandmartyrsofthem。Theyweresavedbythecounter-revolution。ThecourseofcontinentalpoliticsbroughtmostofthemtoLondonwhichthusbecametheirEuropeancentre。

Itisevidentthatsomethinghadtohappen，somethinghadtobearrangedtoremindthepublicdailyoftheexistenceoftheseworld-liberators。

Atallcostsitmustnotbecomeobviousthatthecourseofuniversalhistorymightbeabletoproceedwithouttheinterventionofthesemightymen。

Themorethisrefuseofmankindfounditselfhinderedbyitsownimpotenceasmuchasbytheprevailingsituationfromundertakinganyrealaction，themorezealouslydiditindulgeinspuriousactivitywhoseimagineddeeds，imaginedparties，imaginedstrugglesandimaginedinterestshavebeensonoisilytrumpetedabroadbythoseinvolved。Thelessabletheyweretobringaboutanewrevolutionthemoretheydiscountedtheimportanceofsuchaneventualityintheirminds，whiletheyconcentratedonsharingouttheplumjobsandenjoyingtheprospectoffuturepower。Theformtakenbythisself-importantactivitywasthatofamutualinsurancecluboftheheroes-to-beandthereciprocalguaranteeofgovernmentposts。

VThefirstattempttocreatesuchan"organisation"

tookplaceasearlyastheSpringof1850。Amagniloquent"draftcirculartoGermandemocrats"washawkedaroundLondoninmanuscriptformtogetherwitha"CoveringLettertotheLeaders"。Itcontainedanexhortationtofoundauniteddemocraticchurch。ItsimmediateaimwastoformaCentralOfficetodealwiththeaffairsofGermanémigrés，tosetupacentraladministrationforrefugeeproblems，tostartaprintingpressinLondon，andtouniteallpatriotsagainstthecommonenemy。TheEmigrationwouldthenbecomethecentreoftheinternalrevolutionarymovement，theorganisationoftheEmigrationwouldbethebeginningofacomprehensivedemocraticorganisation，theoutstandingpersonalitiesamongthemembersoftheCentralOfficewouldbepaidsalariesraisedbytaxesleviedontheGermanpeople。Thistaxproposalseemedallthemoreappropriateas"theGermanEmigrationhadgoneabroadnotmerelywithoutarespectableherobutwhatisevenworse，withoutcommonassets"。ItisnosecretthattheHungarian，PolishandFrenchcommitteesalreadyinexistenceprovidedthemodelforthis"organisation"andthewholedocumentisredolentofenvyoftheprivilegedpositionoftheseprominentallies。

ThecircularwasthejointproductionofMessrs。RudolphSchrammandGustavStruve，behindwhomlayconcealedthemerryfigureofMr。ArnoldRuge，acorrespondingmemberlivinginOstendatthetime。

Mr。RudolphSchramm——arowdy，loudmouthedandextremelyconfusedlittlemannikinwhoselife-mottocamefromRameau’sNephew："Iwouldratherbeanimpudentwindbagthanbenothingatall。"

Whenattheheightofhispower，Mr。Camphausen[30]wouldgladlyhavegiventheyoungforwardCrefelderanimportantpost，haditbeenpermissibletoelevateajuniorofficial。ThankstobureaucraticetiquetteMr。Schrarnmfoundonlythecareerofademocratopentohim。

AndinthisprofessionhereallydidadvanceatonepointtothepostofPresidentoftheDemocraticClubinBerlinandwiththesupportofsomeleft-wingMembersofParliamenthebecametheDeputyforStriegauintheBerlinNationalAssembly。HerethenormallysoloquaciousSchrammdistinguishedhimselfbyhisobstinatesilence，whichwasaccompanied，however，byanuninterruptedseriesofgrunts。AftertheAssemblyhadbeendissolved[31]ourdemocraticmanofthepeoplewroteapamphletinsupportofaconstitutionalmonarchybutthisdidnotsufficetogethimre-elected。Later，atthetimeoftheBrentanogovernmentheappearedmomentarilyinBadenandthereinthe"ClubforResoluteProgress"hebecameacquaintedwithStruve。OnhisarrivalinLondonhedeclaredhisintentionofwithdrawingfromallpoliticalactivityforwhichreasonhethenpublishedthecircularreferredtoabove。EssentiallyabureaucratMr。Schrammimaginedthathisfamilyrelationsqualifiedhimtorepresenttheradicalbourgeoisieinexileandhedidindeedpresentafaircaricatureoftheradicalbourgeois。

GustavStruveisoneofthemoreimportantfiguresoftheemigration。Attheveryfirstglimpseofhisleatheryappearance，hisprotuberanteyeswiththeirsly，stupidexpression，themattgleamonhisbaldpateandhishalfSlav，halfKalmuckfeaturesonecannotdoubtthatoneisinthepresenceofanunusualman。Andthisfirstimpressionisconfirmedbyhislow，gutturalvoice，hisoilymannerofspeakingandtheairofsolemngravityheimpartstohisgestures。Tobejustitmustbesaidthatfacedwiththegreatlyincreaseddifficultiesofdistinguishingoneselfthesedays，ourGustavatleastmadetheefforttoattractattentionbyusinghisdiversetalents——heispartprophet，partspeculator，partbunionhealer——centringhisactivitiesonallkindsofperipheralmattersandmakingpropagandaforthestrangestassortmentofcauses。Forexample，hewasbornaRussianbutsuddenlytookitintohisheadtoenthuseaboutthecauseofGermanfreedomafterhehadbeenemployedinaminorcapacityintheRussianembassytotheFederalDietandhadwrittenalittlepamphletindefenceoftheDiet。Regardinghisownskullasnormalhesuddenlydevelopedaninterestinphrenologyandfromthenonherefusedtotrustanyonewhoseskullhehadnotyetfeltandexamined。Healsogaveupeatingmeatandpreachedthegospelofstrictvegetarianism;hewas，moreover，aweather-prophet，heinveighedagainsttobaccoandwasprominentintheinterestofGermanCatholicismandwater-cures。Inharmonywithhisthoroughgoinghatredofscientificknowledgeitwasnaturalthatheshouldbeinfavouroffreeuniversitiesinwhichthefourfacultieswouldbereplacedbythestudyofphrenology，physiognomy，chiromancyandnecromancy。Itwasalsoquiteincharacterforhimtoinsistthathemustbecomeagreatwritersimplybecausehismodeofwritingwastheantithesisofeverythingthatcouldbeheldtobestylisticallyacceptable。

