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HEROES OF THE EXILE
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Gustav,ontheotherhand,arguedforatriumviratecomprisingtwoBadenersandhimselfMoreover,GustavfoundthatHeinzenhadincludedinhisprematurelypublishedprogrammean"idea"stolenfromhim。ThisputanendtothesecondattemptatunificationandHeinzen,deniedrecognitionbythewholeworld,recededintoobscurityuntil,inAutumn1850,hefoundEnglishsoiltoohotforhimandsailedofftoNewYork。

VII

GustavandtheColonyofRenunciationAftertheindefatigableGustavhadmadeanunsuccessfulattempttoestablishaCentralRefugeeCommitteetogetherwithFriedrichBobzin,Habegg,Oswald,Rosenblum,Cohaheim,Grunichandother"outstanding"

men,hemadehiswaytowardsYorkshire。Forhere,sohebelieved,amagicgardenwouldflowerandinit,unlikethegardenofAlcine,[43]virtuewouldruleinsteadofvice。AnoldEnglishmanwithasenseofhumourwhohadbeenboredbyGustav’stheoriestookhimathiswordandgavehimafewacresofmoorinYorkshireontheexpressconditionthathewouldtherefounda"colonyofrenunciation",acolonyinwhichtheconsumptionofmeat,tobaccoandspiritswouldbestrictlyprohibited,onlyavegetariandietwouldbepermittedandwhereeverycolonistwouldbeobligedtoreadachapterfromStruve’sbookonConstitutionalLawathismorningprayers。

Moreover,thecolonywastobeself-supporting。AccompaniedbyhisAmalia,bySchnauffer,hisSwabiancanaryandbyafewothergoodmenandtrue,GustavplacedhistrustinGodandwenttofoundthe"ColonyofRenunciation"。

Ofthecolonyitmustbereportedthatitcontainedlittleprosperity,muchcultureandunlimitedfreedomtobeboredandtogrowthin。OnefinemorningGustavuncoveredadreadfulplot。HiscompanionswhodidnotshareGustav’sruminantconstitutionhadresolvedbehindhisbacktoslaughtertheoldcow,theonlyoneandonewhosemilkprovidedthechiefsourceofincomeofthe"ColonyofRenunciation"。Gustavwrunghishandsandshedbittertearsatthisbetrayalofafellowcreature。Heindignantlydissolvedthecolonyanddecidedtobecomea"wet"Quaker[44]ifhewereunabletorevivetheDeutscherZuschauerortoestablisha"provisionalgovernment"inLondon。

VIIIArnold,whowasanythingbutcontentinhisretreatinOstendandwholongedfora"frequentappearance"beforethepublic,heardofGustav’smisfortune。HeresolvedtoreturntoEnglandatonceandbyclimbingonGustav’sshoulders,tohoisthimselfintothepentarchyofEuropeandemocracy。ForinthemeantimetheEuropeanCentralCommittee[45]hadbeenformedconsistingofMazzini,Ledru-RollinandDarasz,Mazziniofcoursewasthesouloftheenterprise。

Rugethoughthecouldsmellavacantposition。InhisProscritMazzinihadindeedintroducedGeneralErnstHaug,hisowninvention,astheGermanassociatebutfordecency’ssakeitwasnotpossibletonominatesuchacompletelyunknownpersonontotheCentralCommittee。RugewasnotunawareofthefactthatGustavhadhaddealingswithMazziniinSwitzerland。HehimselfwasacquaintedwithLedru-RollinbutunfortunatelyLedru-Rollinwasnotacquaintedwithhim。SoArnoldtookupresidenceinBrightonandflatteredandcajoledtheunsuspectingGustav,promisedtohelphimfoundaDeutscherZuschauerinLondonandeventoundertakeasajointventurethedemocraticpublicationoftheRotteck-WelckerLexiconofPoliticswithRugepayingtheCosts。AtthesametimeheintroducedGustavasagreatmanandcollaboratorintothelocalGermanpaperwhichinaccordancewithhisprincipleshealwayshadontap(thistimetheblowfellontheBremerTages-ChronikofthenonconformistparsonDulon)。

Onegooddeeddeservesanother:GustavpresentedArnoldtoMazzini。AsArnold’sFrenchwaswhollyincomprehensibletherewasnothingtopreventhimfromintroducinghimselftoMazziniasthegreatestmaninGermanyandaboveallashergreatest"thinker"。ThecannyItalianidealistatoncerealisedthatArnoldwasthemanhewaslookingfor,thehommesansconséquencewhowouldprovidetheGermancountersignatureofhisanti-papalBulls。ThusArnoldRugebecamethefifthwheelonthestatecoachofEuropeandemocracy。WhenanAlsatianaskedLedruwhatonearthpossessedhimtomakeanallyofsuchabête,Ledrurepliedbrusquely:"HeisMazzini’sman。"WhenMazziniwasaskedwhyhebecameinvolvedwithLedru,amanbereftofallideas,heansweredslyly:

"Itookhimforthatveryreason。"Mazzinihimselfhadeveryreasontoavoidpeoplewithideas。ButArnoldRugesawhiswildestdreamscometrueandforthemomentheevenforgotBrunoBauer。

WhenthetimecameforhimtosignMazzini’sfirstmanifestohesadlyrecalledthedayswhenhehadpresentedhimselftoProfessorLeoinHalleandoldFolleninSwitzerlandasaTrinitarianononeoccasionandasahumanistatheistonanother。ThistimehehadtodeclarehimselfforGodandagainsttheprinces。However,Arnold’sphilosophicconsciencehadbeenenfeebledbyhisassociationwithDulonandotherparsonsamongwhomhepassedforaphilosopher。EveninhisbestdaysArnoldcouldnotentirelysuppressacertainfoibleforreligioningeneralandmoreoverhis"honestconsciousness"keptonwhisperingtohim:Sign,Arnold!Parisvautbienunemesse。OnedoesnotbecomefifthwheelonthecoachoftheprovisionalgovemmentofEuropeinpartibusfornothing。Reflect,Arnold!

allyouhavetodoissignamanifestoeverytwoweeks,andasamemberoftheGermanParliament,inthecompanyofthegreatestmeninallEurope。