IntheearlyFortiesGustavhadalreadyinventedtheDeutscherZuschauer，alittlepaperthathepublishedinMannheim，thathepatentedandthatpursuedhimeverywhereasanidéefixe。HealsomadethediscoveryataroundthistimethatRotteck’sHistoryoftheWorldandtheRotteck-WelckerLexiconofPolitics，thetwoworksthathadbeenhisOldandNewTestaments，wereoutofdateandinneedofanewdemocraticedition。ThisrevisionGustavundertookwithoutdelayandpublishedanextractfromitinadvanceunderthetitleTheBasicElementsofPoliticalScience。Hearguedthattherevisionhadbecome"anundeniablenecessitysince1848asthelate-lamentedRotteckhadnotexperiencedtheeventsofrecentyears"。

InthemeantimetherebrokeoutinBadeninquicksuccessionthethree"popularuprisings"thatGustavhasplacedintheverycentreofthewholemoderncourseofworldhistory。Drivenintoexilebytheveryfirstoftheserevolts（Hacker’s）andoccupiedwiththetaskofpublishingtheDeutscherZuschaueronceagain，thistimefromBasel，hewasthendealtahardblowbyfatewhentheMannheimpublishercontinuedtoprinttheDeutscherZuschauerunderadifferenteditor。ThebattlebetweenthetrueandthefalseDeutscherZuschauerwassobitterlyfoughtthatneitherpapersurvived。TocompensateforthisGustavdevisedaconstitutionfortheGermanFederalRepublicinwhichGermanywastobedividedinto24republics，eachwithapresidentandtwochambers;heappendedaneatmaponwhichthewholeproposalcouldbeclearlyseen。

InSeptember1848thesecondinsurrectionbeganinwhichourGustavactedasbothCaesarandSocrates。HeusedthetimegrantedhimonGermansoiltoissueseriouswarningstotheBlackForestPeasantryaboutthedeleteriouseffectsofsmokingtobacco。InLörrachhepublishedhisMoniteurwiththetitleofGovernmentOrgan——GermanFreeState——Freedom，Prosperity，Education。Thispublicationcontainedinteraliathefollowingdecree：

"Article1。Theextrataxof10percentongoodsimportedfromSwitzerlandisherebyabolished;

Article2。ChristianMüller，theCustomsOfficeristobegiventhetaskofimplementingthismeasure。"

HewasaccompaniedinallhistrialsbyhisfaithfulAmaliawhosubsequentlypublishedaromanticaccountofthem。Shewasalsoactiveinadministeringtheoathtocapturedgendarmes，foritwashercustomtofastenaredbandaroundthearmofeveryonewhosworeallegiancetotheGermanFreeStateandtogivehimabigkiss。UnfortunatelyGustavandAmaliaweretakenprisonerandlanguishedingaolwheretheimperturbableGustavatonceresumedhisrepublicantranslationofRotteck’sHistoryoftheWorlduntilhewasliberatedbytheoutbreakofthethirdinsurrection。Gustavnowbecameamemberofarealprovisionalgovernmentandthemaniaforprovisionalgovernmentswasnowaddedtohisotheridéesfixes。AsPresidentoftheWarCouncilhehastenedtointroduceasmuchmuddleaspossibleintohisdepartmentandtorecommendthe"traitor"MayerhoferforthepostofMinisterforWar（viceGoegg，Retrospect，Paris1850）。LaterhevainlyaspiredtothepostofForeignMinisterandtohave60，000Florinsplacedathisdisposal。Mr。BrentanosoonrelievedGustavoftheburdensofgovernmentandGustavnowenteredthe"ClubofResoluteProgress"fromwhichhebecameleaderoftheopposition。HedelightedaboveallinopposingtheverymeasuresofBrentanowhichhehadhithertosupported。

EventhoughtheClubtoowasdisbandedandGustavhadtofleetothePalatinatethisdisasterhaditspositivesideforitenabledhimtoissueonefurthernumberoftheinevitableDeutscherZuschauerinNeustadtanderHaardt——thiscompensatedGustavformuchundeservedsuffering。Afurthersatisfactionwasthathewassuccessfulinaby-electioninsomeremotecorneroftheuplandsandwasnominatedmemberoftheBadenConstituentAssemblywhichmeantthathecouldnowreturninanofficialcapacity。

InthisAssemblyGustavonlydistinguishedhimselfbythefollowingthreeproposalsthatheputforwardinFreiburg：（1）OnJune28th：everyonewhoentersintodealingswiththeenemyshouldbedeclaredatraitor。（2）OnJune30th：anewprovisionalgovernmentshouldbeformedinwhichStruvewouldhaveaseatandavote。（3）OnthesamedaythatthepreviousmotionwasdefeatedheproposedthatasthedefeatatRastatthadrenderedallresistancefutiletheuplandsshouldbesparedtheterrorsofwarandthatthereforeallofficialsandsoldiersshouldreceivetendays’wagesandmembersoftheAssemblyshouldreceivetendays’expensestogetherwithtravellingcostsafterwhichtheyshouldallrepairtoSwitzerlandtotheaccompanimentoftrumpetsanddrums。WhenthisproposaltoowasrejectedGustavsetoutforSwitzerlandonhisownandhavingbeendrivenfromthencebyJamesFazy’sstickheretreatedtoLondonwhereheatoncecametotheforewithyetanotherdiscovery，namelytheSixscourgesofmankind。Thesesixscourgeswere：theprinces，thenobles，thepriests，thebureaucracy，thestandingarmy，mammonandbedbugs。ThespiritinwhichGustavinterpretedthelamentedRotteckcanbegaugedfromthefurtherdiscoverythatmammonwastheinventionofLouisPhilippe。GustavpreachedthegospelofthesixscourgesintheDeutscheLondonerZeitung[GermanLondonNews]

whichbelongedtotheex-DukeofBrunswick。Hewasamplyrewardedforthisactivityandinreturnhegratefullybowedtotheducalcensorship。SomuchforGustav’srelationswiththefirstscourge，theprinces。Asforhisrelationshipwiththenobles，thesecondscourge，ourmoralandreligiousrepublicanhadvisitingcardsprintedonwhichhefiguredas"BaronvonStruve"。Ifhisrelationswiththeremainingscourgeswerelessamicablethiscannotbehisfault。GustavthenmadeuseofhisleisuretimeinLondontodevisearepublicancalendarinwhichthesaintswerereplacedbyright-mindedmenandthenames"Gustav"and"Amelia"wereparticularlyprominent。ThemonthsweredesignatedbyGermanequivalentsofthoseinthecalendaroftheFrenchRepublicandtherewereanumberofothercommonplacesforthecommongood。Fortherest，theremainingidéesfixesmadetheirappearanceagaininLondon：GustavmadehastetorevivetheDeutscherZuschauerandtheClubofResoluteProgressandtoformaprovisionalgovernment。OnallthesemattershefoundhimselfofonemindwithSchrammandinthiswaythecircularcameintobeing。