AndbathedinperspirationArnoldsigns。Acuriousjoke,hemurmurs。Cen’estquelepremierpasquicoûte。Hehadcopiedthislastsentenceintohisnotebookthepreviousnight。However,Arnoldhadnotcometotheendofhistrials。TheEuropeanCentralCommitteehadissuedaseriesofmanifestostoEurope,totheFrench,theItalians,thePolesandtheWallachiansandnow,followingthegreatbattleatBronzell,[46]itwasGermany’sturn。InhisdraftMazziniattackedtheGermansfortheirlackofcosmopolitanspirit,andinparticular,fortheirarroganttreatmentofItaliansalamivendors,organ-grinders,confectioners,dormousetamersandmouse-trapsellers。TakenabackArnoldconfessedthatitwastrue。Hewentfurther。HedeclaredhisreadinesstocedetheAustrianTirolandIstriatoMazzini。Butthiswasnotenough。HehadnotonlytoappealtotheconscienceoftheGermanpeople,butalsotoattackthemwheretheyweremostvulnerable。Arnoldreceivedinstructionsthatthistimehewastohaveanopinion,asherepresentedtheGermanelement。HefeltlikethestudentJobs。[47]Hescratchedhimselfthoughtfullybehindhisearandafterlongreflectionhestuttered:"SincetheageofTacitusthevoicesofGermanbardsandbaritonescanbeheard。Inwintertheykindlefiresonallthemountainssoastowarmtheirfeet。"Thebards,thebaritonesandfiresonallthemountains!ThatwillputabombunderGermanfreedom!thoughtMazziniwithagrin。Thebards,baritones,firesonallthemountainsandGermanfreedomtobootwentintothemanifestoasasopfortheGermannation。TohisastonishmentArnoldhadpassedtheexaminationandunderstoodforthefirsttimewithwhatlittlewisdomtheworldisgoverned。FromthatmomentonhedespisedBrunoBauermorethaneverforallhiseighteenheftytomeswrittenwhilehewasstillyoung。

WhileArnoldinthewakeoftheEuropeanCentralCommitteewassigningwarlikemanifestoeswithGod,forMazziniandagainsttheprinces,thepeacemovementwasragingnotonlyinEngland,undertheaegisofCobden,butevenbeyondtheNorthSea。SothatinFrankfurt/MaintheYankeeswindler,ElihuBurritttogetherwithCobden,Jaup,GirardinandtheRedIndianKa-gi-ga-gi-wa-wa-be-taorganisedaPeaceCongress。

OurArnoldwasjustitchingtobeabletomakeoneofhis"frequentappearances"

andtogivebirthtoamanifesto。SoheproclaimedhimselfthecorrespondingmemberoftheFrankfurtAssemblyandsentoveranextremelyconfusedPeaceManifestotranslatedoutofCobden’sspeechesintohisownspeculativePomeranian。VariousGermansdrewArnold’sattentiontothecontradictionbetweenhiswarlikeattitudeintheCentralCommitteeandhispeacefulQuakerism。Hewouldreply:"Well,thereyouhavethecontradictions。That’sthedialecticforyou。InmyyouthIstudiedHegel。"His"honestconsciousness"

waseasedbythethoughtthatMazziniknewnoGermanandthatitwasnothardtopullthewooloverhiseyes。

Moreover,hisrelationshipwithMazzinipromisedtobecomeevenmoresecurethankstotheprotectionofHarroHarringwhohadjustlandedinHull。ForwithHarringanewandhighlysymptomaticcharacterstepsontothestage。

IXThegreatdramaofthedemocraticemigrationof1848-52

hadbeenprecededbyapreludeeighteenyearspreviously:thedemocraticemigrationof1830-31。Eventhoughwiththepassageoftimemostoftheplayershaddisappearedfromthestagetherestillremainedafewnobleruinswho,stoicallyindifferenttothecourseofhistoryandtheirownlackofsuccess,continuedtheiractivitiesasagitators,devisedcomprehensiveplans,formedprovisionalgovernmentsandhurledproclamationsintotheworldineverydirection。Itisobviousthattheseexperiencedswindlerswereinfinitelysuperiortotheyoungergenerationinbusinessknow-how。

Itwasthisveryknow-howacquiredthrougheighteenyearspracticeinconspiring,scheming,intriguing,proclaiming,duping,showingoffandpushingoneselftotheforethatgaveMr。MazzinithecheekandtheassurancetoinstallhimselfastheCentralCommitteeofEuropeandemocracysupportedonlybythreestrawmenofmuchsmallerexperienceinsuchmatters。

NoonewasmorefavouredbycircumstancestobecometheverytypeoftheémigréagitatorthanourfriendHarroHarring。AndindeedhedidbecometheprototypewhomallourheroesoftheExile,alltheArnolds,GustavsandGottfriedsstrovemoreorlessconsciouslyandwithvaryingsuccesstoemulate。Theymayevenequalhimifcircumstancesarenotunfavourable,buttheywillhardlysurpasshim。

HarrowholikeCaesarhashimselfdescribedhisowngreatdeeds(London1852)wasbornonthe"Cimbrianpeninsula"andbelongstothatvisionaryNorthFrisianracewhichhasalreadybeenshownbyDr。Clementtohaveproducedallthegreatnationsoftheworld。

"Alreadyinearlyyouth"heattemptedto"setthesealofactionuponhisenthusiasmforthecauseofthepeoples"bygoingtoGreecein1821。WeseehowFriendHarrohadanearlypremonitionofhismissiontobeeverywherewhereconfusionreigned。Lateron"astrangefateledhimtothesourceofabsolutism,tothevicinityoftheCzarandhehadseenthroughtheJesuitismofconstitutionalmonarchyinPoland"。