Thethirdmemberofthealliance，thegreatArnoldRugewithhisairofasergeant-majorlivinginhopesofcivilianemploymentoutshinesinglorythewholeoftheemigration。Itcannotbesaidthatthisnoblemancommendshimselfbyhisnotablyhandsomeexterior;ParisacquaintanceswerewonttosumuphisPomeranian-Slavfeatureswiththeword"ferret-face"（figuredefouine）。ArnoldRuge，thesonofpeasantsoftheisleofRugen，hadenduredsevenyearsinPrussianprisonsfordemocraticagitation。HeembracedHegelianphilosophyassoonashehadrealisedthatoncehehadleafedthroughHegel’sEncyclopaediahecoulddispensewiththestudyofallotherscience。Healsodevelopedtheprinciple（describedinaNovelleandwhichheattemptedtopracticeonhisfriends——poorGeorgHerweghcanvouchforthetruthofthis），ofprofitingfrommarriageandheearlyacquireda"substantialproperty"inthismanner。

DespitehisHegelianphrasesandhissubstantialpropertyhedidnotadvancebeyondthepostofportertoGermanphilosophy。IntheHallische-Jahrbücher[HalleAnnals]andtheDeutsche-Jahrbücher[GermanAnnals]

itwashistasktoannounceandtotrumpetthenamesofthegreatphilosophersofthefutureandheshowedthathewasnotwithouttalentinexploitingthemforhisownpurposes。Unfortunately，theperiodofphilosophicalanarchysoonsupervened，thatperiodwhensciencenolongerhadauniversallyacknowledgedking，whenStrauss，BrunoBauerandFeuerbadhfoughtamongthemselvesandwhenthemostdiversealienelementsbegantodisruptthesimplicityofclassicaldoctrine。Rugelookedonhelplessly，henolongerknewwhichpathtotake;hisHegeliancategorieshadalwaysoperatedinavacuum，nowtheyrancompletelyamokandhesuddenlyfelttheneedforamightymovementinwhichexactthoughtandwritingwerenotindispensable。

RugeplayedthesameroleintheHallischeJahrbücherasthelatebooksellerNicolaihaddoneintheoldBerlinerMonatsschrft[BerlinMonthlyMagazine]。Likethelatterhisambitionwastoprinttheworksofothersandinsodoing，toderivematerialadvantageandalsotoquarryliterarysustenancefortheeffusionsofhisownbrain。TheonlydifferencewasthatinthisliterarydigestiveprocesswithitsinevitableendproductRugewentmuchfurtherthandidhismodelinrewritinghiscollaborators’articles。Moreover，RugewasnottheporterofGermanEnlightenment，hewastheNicolaiofmodernGermanphilosophyandthuswasabletoconcealthenaturalbanalityofhisgeniusbehindathickhedgeofspeculativejargon。LikeNicolaihefoughtvaliantlyagainstRomanticismbecauseHegelhaddemolisheditphilosophicallyintheaestheticsandHeinehaddonethesamethingfromthepointofviewofliteratureinTheRomanticSchool。UnlikeHegelheagreedwithNicolaiinarrogatingtohimselftherightasananti-RomantictosetupavulgarPhilistinismandaboveallhisownPhilistinicselfasanidealofperfection。WiththisinmindandsoastodefeattheenemyonhisowngroundRugewentinformakingverses。NoDutchmancouldhaveachievedthedullflatnessofthesepoemswhichRugehurledsochallenginglyintothefaceofRomanticism。

AndingeneralourPomeranianthinkerdidnotreallyfeelateaseinHegelianphilosophy。Ableashewasindetectingcontradictionshewasallthemorefeebleinresolvingthemandhehadaveryunderstandablehorrorofdialectics。Theupshotwasthatthecrudestpossiblecontradictionsdweltpeaceablytogetherinhisdogmaticbrainandthathispowersofunderstanding，neververyagile，werenowheremoreathomethaninsuchmixedcompany。

Itisnotunknownforhimtoreadsimultaneouslytwoarticlesbytwodifferentwritersandtoconflatethemintoasinglenewproductwithoutnoticingthattheyhadbeenwrittenfromtwoopposingviewpoints。Alwaysridingfirmlybetweenhisowncontradictionshesoughttoextricatehimselffromcondemnationbythetheoristsbydeclaringhisfaultytheorytobe"practical"，whileatthesametimehewoulddisarmthepracticalbyinterpretinghispracticalclumsinessandinconsequentialityastheoreticalexpertise。Hewouldendbysanctifyinghisownentanglementininsolublecontradictions，hischaoticallyuncriticalfaithinpopularslogansbyregardingthemasproofthathewasamanof"principle"。

BeforewegoontoconcernourselveswiththefurthercareerofourMauriceofSaxony，ashelikedtostylehimselfinhisintimatecircleorfriends，wewouldpointtotwoqualitieswhichmadetheirappearancealreadyintheJahrbücher。Thefirstishismaniaformanifestos。NosoonerhadsomeonehatchedanovelopinionthatRugebelievedtohaveafuturethanhewouldissueamanifesto。Asno-onereproacheshimwitheverhavinggivenbirthtoanoriginalthoughtofhisown，suchmanifestoswerealwayssuitableopportunitytoclaimthisnovelideaashisownpropertyinamoreorlessdeclamatoryfashion。Thiswouldbefollowedbytheattempttoformaparty，a"mass"whichwouldstandbehindhimandtowhomhecouldactassergeant-major。WeshallseelatertowhatunbelievableheightsofperfectionRugehaddevelopedtheartoffabricatingmanifestos，proclamationsandpronunciamentos。ThesecondqualityistheparticulardiligenceinwhichArnoldexcels。Ashedoesnotcaretostudyovermuch，orasheputsit"totransferideasfromonelibraryintoanother"，heprefers"togainhisknowledgefreshfromlife"。Hemeansbythistonotedownconscientiouslyeveryeveningallthewitty，novelorbrightideasthathehasread，heardorjustpickedupduringtheday。AsopportunityarisesthesematerialsarethenmadetocontributetoUrge’sdailystintwhichhelaboursatjustasconscientiouslyasathisotherbodilyneeds。Itisthisthathisadmirersrefertowhentheysaythathecannotholdhisink。Thesubjectofhisdailyliteraryproductionisamatterofcompleteindifference;whatisvitalisthatRugeshouldbeabletoimmerseeverypossibletopicinthatwonderfulstylisticsaucethatgoeswitheverythingjustliketheEnglishwhoenjoytheirSoyer’srelishorWorcesterSauceequallywithfish，fowl，cutletsoranythingelse。Thisdailystylisticdiarrhoeahelikestodesignatethe"all-pervadingbeautifulform"andheregardsitasadequategroundsforpassinghimselfoffasanartist。

ContentedasRugewastobetheSwissguardofGermanphilosophyhestillhadasecretsorrowgnawingathisinnermostvitals。HehadnotwrittenasinglelargebookandhaddailytoenvythehappyBrunoBauerwhohadpublished18fatvolumeswhilestillayoungman。ToreducethediscrepancyRugehadoneandthesameessayprintedthreetimesinoneandthesamevolumeunderdifferenttitlesandthenbroughtoutthesamevolumeinanumberofdifferentformats。InthiswayArnoldRuge’sCompleteWorkscameintobeingandeventodayhederivesmuchpleasurefromcountingthemeverymorningvolumebyvolumeastheystandthereneatlyboundinhislibrary，whereuponheexclaimsjoyfully："Andanyway，BrunoBauerisamanwithoutprinciples！"

EventhoughArnolddidnotmanagetocomprehendtheHegeliansystemofphilosophy，hedidsucceedinrepresentingoneHegeliancategoryinhisownperson。Hewastheveryincarnationofthe"honestconsciousness"

andwasstrengthenedinthiswhenhemadethepleasantdiscoveryinthePhenomenology——abookthatwasotherwiseclosedtohimandboundwithsevenseals——thatthehonestconsciousness"alwayshaspleasureinitself"。ThoughhewearshisintegrityonhissleevethehonestconsciousnessusesittoconcealthepettymaliceandcrotchetinessofthePhilistine;

hehastherighttoallowhimselfeverykindofbaseactionbecauseheknowsthathisbasenessspringsfromhonestmotives。Hisverystupiditybecomesavirtuebecauseitisanirrefutableproofthathestandsupforhisprinciples。Despiteeveryarrièrepenséeheisfirmlyconvincedofhisownintegrityandhoweverbaseorfilthyanintendedactmaybeitdoesnotpreventhimfromappearingsincereandtrusting。

Beneaththehaloofgoodintentionsallthepettymeannessesofthecitizenbecometransformedintoasmanyvirtues;sordidself-interestappearsasaninnocentbabewhendresseduptolooklikeapieceofself-sacrifice;

cowardiceappearsdisguisedasahigherformofcourage，basenessbecomesmagnanimity，andthecoarsemannersofthepeasantbecomeennobled，andindeedtransfiguredintothesignsofdecencyandgoodhumour。Thisisthegutterintowhichthecontradictionsofphilosophy，democracyandtheclichéindustryallpour;suchamanismoreoverrichlyendowedwithallthevices，themeanandpettyqualities，withtheslynessandthestupidity，thegreedandtheclumsiness，theservilityandthearrogance，theuntrustworthinessandthebonhomieoftheemancipatedserf，thepeasant;

Philistineandideologist，atheistandsloganworshipper，absoluteignoramusandabsolutephilosopherallinone——thatisArnoldRugeasHegelforetoldhimin1806。

AftertheDeutscheJahrbücherweresuppressedRugetransportedhisfamilytoParisinacarriagespeciallydesignedforthepurpose。Here，hisunluckystarbroughthimintocontactwithHeinewhohonouredhimasthemanwho"hadtranslatedHegelintoPomeranian"。

HeineaskedhimwhetherPrutzwasnotapseudonymofhiswhichRugecoulddenyingoodconscience。However，itwasnotpossibletomakeHeinebelievethatanyonebutArnoldwastheauthorofPrutz’spoems。HeinealsodiscoveredverysoonthateventhoughRugehadnotalentheknewverywellhowtogivetheappearanceofbeingamanofcharacter。ThusitcameaboutthatFriendArnoldgaveHeinetheideaforhisAttaTroll。IfRugewasnotabletoimmortalisehissojourninParisbywritingagreatworkheatleastdeservesourthanksfortheoneHeineproducedforhim。Ingratitudethepoetwroteforhimthiswell-knownepitaph：

AttaTroll，Tendenzbar;sittlichReligios;alsGattebrunstig;

DurchVerfuhrtseinvondemZeitgeistWaldursprduglichSansculotte;

Sehrschlechttanzend，dochGesinnungTragendinderzoutgenHochbrust;

Manchmalauchgestunkenhabend;

KeinTalent，docheinCharakter！

[AttaTroll，reformingbear，Pureandpious;apassionatehusband，BytheZeitgeistledastrayAbackwoodssansculotte，DancesbadlybutidealsDwellwithinhisshaggybreastOftenstinkingverystrongly——

Talentnone，butCharacter]

InParisourArnoldexperiencedthemisfortuneofbecominginvolvedwiththeCommunists。HepublishedarticlesbyMarxandEngelsintheDeutsch-FranzösischeJahrbücherthatcontainedviewsrunningdirectlycountertothosehehadhimselfannouncedinthePreface，anaccidenttowhichtheAugsburgerAllgemeineZeitungdrewhisattentionbutwhichheborewithphilosophicalresignation。

ToovercomeaninnatesocialawkwardnessRugehascollectedasmallnumberofcuriousanecdotesthatcouldbeusedonanyoccasion。Hecallstheseanecdotesjokes。Hispreoccupationwiththesejokes，sustainedovermanyyears，finallyledtothetransformationofallevents，situationsandcircumstancesintoaseriesofpleasantorunpleasant，goodorbad，importantortrivial，interestingorboringjokes。TheParisupheavals，themanynewimpressions，socialism，politics，thePalais-Royal，thecheapnessoftheoysters——allthesethingswroughtsopowerfullyonthemindofthisunhappywretchthathisheadwentroundandroundinapermanentandincurablewhirlofjokesandParisitselfbecameanunlimitedstorehouseofjokes。Oneofthebrightestofthesejokeswastheideaofusingwoodshavingstomakecoatsfortheproletariatandingeneralhehadafoibleforindustrialjokesforwhichhecouldneverfindenoughshare-holders。