SoHarrofoughtforfreedominPolandalso。But"thecrisisinthehistoryofEuropefollowingthefallofWarsawgreatlyperplexedhim",andhisperplexityledhimtotheideaof"thedemocracyofnations",whichheatonce"documentedinthework:TheNations,Strasbourg,March1832"。ItisworthremarkingthatthisworkwasalmostquotedattheHambacherFest。[48]Atthesametimehepublishedhis"republicanpoems:Blutstropfen[DropsofBlood];TheHistoryofKingSaulortheMonarchy;MalevoicesonGermany’sFreedom"andeditedthejournalDeutschlandinStrasbourg。AlltheseandevenhisfuturewritingshadtheunexpectedgoodfortunetobebannedbytheFederalDietonNovember4,1831。Thiswastheonlythinghestilllacked,onlynowdidheachieverealimportanceandalsothemartyr’scrown。Sothathecouldexclaim"Mywritingswereeverywherewellreceivedandechoedloudlyintheheartsofthepeople。Theyweremostlydistributedgratis。

InthecaseofsomeofthemIdidnotevenreceiveenoughtocovertheCostsofprinting。"

Butnewhonoursstillawaitedhim。In1831Mr。Welckerhadvainlyattemptedinalongletter"toconverthimtotheverticalhorizonofconstitutionalmonarchy"。Andnow,inJanuary1832,therecameavisitfromMr。Malten,awell-knownPrussianagentabroad,whoproposedthatheshouldenterPrussianservice。Whatdoublerecognitionthiswas——andfromtheenemytoo!Enough,Malten’soffer"triggeredofftheideathatinthefaceofthisdynastictreacheryheshouldgivebirthtotheconceptofScandinaviannationality",and"fromthattimeonatleastthewordScandinaviawasrebornafterhavingbeenforgottenforcenturies"。

InthismannerourNorthFrisianfromSouthJutlandwhodidnotknowhimselfwhetherhewasaGermanoraDaneacquiredatleastanimaginarynationalitywhosefirstconsequencewasthatthemenofHambachwouldhavenothingtodowithhim。

WithalltheseeventsbehindhimHarro’sfortunewasmade。VeteranoffreedominGreeceandPoland,theinventorof"democracyofnations",re-discovereroftheword"Scandinavia",poetacknowledgedbythebanoftheFederalDiet,thinkerandjournalist,martyr,agreatmanesteemedevenbyhisenemies,amanwhoseallegianceconstitutionalists,absolutistsandrepublicansviedwitheachothertopossessand,withallthat,empty-headedandconfusedenoughtobelieveinhisowngreatness——whatthenwasneededtomakehishappinesscomplete?ButHarrowasaconscientiousmanandashisfamegrewsodidthedemandswhichhemadeuponhimselfWhatwasmissingwasagreatworkthatwouldpresentinanentertainingandpopularformthegreatdoctrinesoffreedom,theideaofdemocracy,andofnationalityandallthesublimestrugglesforfreedomonthepartoftheyouthfulEuropearisingbeforehisveryeyes。NonebutapoetandthinkeroftheveryfirstrankcouldproducesuchaworkandnonebutHarrocouldbethisman。Thusarosethefirstthreeplaysofthe"dramaticcycle"ThePeople,ofwhichthereweretwelvepartsinall,oneoftheminDanish,alabourtowhichtheauthordevotedtenyearsofhislife。Unfortunatelyelevenofthesetwelvepartshave"hithertoremainedinmanuscript"。

However,thisdallyingwiththemusewasnottolastforever。

"Inthewinterof1832-1833amovementwaspreparedinGermany——whichwasbroughttoatragicendintheskirmishinFrankfurt。Iwasentrustedwiththetaskoftakingthefortress(?)inKehlonthenightof6April。

Menandweaponswereattheready。"

UnfortunatelyitallcametonothingandHarrohadtoretiretothedepthsofFrancewherehewrotehisWordsofaMan。FromtherehewassummonedtoSwitzerlandbythePolesarmingthemselvesfortheirmarchonSavoy。

Herehebecame"attachedtotheirGeneralStaff",wroteafurthertwopartsofhisdramaticcycleThePeople,andmadetheacquaintanceofMazziniinGeneva。Thewholebandoffire-eatersconsistingofPolish,French,German,ItalianandSwissadventurersunderthecommandofthenobleRamorinothenmadetheirfamousattackonSavoy。[49]InthiscampaignourHarro"discoveredthevalueofhislifeandstrength"。

Butastheotherfreedomfightersfelt"thevalueoftheirlives"nolessthanHarroandnodoubthadjustasfewillusionsabouttheir"strength"

theexploitendedbadlyandtheyreturnedtoSwitzerlandbeaten,dishevelledandindisarray。

Thiscampaignwasallthatwasneededtogiveourbandofemigrantknightsacompleteinsightintotheterrortheyinspiredinthetyrants。

AslongastheaftermathoftheJulyRevolutioncouldstillbefeltinisolatedinsurrectionsinFrance,GermanyorItaly,aslongastheyfeltsomeoneorotherstandingbehindthemourémigréheroesfeltthemselvestobebutatomsintheseethingmasses——moreorlessprivileged,prominentatoms,tobesure,butinthelastanalysistheywerestillatoms。Butastheseinsurrectionsgraduallygrewfeebler,asthegreatmassof"lackeys",ofthe"half-hearted"andthe"menoflittlefaith"retiredfromtheputschistswindlesandasourknightsfeltincreasinglylonely,sodidtheirself-esteemgrowinproportion。IfthewholeofEuropebecamecraven,stupidandselfish,howcouldourtrustyheroesfailtogrowintheirownestimation,forweretheynotthepriestswhokeptthesacredfiresofhatredforalltyrantsburningintheirbreastsandwhomaintainedthetraditionsofvirtueandloveoffreedomforamorevigorousgenerationyettocome!Iftheytoodesertedtheflagthetyrantswouldbesafeforever。Solikethedemocratsof1848theysawineverydefeataguaranteeoffuturevictoryandtheygraduallytransformedthemselvesmoreandmoreintoitinerantDonQuixoteswithdubioussourcesofincome。