WhenthebetterknownGermanswereexpelledfromFranceRugecontrivedtoavoidthisfatebypresentinghimselftotheminister，Duchâtel，asasavantsérieux。HeevidentlyhadinmindthescholarinPauldeKock’sAmantdelalune，whoestablishedhimselfasasavantbymeansofanoriginaldeviceforpropellingcorksthroughtheair。ShortlyafterwardsArnoldwenttoSwitzerlandwherehejoinedforceswithaformerDutchNCO，ColognewriterandPrussiantaxsubinspector，calledHeinzen。Bothweresoonboundtogetherbythebondsofthemostintimatefriendship。HeinzenlearntphilosophyfromRuge，RugelearntpoliticsfromHeinzen。FromthistimeonwedetectinRugeagrowingnecessitytoappearasaphilosopherparexcellenceonlyamongthecoarserelementsoftheGermanmovement，afatethatledhimdownanddownuntilatlasthewasacceptedasaphilosopheronlybynon-conformistparsons（Dulon），Germancatholicparsons（Ronge）andFannyLewald。AtthesametimeanarchywasgrowingapaceinGermanphilosophy。Stirner’sTheSelfanditsOwn，Stein’sSocialism，Communism，etc。，allrecentintruders，droveRuge’ssenseofhumourtobreaking-point：agreatleapmustbeventured。

SoRugeescapedintohumanism，thesloganwithwhichallConfusionistsinGermanyfromReuchlintoHerderhavecovereduptheirembarrassment。

ThissloganseemedallthemoreappropriateasFeuerbachhadonlyrecently"rediscoveredman"andArnoldfastenedontoitwithsuchdesperationthathehasnotletgoofittothisday。ButwhilestillinSwitzerlandArnoldmadeyetanother，incomparablygreaterdiscovery。Thiswasthat"theegobyappearingfrequentlybeforethepublicprovesitselfacharacter"。FromthispointonanewfieldofactivityopenedforArnold。Henowerectedthemostshamelessmeddlingandinterferingintoaprinciple。Rugehadtopokehisnoseintoeverything。NohencouldlayaneggwithoutRuge"commentingonthereasonunderlyingtheevent"。Contacthadtobemaintainedatallcostwitheveryobscurelocalpaperwheretherewasachanceofmakingfrequentappearances。Hewrotenonewspaperarticleswithoutsigninghisnameand，wherepossible，mentioninghimself。Theprincipleofthefrequentappearancehadtobeextendedtoeveryarticle;anarticlehadfirsttoappearinletterformintheEuropeanpapers（andafterHeinzen’semigration，intheAmericanpapersalso），itwasthenreprintedasapamphletandappearedagainfinallyinthecollectedworks。

ThusequippedRugecouldnowreturntoLeipzigtoobtaindefinitiverecognitionofhischaracter。Butoncearrivedallwasnotabedofroses。HisoldfriendWigand，thebookseller，hadverysuccessfullyreplacedhimintheroleofNicolaiandasnootherpostwasvacantRugefellintogloomyreflectionsonthetransitorinessofalljokes。ThiswashissituationwhentheGermanRevolutionbrokeout。

Forhimtooitcameinthehourofneed。ThemightymovementinwhicheventheclumsiestcouldeasilyswimwiththecurrenthadfinallygotunderwayandRugewenttoBerlinwhereheintendedtofishintroubledwaters。Asarevolutionhadjustbrokenouthefeltthatitwouldbeappropriateforhimtocomeforwardwithproposalsforreform。Sohefoundedapaperwiththatname。Thepre-revolutionaryRéformeofParishadbeenthemostuntalented，illiterateandboringpaperinFrance。

TheBerlinReformdemonstratedthatitwaspossibletosurpassitsFrenchmodelandthatoneneednotblushatofferingGermanpublicsuchanincrediblejournaleveninthe"metropolisofintelligence"。OntheassumptionthatRuge’sdefectivegraspofstylecontainedthebestguaranteefortheprofoundcontentlyingbehindandbeneathitArnoldwaselectedtotheFrankfurtParliamentasMemberforBreslau。HerehesawhischanceaseditorofthedemocraticLeft-wingtocomeforwardwithanabsurdmanifesto。ApartfromthathedistinguishedhimselfonlybyhispassionforissuingmanifestosforEuropeanPeople’sCongresses，andhastenedtoaddhisvoicetothegeneralwishthatPrussiashouldbeabsorbedintoGermany。Later，onhisreturntoBerlinhedemandedthatGermanyshouldbeswallowedupbyPrussiaandFrankfurtbyBerlinandwhenhefinallydecidedtobecomeapeerofSaxonyheproposedthatPrussiaandGermanyshouldbothbeswallowedupbyDresden。

Hisparliamentaryactivitybroughthimnolaurelsotherthanthefactthathisownpartydespairedatsomuchfolly。AtthesametimehisReformwasgoingdownhill，asituationthatcouldonlyberemedied，ashethought，byhispersonalpresenceinBerlin。Asan"honestconsciousness"

itgoeswithoutsayingthathealsodiscoveredanurgentpoliticalreasonfortakingsuchastepandinfacthedemandedthatthewholeoftheLeftshouldaccompanyhimthere。Naturally，theyrefusedandRugewenttoBerlinalone。Oncethere，hediscoveredthatmodernconflictscanbestberesolvedbythe"Dessaumethod"ashetermedthesmallstate，amodelofconstitutionaldemocracy。Thenduringthesiege[ofVienna]heagaindrewupamanifestoinwhichGeneralWrangelwasexhortedtomarchagainstWindischgraetzandfreeVienna。HeevenobtainedtheapprovalofthedemocraticCongressforthiscuriousdocumentbypointingoutthatthetypehadbeensetupandthatitwasalreadybeingprinted。Finally，whenBerlinitselfcameundersiege，RugewenttoManteuffelandmadeproposalsconcerningtheReform，whichwere，however，rejected。ManteuffeltoldhimthathewishedalloppositionpaperswereliketheReform，theNeuePreussischeZeitung[32]wasmuchmoredangeroustohim——anutterancewhichthenaiveRuge，withatoneoftriumphantpride，hastenedtoreportthroughthelengthandbreadthofGermany。Arnoldbecameanenthusiasticadvocateofpassiveresistancewhichhehimselfputintopracticebyleavinghispaper，editorsandeverythinginthelurchandrunningaway。Activeflightisevidentlythemostresoluteformofpassiveresistance。Thecounter-revolutionhadarrivedandRugefledbeforeitallthewayfromBerlintoLondonwithoutstopping。