Oncearrivedatthispointtheycouldplantheirgreatestactofheroism,thefoundationof"YoungEurope"whoseCharterofBrotherhoodwasdrawnupbyMazziniandsignedinBerneon15April1834。Harroappearsinitas"initiatoroftheCentralCommittee,adoptivememberofYoungGermanyandYoungItalyandalsoasrepresentativeoftheScandinavianbranch"

whichhe"stillrepresentstoday"。

ThedateoftheCharterofBrotherhoodmarksforHarrothegreatepochfromwhichcalculationsaremadeforwardsandbackwards,thusreplacingthebirthofChrist。Itisthehighpointofhislife。Hewasco-dictatorofEuropeinpartibusandalthoughtheworldknewnothingofhimhewasoneofthemostdangerousmenalive。Noonestoodbehindhimbuthismanyunpublishedworks,afewGermanartisansinSwitzerlandandadozenpoliticalspeculatorswhohadseenbetterdays——butforthatveryreasonhecouldclaimthatallthepeopleoftheworldwereonhisside。Foritisthefateofallgreatmennottoberecognisedbytheirownagewhereasthefuturebelongstothem。AndHarrohadtakencareofthefuture——hehaditinblackandwhiteinhisbagintheformoftheCharterofBrotherhood。

ButnowbeganHarro’sdecline。Hisfirstsorrowwasthat"YoungGermanysplitofffromYoungEuropein1836"。ButGermanywasdulypunishedforthat。Becauseofthesplit"nothinghadbeenpreparedforanationalmovementinGermanyearlyin1848"andthisiswhyeverythingendedsomiserably。

ButamuchgreatersorrowforHarrowasthegrowthofcommunism。

Welearnfromhimthatthefounderofcommunismwasnoneotherthan"thecynicJohannesMüllerfromBerlin,theauthorofaveryinterestingpamphletonPrussianpolicy,Altenburg1831"。MüllerwenttoEnglandwhere"theonlyavailableopeningforhimwasinSmithfieldMarketwherehehadtotendswineatthecrackofdawn"。

CommunismsoonbegantospreadamongtheGermanartisansinFranceandSwitzerlandanditbecameaverydangerousenemyforHarroasitcutofftheonlymarketforhiswritings。Thiswasduetothe"indirectcensorshipofcommunism"fromwhichpoorHarrohassufferedtothisverydayandindeeditisnowworsethaneverashesadlyconfessesand"asthefateofmydramaTheDynastyproves"。ThisindirectcommunistcensorshipevensucceededinexpellingHarrofromEuropeandsohewenttoRiodeJaneiro(in1840)wherehelivedforatimeasapainter。"Usinghistimeconscientiouslyhereaseverywhere"hebroughtoutanewwork:"PoemsofaScandinavian(2000copies)whichhasbeendistributedsowidelyamongsea-faringpeopleastohavebecomeanoceanicbest-seller"。

However,his"scrupuloussenseofobligationtowardsYoungEurope"

unfortunatelyledhimtoreturntotheOldWorld。

He"hastenedtoMazziniinLondonandsoonperceivedthedangerthatthreatenedthecauseofthepeoplesfromcommunism"。

Newdeedsawaitedhim。TheBandierabrothers[50]werepreparingfortheirexpeditiontoItaly。TosupportthemandtodiverttheforcesofdespotismHarro"returnedtoSouthAmericawhereinunionwithGaribaldihededicatedhimselftofurtheringtheideaofaUnitedStatesofSouthAmerica"。

ButthedespotshadgotwindofhismissionandHarrotooktohisheels。HesailedtoNewYork。

"DuringthevoyageIwasveryactiveintellectuallyandwroteamongotherthingsadrama:ThePowerofIdeas,whichbelongedtothedramaticcycleThePeople——thistoohasremainedinMS。uptonow!"

FromSouthAmericahebroughtwithhimtoNewYorkaprogrammefromagroupallegedtobeaffiliatedwithHumanidad。

ThenewsoftheFebruaryRevolutioninspiredhimtoproduceapamphletinFrench,LaFranceréveilléeandwhileembarkingforEurope"Idocumentedmyloveformycountryonceagaininsomepoems,Scandinavia"。

HewenttoSchleswig-Holstein。Here,afteranabsenceoftwentysevenyears,he"discoveredanunheardofconceptualconfusioninthesphereofinternationallaw,democracy,republicanismsocialismandcommunism,achaoswhichlaylikerottinghayandstrawintheAugeanstablesofpartyfactionsandnationalhatred"。

Nowonder,forhis"politicalwritings"likehis"wholestrivingandactivitiessince1831hadremainedalienandunknowninthosefrontierprovincesofmyhomecountry"。

TheAugustenburgParty[51]hadsuppressedhimforeighteenyearsbymeansofaconspiracyofsilence。Todealwiththishegirtonasabre,arifle,fourpistolsandsixdaggersandcalledfortheformationofafreecorps,butinvain。AftervariousadventureshefinallyarrivedinHull。HerehehastenedtoissuetwocircularstothepeoplesofSchleswig-Holstein,ScandinaviaandGermanyandevensentanote,ashasbeenreported,totwocommunistsinLondonwiththismessage:

"FivethousandworkersinNorwaysendyoufraternalgreetingsthroughme。

DespitethiscuriousappealhesoonbecameasleepingpartneroftheEuropeanCentralCommitteeagain,thankstotheCharterofBrotherhood,andhealsobecame"nigh/watchmanandemployeeofayoungfirmofbrokersinGravesendontheThameswheremytaskwastodrumuptradeamongships’

captainsinninedifferentlanguagesuntilIwasaccusedoffraud,athingwhichthephilosopherJohannesMüllerwasatleastsparedinhiscapacityasswineherd"。

Harrosummarisedhisaction-packedlifeasfollows:

"ItcaneasilybecalculatedthatapartfrommypoemsIhavegivenawaymorethan18,000copiesofmywritingsinGerman(varyingfrom10

shillingsto3Marksinprice,andhenceamountingtoaround25,000Marksintoto)tothedemocraticmovement。Ihaveneverevenbeenreimbursedfortheprintingcosts,letalonereceivedanyprofitformyself。"