AtthetimeoftheMayuprisinginDresden[33]ArnoldplacedhimselfattheheadofthemovementinLeipzigtogetherwithhisfriendOttoWigandandthecitycouncil。HeandhisalliesissuedavigorousmanifestotothecitizensofDresdenurgingthemtofightbravely;Ruge，Wigandandthecityfathers，itwenton，weresittingwatchinginLeipzigandwhoeverdidnotdeserthimselfwouldnotbedesertedbyHeaven。ScarcelyhadthemanifestobeenpublishedthanourbraveArnoldtooktohisheelsandfledtoKarlsruhe。

InKarlsruhehefeltunsafeeventhoughtheBadentroopswerestandingontheNeckarandhostilitieswerealongwayfrombreakingout。

HeaskedBrentanotosendhimtoParisasambassador。BrentanopermittedhimselfthejokeofgivinghimthepostforI2hoursandthenrevokingitjustwhenRugewasabouttodepart。Undaunted，RugestillwenttoParistogetherwithSchutzandBlind，theofficialrepresentativesoftheBrentanogovernment，andoncetheremadesuchaspectacleofhimselfthathisformereditorannouncedintheofficialKarlsruheZeitungthatMr。RugewasnotinParisinanyofficialcapacitybutmercy"onhisowninitiative"。

HavingoncebeentakenalongbySchutzandBlindtoseeLedru-RollinRugesuddenlyinterruptedthediplomaticnegotiationswithaterriblediatribeagainsttheGermansinthepresenceoftheFrenchmensothathiscolleaguesfinallyhadtowithdrawdiscomfitedandcompromised。June13th[34]cameanddealtourArnoldsuchasevereblowthathetooktohisheelsanddidnotpausetotakebreathagainuntilhefoundhimselfinLondon，onfreeBritishsoil。ReferringtothisfightlaterhecomparedhimselftoDemosthenes。

InLondonRugefirstattemptedtopasshimselfoffastheBadenprovisionalambassador。HethentriedtogainacceptanceintheEnglishpressasagreatGermanwriterandthinkerbutwasturnedawayonthegroundsthattheEnglishweretoomaterialisticevertounderstandGermanphilosophy。

Hewasalsoaskedabouthisworks——arequestwhichRugecouldansweronlywithasighwhiletheimageofBrunoBaueronceagainroseupbeforehiseyes。ForevenhisCollectedWorks，whatweretheybutreprintsofpamphlets？Andtheywerenotevenpamphletsbutmerelynewspaperarticlesinpamphletform，andbasicallytheywerenotevennewspaperarticlesbutonlythemuddledfruitsofhisreading。ActionwasnecessaryandsoRugewrotetwoarticlesfortheLeaderinwhichunderthepretextofananalysisofGermandemocracyhedeclaredchatinGermany"humanism"wastheorderofthedayasrepresentedbyLudwigFeuerbachandArnoldRuge，theauthorofthefollowingworks：（1）TheReligionofourAge，（2）DemocracyandSocialism，（3）PhilosophyandtheRevolution。Thesethreeepoch-makingworkswhichhavenotappearedinthebookshopstothisdayare，itgoeswithoutsaying，nothingmorethannewtitlesarbitrarilyappliedtooldessaysofRuge’s。Simultaneouslyheresumedhisdailystintswhenforhisownedification，forthebenefitoftheGermanpublicandtothehorrorofMr。Brüggemann[35]hebegantoretranslatearticlesintoGermanthathadsomehowgotoutoftheKölnischeZeitungandintotheMorningAdvertiser。NotexactlyburdenedwithlaurelshewithdrewtoOstendwherehefoundtheleisurenecessarytohispreparationsfortheroleofuniversalsage，theConfuciusoftheGermanEmigration。

JustasGustavwasthevegetableandGottfriedthesensibilityoftheGermanpetty-bourgeoisPhilistine，Arnoldisrepresentativeofitsunderstandingorratheritsnon-understanding。UnlikeArnoldWinkelried[36]hedoesnotopenupapathtofreedom[derFreiheiteineGasse];heisinhisownpersonthegutteroffreedom[derFreiheiteineGosse];RugestandsintheGermanrevolutionlikethenoticesseenatthecornerofcertainstreets：Itispermittedtopasswaterhere。

Wereturnatlasttoourcircularwithitscoveringletter。Itfellflatandthefirstattempttocreateauniteddemocraticchurchcametonought。SchrammandGustavlaterdeclaredthatfailurewasduesolelytothecircumstancechatRugecouldneitherspeakFrenchnorwriteGerman。

Butthentheheroesagainsettowork。

Checiascunoltramodaerapossente，Comeudiretenelcantoseguente。

[Forpuissantweretheyallbeyondcompare，Asinournextcantoyoushallhear。][37]

VITogetherwithGustav，RodomonteHeinzenhadarrivedinLondonfromSwitzerland。KarlHeinzenhadformanyyearsmadealivingfromhisthreattodestroy"tyranny"inGermany。AftertheoutbreakoftheFebruaryRevolutionhewentsofarastoattempt，withunheard-ofcourage，toinspectGermansoilfromthevantagepointofSchusterIsland[nearBasle]。HethenbetookhimselftoSwitzerlandwherefromthesafetyofGenevaheagainthunderedagainstthe"tyrantsandoppressorsofthepeople"

andtooktheopportunitytodeclarethat"Kossuthisagreatman，butKossuthhasforgottenaboutexplosivesilver"。Hishorrorofbloodshedwassuchthatitturnedhimintothealchemistoftherevolution。HedreamtofanexplosivesubstancethatwouldblastthewholeEuropeanreactionintotheairinatricewithoutitsusersevengettingtheirfingersburnt。Hehadaparticularaversiontowalkingamidashowerofbulletsandingeneraltoconventionalwarfareinwhichprinciplesarenodefenceagainstbullets。