WiththiswebringtheadventuresofourdemagogicHidalgofromtheSouthJutlandManchatoaclose。InGreeceandBrazil,ontheVistulaandLaPlata,inSchleswig-HolsteinandinNewYork,inLondonandinSwitzerland:

therepresentativeofYoungEuropeandoftheSouthAmericanHumanidad,painter,nightwatchmanandemployee,peddlerofhisownwritings;amongPolesonedayandgauchosthenext,andship’scaptainsthedayafterthat;

unacknowledged,abandoned,ignoredbuteverywhereanitinerantknightoffreedomwithathoroughgoingdislikeofordinarybourgeoishardwork——

ourheroatalltimesinallcountriesandinallcircumstancesremainshimself;withthesameconfusion,thesamemeddlesomepretensions,thesamefaithinhimselfHewillalwaysdefytheworldandneverceasetosay,writeandprintthatsince1831hehasbeenthemainspringofworldhistory。

XDespitehisunexpectedsuccesseshithertoArnoldhadnotyetarrivedatthegoalofhislabours。AsGermany’srepresentativebythegraceofMazzini,hewasundertheobligationontheonehandtoobtainconfirmationofhisappointmentatleastbytheGermanemigrationand,ontheotherhand,topresenttheCentralCommitteewithpeoplewhorespectedhisleadership。HedidindeedclaimthatinGermany"therewasaclearlydefinedpartofthepeoplebehindhim"butthishindportioncouldscarcelyinspiremuchconfidenceinMazziniandLedruaslongastheycouldseenothingbuttheRugefrontportion。SufficeittosaythatArnoldhadtolookaroundamongtheémigrésfora"clearlydefined’’tail。

AtaboutthistimeGottfriedKinkelcametoLondonandtogetherwithhimorsoonafterwardsanumberofotherexilespartlyfromFrance,partlyfromSwitzerlandandBelgium:Schurz,Strodtmann,Oppenheim,Schimmelpfennig,Techow,etc。ThesenewarrivalssomeofwhomhadalreadytriedtheirhandatformingprovisionalgovernmentsinSwitzerland,infusednewlifeintotheLondonemigrationandforArnoldthemomentseemedmorefavourablethanever。AtthesametimeHeinzenagaintookovertheSchnellpostinNewYorkandsoArnoldcouldnowmakehis"frequentappearances"ontheothersideoftheoceanandnotustinthelocalBremenpaper。ShouldArnoldeverfindhisStrodtmannthelatterwouldsurelydeclarethemonthlynumbersoftheSchnellpostfromthebeginningof1851ontobeapricelesssourceofinformation。Onehastoseethisinfinitelyfeeblemixtureofgossip,sillinessandnastiness,thisant-likeself-importancewithwhichArnolddepositshisdung,forotherwiseonewouldnotbelieveit。WhileHeinzenportraysArnoldasaEuropeanGreatPower,ArnoldtreatsHeinzenasanAmericannewspaperoracle。HetellshimthesecretsofEuropeandiplomacyandinparticularthelatesteventsinthehistoryofworldemigration。

ArnoldsometimesfiguresastheanonymouscorrespondentinLondonandParisinordertokeeptheAmericanpublicinformedofsomeofthegreatArnold’sfashionablemovements。

"OnceagainArnoldRugehasthecommunistsbythethroat"——"ArnoldRugeyesterday(datedfromParissothatthedatinggivestheoldjokeraway)madeanexcursionfromBrightontoLondon。"Andagain:"ArnoldRugetoKarlHeinzen:DearFriendandEditor……Mazzinisendshisgreetings……Ledru-RollingiveshispermissiontotranslatehispamphletontheJune13th"andsoon。

AletterfromAmericahasthiscommenttomake:

"AsIseefromRuge’slettersintheSchnellpostHeinzenmustbewritingRuge(privately)allsortsoffunnystoriesabouttheimportanceofhispaperinAmerica,whileRugeseemstoactasifhewereamajorEuropeangovemment。WheneverRugeimpartsamomentouspieceofinformationtoHeinzenheneveromitstoadd:Youcanaskothernewspaperstoreprintthis。AsiftheywouldhesitatetoprintnewsregardlessofRuge’sauthorisation。

Incidentally,IhaveneverseenthesemomentousreportsactuallyappearanywhereelsedespiteRuge’sadviceandpermission。"

FatherRugeemployedboththispaperandtheBremerTagesChroniktowinovernewarrivalsbyflattery:Kinkelisherenow,thepatriotandpoetofgenius;Strodtmann,agreatwriter;Schurz,ayoungmanasamiableasheisbold,andawholearrayofdistinguishedrevolutionarywarriors。

MeanwhileincontrasttotheMazziniCommitteeaplebeianEuropeanCommitteewasformedwiththesupportofthe"inferiorrefugees"

andtheémigrédregsofthevariousEuropeannations。

AtthetimeofthebattleofBronzellthiscommitteehadissuedamanifestothatincludedthefollowingoutstandingGermansignatories:Gebert,Majer,Dietz,Schärttner,Schapper,Willich。ThisdocumentwascouchedinpeculiarFrenchandcontainedtheinformationthatatthatmoment(10November1850)theHolyAllianceofTyrantshadassembled1,330,000soldiersbackedbyanother700,000armedlackeysinreserve;that"theGermanpapersandtheCommittee’sowncontacts"hadrevealedthesecretintentionsoftheWarsawConferences[52]andthattheseweretomassacrealltherepublicansofEurope。Thiswasfollowedbytheinevitablecalltoarms。This"manifeste-Faneron-Caperon-Gouté"asitwasdescribedbythePatrie(towhomtheysentit)wasoverwhelmedwithridiculebythereactionarypress。ThePatriecalledit"themanifestoofthediiminorumgentium,writtenwithoutchic,withoutstyleandequippedwithonlythemostbanalclichés,’serpents’,’sicaires’and’égorgements’"。

TheIndépendenceBelgestatesthatitwaswrittenbythemostobscuresoldiersofdemocracy,poordevilswhohadsentittotheircorrespondentinLondoneventhoughtheirpaperwasconservative。

Greatlyastheylongedtogetintoprint,theywouldneverthelessnotpublishthenamesofthesignatoriesasapunishment。Despitetheirattemptstobegfromthereactionthesenoblepeopledidnotmanagetoobtainrecognitionasdangerousconspirators。

TheestablishmentofthisrivalfirmspurredArnoldontoevengreaterefforts。TogetherwithStrave,Kinkel,R。SchrammandBucher,etc。

hetriedtofoundaVolksfreund,or,ifGustavweretoinsist,aDeutscherZuschauer。Buttheplanfellthrough。Partlybecauseour"good-humoured"GottfrieddemandedpaymentincashwhereasArnoldsharedHansemann’sviewthatinmoneymattersthereisnoroomforgoodhumour。

Arnold’sparticularaimwastoimposealevyontheReadingCircle,aclubofGermanwatchmakers,well-paidworkersandpettybourgeois,butinthistoohewasfrustrated。

ButsoontherearoseanotheropportunityforArnoldtomakeoneofhis"frequentappearances"。LedruandhissupportersamongtheFrenchémigréscouldnotlet24February(1851)[53]passwithoutcelebratinga"FraternalFeast"ofthenationsofEurope。

InfactonlytheFrenchandtheGermansattended。Mazinididnotcomeandexcusedhimselfbyletter:Gottfriedwhowaspresentwenthomefumingbecausehismutepresencefailedtoproducethemagicaleffectheexpected;ArnoldlivedtoseethedaywhenhisfriendLedrupretendednottoknowhimandbecamesoconfusedwhenhearosetospeakthathekeptquietabouttheFrenchspeechhehadpreparedandwhichhadbeenapprovedinhighplaces;

hejuststammeredafewwordsinGermanandretreatedprecipitately,exclaiming:

Àlarestaurationdelarévolution!totheaccompanimentofageneralshakingofheads。

Onthesamedayarivalbanquettookplaceundertheauspicesofthecompetingcommitteereferredtoabove。AnnoyedthattheMazzini-LedrucommitteehadnotinvitedhimtojointhemfromthebeginningLouisBlanctookhimselfofftotherefugeemob,declaringthat"thearistocracyoftalentmustalsobeabolished"。Thewholeloweremigrationwasthusassembled。

ThechivalrousWillichpresided。Thehallwasfestoonedwithflagsandthewallswereemblazonedwiththenamesofthegreatestmenofthepeople:

WaldeckbetweenGaribaldiandKossuth,JacobybetweenBlanquiandCabet,RobertBlumbetweenBarbèsandRobespierre。ThatcoquettishapeLouisBlancreadoutinawhiningvoiceanaddressfromhisoldEeyorebrothers,thefuturepeersofthesocialrepublic,thedelegatesoftheLuxemburgof1848。WillichreadoutanaddressfromSwitzerlandthesignaturestowhichhadpartlybeencollectedunderfalsepresences。Laterhewasindiscreetenoughtopublishtheaddress,whichresultedinthemassexpulsionofthesignatories。FromGermanynomessagehadarrived。Thenspeeches。

Despitetheeternalbrotherhoodboredomcouldbeseenoneveryface。

ThebanquetgaverisetoahighlyedifyingscandalwhichliketheheroicdeedsoftheEuropeancentralmob-committee,unfoldedwithinthepagesofthecounter-revolutionarypress。IthadstruckobserversasverystrangethatduringthebanquetacertainBarthélemyshouldhavegivenanextremelygrandioseeulogyofBlanquiinthepresenceofLouisBlanc。Thepuzzlewasnowelucidated。ThePatrieprintedatoastthatBlanquihadsentfromBelle-Îleinresponsetoarequestfromtheoratoratthebanquet。Inthetoastheaimedsomeroughblowsatthewholeprovisionalgovernmentof1848andatLouisBlancinparticular。

ThePatrieexpressedastonishmentthatthistoasthadbeensuppressedinthecourseofthebanquet。LouisBlancatoncewrotetoTheTimesdeclaringthatBlanquiwasanabominableintriguerandhadneversentsuchatoasttotheBanquetcommittee。ThecommitteeconsistingofMessrs,Blanc,Willich,Landolphe,Schapper,BarthélemyandVidil,announcedsimultaneouslyinthePatriethattheyhadneverreceivedthetoast。ThePatrie,however,didnotallowthedeclarationtobeprinteduntiltheyhadmadeinquiriesofM。Antoine,Blanqui’sbrother-in-law,whohadgiventhemthetextofthetoast。BeneaththedeclarationoftheBanquetcommitteetheyprintedM。Antoine’sreply:hehadsentthetoasttoBarthélemy,oneofthesignatoriesofthedeclarationandhadreceivedanacknowledgementfromhim。WhereuponMr。Barthélemywasforcedtoadmitthatitwastruethathehadlied。Hehadindeedreceivedthetoastbuthadthoughtitunsuitableandsohadnotinformedthecommitteeofit。Butbeforethis,behindBarthélemy’sbackhisco-signatory,theFrenchax-captainVidilhadalsowrittentothePatriesayingthathishonourasasoldierandhissenseoftruthcompelledhimtoconfessthatnotonlyhebutalsoLouisBlanc,Willichandalltheothersignatoriesofthefirstdeclarationhadlied。Thecommitteehadconsistedof13membersandnot6。TheyhadallseenBlanqui’stoast,theyhaddiscusseditandafteralongdebateagreedtosuppressitbyamajorityof7votesto6。Hehadbeenonewhohadvotedinfavourofreadingitinpublic。

ItiseasytoimaginethejoyofthePatriewhenitreceivedBarthélemy’sdeclarationafterVidil’sletter。Theyprinteditwiththispreface:

"Wehaveoftenaskedourselves,anditisadifficultquestiontoanswer,whetherthedemagoguesarenotablemorefortheirstupidityortheirboastfulness。

AfourthletterfromLondonhasincreasedourperplexity。Theretheyare,wedonotknowhowmanypoorwretches,whoaresotormentedbythelongingtowriteandtoseetheirnamespublishedinthereactionarypressthattheyareundeterredevenbytheprospectofinfinitehumiliationandmortification。Whatdotheycareforthelaughterandtheindignationofthepublic——theJournaldesDébats,theAssembléerationaleandthePatriewillfindspacefortheirstylisticexercises;toachievethisnocosttothecauseofcosmopolitandemocracycanbetoohigh……Inthenameofliterarycommiserationweincludethefollowingletterfrom’Citizen’Barthélemy——itisanovel,and,wehope,thelastproofoftheauthenticityofBlanqui’sfamoustoastwhoseexistencetheyfirstalldeniedandnowfightamongthemselvesfortherighttoacknowledge。"