UnderthegovernmentofBrentanoheriskedarevolutionaryvisittoKarlsruhe。

AshedidnotreceivetherewardhethoughtduetohimforhisheroicdeedsheresolvedtoedittheMoniteur[38]ofthat"traitor"Brentano。ButasthePrussiansadvancedhedeclaredthatHeinzenwouldnot"lethimselfbeshot"forthattraitorBrentano。Underthepretextofforminganelitecorpswherepoliticalprinciplesandmilitaryorganisationwouldmutuallycomplementeachother，i。e。wheremilitarycowardicewouldpassforpoliticalcourage，hisconstantsearchfortheidealfreecorpsmadehimretracehisstepsuntilhehadregainedthefamiliarterritoryofSwitzerland。Sophie’sJourneyfromMemeltoSaxony[39]wasagooddealmorebloodythanHeinzen’srevolutionaryexpedition。OnhisarrivalinSwitzerlandhedeclaredthattherewerenolongeranyrealmeninGermany，thattheauthenticexplosivesilverhadnotyetbeendiscovered，thatthewarwasnotbeingconductedonrevolutionaryprinciplesbutinthenormalfashionwithpowderandlead，andthatheintendedtorevolutioniseinSwitzerlandasGermanywasalostcause。InthesecludedidyllofSwitzerlandandwiththetortureddialecttheyspeakthereitwaseasyforRodomontetopassforaGermanwriterandevenforadangerousman。Heachievedhisaim。HewasexpelledanddispatchedtoLondonatFederalexpense。RodomonteHeinzenhadnotdirectlyparticipatedintheEuropeanrevolutions;but，undeniably，hehadmovedaboutextensivelyontheirbehalfWhentheFebruaryRevolutionbrokeouthetookupacollectionof"revolutionarymoney"inNewYork，hastenedtotheaidofhiscountryandadvancedasfarastheSwissborder。WhentheMarchClub’s[40]revolutioncollapsedheretiredfromSwitzerlandtobeyondtheChannelattheexpenseoftheSwissFederalCouncil。Hehadthesatisfactionofmakingtherevolutionpayforhisadvanceandthecounter-revolutionforhisretreat。

AteveryturnintheItalianepicsofchivalryweencountermighty，broad-shoulderedgiantsarmedwithcolossalstaveswhodespitethefactthattheylashaboutthemwildlyandmakeafrighteningdininbattle，nevermanagetokilltheirfoesbutonlytodestroythetreesinthevicinity。

Mr。HeinzenissuchanAriostiangiantinpoliticalliterature。Endowedbynaturewithachurlishfigureandhugemassesoffleshheinterpretedthesegiftstomeanthathewasdestinedtobeagreatman。Hisweightyphysicalappearancedetermineshiswholeliteraryposturewhichisphysicalthroughandthrough。Hisopponentsarealwayssmall，meredwarfs，whocanbarelyreachhisanklesandwhomhecansurveywithhiskneecap。When，however，heshouldindeedmakeaphysicalappearance，ouruomomembrutotakesrefugeinliteratureorinthecourts。ThusscarcelyhadhereachedthesafetyofEnglishsoilthanhewroteatractonmoralcourage。Oragain，ourgiantallowedacertainMr。RichtertothrashhimsofrequentlyandsothoroughlyinNewYorkthatthemagistrate，whoatfirstonlyimposedinsignificantfinesrelentedandinrecognitionofHeinzen’sdoggednesshesentencedthedwarfRichtertopay200dollarsdamages。ThenaturalcomplementtothisgreatphysiquesohealthyineveryfibreisthehealthycommonsensewhichHeinzenascribestohimselfinthehighestpossibledegree。Itisinevitablethatamanwithsuchcommonsensewillturnouttobeanaturalgeniuswhohaslearntnothing，abarbarianinnocentofliteratureandscience。Byvirtueofhiscommonsense（whichhealsocallshis"perspicacity"andwhichallowshimtotellKossuththathehas"advancedtotheextremefrontiersofthought"），helearnsonlyfromhearsayorthenewspapers。Heisthereforealwaysbehindthetimesandalwayswearsthecoatthatliteraturehascastoffsomeyearspreviously，whilerejectingasimmoralandreprehensiblethenewmoderndresshecannotfindhiswayinto。Butwhenhehasonceassimilatedathinghisfaithinitisunshakable;

ittransformsitselfintosomethingthathasgrownnaturally，thatisself-evident，thateveryonemustimmediatelyagreetoandthatonlymalicious，stupidorsophisticatedpersonswillpretendnottobelieve。Sucharobustbodyandhealthycommonsensemustofcoursehavealsosomehonest，down-to-earthprinciplesandheevenshowstoadvantagewhenhetakesthecrazeforprinciplestoextremes。InthisfieldHeinzenissecondtonone。Hedrawsattentiontohisprinciplesateveryopportunity，everyargumentismetbyanappealtoprinciple，everyonewhofailstounderstandhimorwhomhedoesnotunderstandisdemolishedbytheargumentthathehasnorealprinciples，hisinsincerityandpureill-willaresuchthathewoulddenythatdaywasdayandnightnight。TodealwiththesebasedisciplesofAhrimanhesummonsuphismuse，indignation;hecurses，rages，boasts，preaches，andfoamingatthemouthheroarsoutthemosttragicomicalimprecations。HedemonstrateswhatcanbeachievedinthefieldofliteraryinvectivebyamantowhomBome’s[40]witandliterarytalentareequallyalien。Asthemuseis，soisthestyle。Aneternalbludgeon，butacommonplacebludgeonwithknotsthatarenotevenoriginalorsharp。

Onlywhenheencounterssciencedoeshefeelmomentarilyataloss。HeisthenlikethatBillingsgatefishwifewithwhomO’Connellbecameinvolvedinashoutingmatchandwhomhesilencedbyreplyingtoalongstringofinsults："Youareallthatandworse：youareanisoscelestriangle，youareaparallelepiped"。

FromtheearlierhistoryofMr。HeinzenmentionshouldbemadeofthefactthathewasintheDutchcolonieswhereheadvancednotindeedtotherankofgeneralbuttothatofNCO，aslightforwhichhelateronalwaystreatedtheDutchasanationwithoutprinciples。LaterwefindhimbackinCologneasasub-inspectoroftaxesandinthiscapacityhewroteacomedyinwhichhishealthycommonsensevainlystrovetosatirisethephilosophyofHegel。HewasmoreathomeinthegossipcolumnsoftheKölnischeZeitung，inthefeuilletonwhereheletfallsomeweightywordsaboutthequarrelsintheCologneCarnivalClub，theinstitutefromwhichallthegreatmenofColognehavegraduated。Hisownsufferingsandthoseofhisfather，aforester，inhisconflictswithsuperiorsassumedtheproportionsofeventsofuniversalsignificance，aseasilyhappenswhenthemanofhealthycommonsensecontemplateshislittlepersonalproblems。