XI"Theactualforceofevents",touseoneofArnold’sall-pervadingbeautifulforms,nowtookthefollowingcourse。On24February,RugehadcompromisedhimselfandtheGermanémigrésinthepresenceofforeigners。Hencethefewémigréswhostillfeltinclinedtogoalongwithhimfeltinsecureandwithoutanysupport。Arnoldputtheblameonthedivisionintheemigrationandpressedharderthaneverforunity。Compromisedashewas,hestillreachedeagerlyforthechancetocompromisehimselffurther。

HencetheAnniversaryoftheMarchrevolutioninViennawasusedtogiveaGermanbanquet。ThechivalrousWillichdeclinedtheinvitation;ashebelongedto"citizen"LouisBlanchecouldnotcollaboratewith"citizen"Rugewhobelongedto"citizen"Ledru。Likewisetheex-deputiesReichenbach,Schramm,Bucher,etc。,recoiledfromRuge’spresence。NotcountingthesilentgueststhereappearedMazzini,Ruge,Struve,Tausenau,Haug,RongeandKinkel——allofwhomspoke。

Rugefilledtheroleof"thecompletefool"asevenhisfriendsadmitted。TheGermanpublicwashowevertoexperienceevengreaterthings。

Tausenau’sclowning,Struve’scroaking,Haug’smeanderings,Ronge’slitaniesturnedthewholeaudiencetostoneandthemajoritydriftedawayevenbeforethatflowerofrhetoric,Jeremiah-Kinkel,whohadbeensavedforthedessert,couldbeginhisspeech。"Inthenameofthemartyrs"forthemartyrs,Gottfriedspokeasamartyrandutteredlachrymosewordsofreconciliationtoall"fromthesimpledefenderoftheconstitutiondowntotheredrepublican"。

Atthesametimeasalltheserepublicans,andevenredrepublicans,likeKinkel,groanedawayinthisfashion,theyalsokneltdownbeforetheEnglishconstitutioninhumbleadoration,acontradictiontowhichtheMorningChroniclepolitelydrewtheirattentionthefollowingmorning。

ThesameeveningRugesawthefulfilmentofhisdesiresascanbeseenfromaproclamationwhosemostbrilliantsectionsweofferhere:

"TotheGermans!

"BrothersandfriendsinGermany!We,theundersigned,constituteatpresentanduntilsuchtimeasyoudecidedifferently,thecommitteeforGermanaffairs"(irrespectivewhichaffairs)。

"TheCentralCommitteeoftheEuropeandemocraticmovementhassentusArnoldRuge,theBadenrevolutionhassentGustavStruve,theVienneserevolutionhassentusErnstHaug,thereligiousmovementhassentusJohannesRongeandprisonhassentusGottfriedKinkel,wehaveinvitedthesocial-democraticworkerstosendarepresentativetoourmidst。

"Germanbrothers!Eventshavedeprivedyouofyourfreedom……

weknowthatyouareincapableofabandoningyourfreedomforeverandwehaveomittednothing"(inthewayofcommitteesandmanifestoes)"thatmightaccelerateyourrecoveryofit。

"Whenwe……whenwegaveourguaranteeandoursupporttotheMazziniloan,whenwe……whenweinvokedtheHolyAllianceofpeoplesagainsttheunholyallianceoftheiroppressors,weonlydid,asyouknow,whatyouwishedwithallyourheartstoseedone……Thetyrantshavebeenarraignedbeforetheuniversalcourtofmankindinthegreattrialoffreedom"

(andwithArnoldaspublicprosecutor,the"tyrants"cansleepinpeace)

"……arson,murder,pillaging,hungerandbankruptcywillsoonbewidespreadthroughoutGermany。

"YouhavetheexampleofFrancebeforeyoureyes——Smoulderingwithfuryitismoreunitedthaneverinitsdeterminationtoliberateitself"(Iaskyou,whoonearthcouldhaveforeseenthe2December!)——

lookatHungary,eventheCroatshavebeenconverted"(thankstotheDeutscherZuschauerandRuge’swood-shavingcoats)——"andbelieveus,forweknow,whenwesaythatPolandisimmortal"(Mr。Daraszconfidedthispieceofinformationtothemundersolemnoathofsecrecy)。

"Forceagainstforce——thatisthejusticethatisbeingprepared。

Andweshallleavenothingundonetobringintobeingamoreeffectiveprovisionalgovernment"(aha!)"thantheVorparlament[54]andamorepotentarmofthepeoplethantheNationalAssembly"(seebelowwhatthesegentlemenbroughtintobeingwhentheyattemptedtoleadeachotherbythenose)。

"Ourdraftproposalsconcerningthefinancesandthepress"(Articles1and2ofthestrongprovisionalgovernment——theCustomsOfficer,ChristianMüller,istobegiventhetaskofimplementingthismeasure)"shallbepresentedseparately。WewishonlytosaythateverypurchasefortheItalianLoanwillbeofimmediatebenefittoourCommitteeandtoourcauseandthatforthemomentyoucanhelpinapracticalwayaboveallbyensuringaliberalsupplyofmoney。Weshallthenknowhowtotranslatethismoneyintopublicopinionandpublicviolence。(WithArnoldastranslator)"……Wesaytoyou:Subscribe10millionFrancsandweshallliberatetheContinent!

"Germans,remember……"(thatyousingbaritoneandlightfiresonthemountains)"……Iendusyourthoughts"(whichweneedalmostasbadlyasyourmoney),"yourpurse"(yes,don’tforgetthat)"andyourarm!