HegivesanaccountoftheminhisPrussianBureaucracy，abookmuchinferiortoVenedey’s[42]andcontainingnothingmorethanthecomplaintsofapettyofficialagainstthehigherauthorities。ThebookinvolvedhiminatrialandalthoughtheworsthehadtofearwassixmonthsingaolhethoughthisheadwasindangerandfledtoBrussels。FromherehedemandedthatthePrussiangovernmentshouldnotonlygranthimasafeconductbutalsothattheyshouldsuspendthewholeFrenchlegalsystemandgivehimajurytrialforanordinaryoffence。

ThePrussiangovernmentissuedawarrantforhisarrest;herepliedwitha"warrant"againstthePrussiangovernmentwhichcontainedinteraliaasermononmoralresistanceandconstitutionalmonarchyandcondemnedrevolutionasimmoralandjesuitical。FromBrusselshewenttoSwitzerland。

Here，aswesawabove，hemetFriendArnoldandfromhimhelearntnotonlyhisphilosophybutalsoaveryusefulmethodofself-enrichment。JustasArnoldsoughttoassimilatetheideasofhisopponentsinthecourseofpolemicisingagainstthem，soHeinzenlearnedtoacquireideasnewtohimbyrevilingthem。HardlyhadhebecomeanatheistthanwithallthezealoftheproselyteheimmediatelyplungedintoafuriouspolemicagainstpooroldFollenbecausethelattersawnoreasontobecomeanatheistinhisoldage。HavinghadhisnoserubbedintheSwissFederalRepublicourhealthycommonsensedevelopedtothepointwhereitdesiredtointroducetheFederalRepublicintoGermanytoo。ThesamecommonsensecametotheconclusionthatthiscouldnotbedonewithoutarevolutionandsoHeinzenbecamearevolutionary。HethenbeganatradeinpamphletswhichinthecoarsesttonesoftheSwisspeasantpreachedimmediaterevolutionanddeathtotherulersfromwhomalltheevilsoftheworldstem。HesoughtoutcommitteesinGermanywhowoulddrumupthecostofprintinganddistributingthesepamphletsandthislednaturallytothegrowthofabeggingindustryonalargescaleinthecourseofwhichthepartyworkerswerefirstexploitedandthenreviled。OldItzsteincouldtellastoryortwoaboutthat。ThesepamphletsgaveHeinzenagreatreputationamongitinerantGermanwinesalesmenwhopraisedhimeverywhereasabonnylittlefighter。

FromSwitzerlandhewenttoAmerica。Here，althoughhisSwissrusticstyleenabledhimtopassasagenuinepoetheneverthelessmanagedtoridetheNewYorkSchnellposttodeathinnotimeatallHavingreturnedtoEuropeinthewakeoftheFebruaryrevolutionhesentdespatchestotheMannheimerZeitungannouncingthearrivalofthegreatHeinzenandhealsopublishedapamphlettorevengehimselfonLamartinewhotogetherwithhiswholegovernmenthadrefusedtoacknowledgehimasanofficialrepresentativeoftheAmericanGermans。HestilldidnotwishtogotoPrussiaashestillfearedforhisheaddespitetheMarchRevolutionandthegeneralamnesty。Hewouldwaituntilthenationsummonedhim。AsthisdidnothappenheresolvedtostandinabsentiafortheHamburgconstituencytotheFrankfurtParliament：hishopewasthathewouldcompensateforbeingabadspeakerbytheloudnessofhisvoice——buthelosttheelection。

ArrivinginLondonafterthecollapseoftheBadenuprisinghefellintoaragewiththeyoungpeoplewhoknewnothingofthisgreatmanofbeforetherevolutionandofaftertherevolution，andwhocausedhimtosinkintooblivion。Hehadalwaysbeennothingmorethanl’hommedelaveilleorl’hommedulendemain，hewasneverl’hommedujourorevendelajournée。Astheauthenticexplodingsilverhadstillnotbeendiscoverednewweaponshadtobefoundtocombatthereaction。Hecalledfortwomillionheadssothathecouldbeadictatorandwadeuptotheanklesinblood——shedbyothers。Hisrealaimwas，ofcourse，tocreateascandal;thereactionhadbroughthimtoLondonatitsownexpense，bymeansofanexpulsionorderfromEnglanditwouldnow，soHeinzenhoped，expeditehimgratistoNewYork。ThecoupfailedanditsonlyconsequencewasthattheradicalFrenchpaperscalledhimafoolwhoshoutedfortwomillionheadsonlybecausehehadneverriskedhisown。TocompletethepictureitshouldbepointedoutthathisbloodthirstyarticlehadbeenpublishedintheDeutscheLondonerZeitungownedbytheex-DukeofBrunswick——inreturnforacashpayment，ofcourse。

GustavandHeinzenhadadmiredeachotherforaconsiderabletime。

HeinzenpraisedGustavasasageandGustavpraisedHeinzenasafighter。

HeinzenhadscarcelybeenabletowaitfortheendoftheEuropeanrevolutionsothathecouldputanendtothe"ruinousdisunityinthedemocraticGermanemigration"andtore-openhispre-revolutionarybusiness。

HecalledfordiscussionofadraftprogrammeoftheGermanRevolutionaryParty。Thisprogrammewasdistinguishedbytheinventionofaspecialministry"tocaterfortheall-importantneedforpublicplaygrounds，battlegrounds"

（minushailofbullets）"andgardens"，andwasnotablealsoforthearticleabolishing"theprivilegesofthemalesexespeciallyinmarriage"（andalsointhrustingmaneuvers[Stosstaktik]inwar，seeClausewitz）。ThisprogrammewasactuallynomorethanadiplomaticnotefromHeinzentoGustavasno-oneelsewasclamouringforit。Andinsteadofthehopedforunificationitbroughtabouttheimmediateseparationofthetwowarriors。Heinzenhaddemandedthatduringthe"revolutionarytransitionperiod"thereshouldbeasingledictatorwhowouldmoreoverbeaPrussianand，toprecludeallmisunderstandings，headded："Nosoldiercanqualifyasdictator。"

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