WeexpectyourzealtoincreasewiththeintensityofyoursufferingsandthattheCommitteeshallbeadequatelystrengthenedforthehourofdecisionbyyourpresentcontributions。"(Ifnot,theywouldhavetoresorttospirituousliquorwhichwouldbeagainstGustav’sprinciples。)

"Alldemocratsareinstructedtopubliciseourappeal"

(theCustomsOfficer,ChristianMüller,willtakecareoftherest)。

"London,13March1851

TheCommitteeforGermanAffairsArnoldRuge,GustavStruve,ErnstHaug,JohannesRonge,GottfriedKinkel"

OurreadersarenowacquaintedwithGottfried,theyarealsoacquaintedwithGustav;Arnold’s"frequentappearances"havelikewisebeenrepeatedoftenenough。Sothereremainbuttwomembersofthe"effectiveprovisionalgovemment"whomwehavestilltointroduce。

JohannesRongeorJohannesKurzwegashelikestobeknowninhisintimatecircle,iscertainlynottheauthoroftheBookofRevelations。Thereisnothingmysteriousabouthim,heisbanal,hackneyed,asinsipidaswater,luke-warmdish-water。AsiswellknownJohannesbecamefamouswhenherefusedtopermittheHolyMantle[55]inTriertointercedeforhim——thoughitiswhollyunimportantwhointercedesforJohannes。WhenJohannesfirstmadehisappearancetheelderlyPaulus[56]expressedhisregretsthatHegelwasdeadashewouldnolongerbeabletoregardhimasshallowwerehealiveandheaddedthatthelatelamentedKrugwasluckytobedeadashetherebyescapedthedangerofacquiringareputationforprofundity。Johannesisoneofthosephenomenaoftenmetwithinhistorywhoonlybegintounderstandamovementcenturiesafteritsriseandfallandwhothenlikechildrenreproducethecontentofthemovementasifithadjustbeendiscovered,regurgitatingitinthemostfeeble,colourlessandphilistinicmannerimaginable。SuchcraftsmanshipdoesnotlastverylongandsoonourJohannesfoundhimselfinadailydeterioratingsituationinGermany。Hiswatered-downversionoftheEnlightenmentwentoutoffashionandJohannesmadeapilgrimagetoEnglandwhereweseehimreappear,withoutanynotablesuccess,astherivalofPadreGavazzi。[57]Theungainly,sallow,tediousvillageparsonnaturallypaledbythesideofthefiery,histrionicItalianmonkandtheEnglishbetheavilythatthisaridJohannescouldnotbethemanwhohadsetthedeep-thinkingGermannationinmotion。

ButhewasconsoledbyArnoldRugewhofoundthattheGerman-CatholicismofourJohanneswasremarkablysimilartohisownbrandofatheism。

LudwigvonHauckhadbeenacaptainofengineersintheImperialAustrianarmy,thenco-editoroftheConstitutioninVienna,laterstillleaderofabattalionintheVienneseNationalGuard,wherehedefendedtheBurgtoragainsttheImperialarmyonOctober30withgreatcourage,abandoninghispostonlyafterallwaslost。HeescapedtoHungary,joinedupwithBem’sarmyinSiebenburgenwhereinconsequenceofhisvelourheadvancedtotherankofcolonelinthegeneralstaff。AfterGörgysurrenderedatVilagosLudwigHauckwastakenprisoneranddiedlikeaheroononeofthemanygallowsthattheAustrianserectedinHungarytoavengetheirrepeateddefeatsandtoexpresstheirfuryattheprotectionRussiahadextendedandwhichtheysobitterlyresented。InLondonHaugwaslongthoughttobetheincarceratedHauck,anofficer,whohadsodistinguishedhimselfintheHungariancampaign。However,itnowseemstobeestablishedthatheisnotthelateHauck。JustashewasunabletopreventMazzinifromimprovisinghimintoageneralafterthefallofRome,sotoohecoulddonothingtostopArnoldRugefromtransforminghimintotherepresentativeoftheVienneserevolutionandamemberofthestrongprovisionalgovernment。

Laterhegaveaestheticlecturesabouttheeconomicfoundationsofthecosmogonyofuniversalhistoryfromageologicalstandpointandwithmusicalaccompaniment。Amongtheémigrésthismelancholicmanisknownas"thepoorwretch",orastheFrenchsay,"labonnebête"。

Arnoldcouldnotbelievehisgoodfortune。Hehadamanifesto,astrongprovisionalgovernment,aloanoftenmillionfrancsandevenahomunculustoproduceaweeklymagazinewiththemodesttitleKosmos,editedbyGeneralHaug。

Themanifestocameandwentunread。TheKosmosdiedofmalnutritioninthethirdnumber,themoneyfailedtorollin,theprovisionalgovernmentdissolvedintoitscomponentsoncemore。

Atfirst,theKosmoscontainedadvertisementsforKinkel’slectures,fortheworthyWillich’sappealsformoneyfortheSchleswig-HolsteinrefugeesandforGöhringer’ssaloon。ItcontainedfurtheralampoonbyArnold。TheoldjokerinventedacertainhospitablefriendcalledMüllerinGermanywhoseguest,Schulze,hepretendedtobe。MüllerexpressesastonishmentatwhathereadsinthepapersaboutEnglishhospitality;

hefearsthatallthis"sybaritisrn"maydistractSchulzefromhis"affairsofstate"——buthedoesnotgrudgehimthisaswhenSchulzereturnstoGermanyhewillbesooverwhelmedbystateaffairsthathewillhavetodenyhimselfthepleasuresofMüller’shospitality。Finally,Müllerexclaims:"SurelyitwasnotthetraitorRadowitz,butMazzini,Ledru-Rollin,CitizenWillich,Kinkelandyourself"(ArnoldRuge)"whowereinvitedtoWindsorCastle?"

IfafterallthistheKosmosfoldedupafterthethirdissuethefailurecouldnotbeputdowntolackofpublicity,forateverypossibleEnglishmeetingthespeakerswouldfinditpressedintotheirhandswiththeurgentrequesttorecommenditastheywouldfindtheirownprinciplesspeciallyrepresentedinit。

Scarcelyhadthesubscriptionsfortheten-million-FrancloanbeenopenedthantherumourwentaroundthatalistofcontributorstoafundtodispatchStruve(andAmalia)toAmerica,wascirculatingintheCity。

"WhentheCommitteeresolvedtopublishaGermanweeklywithHaugaseditor,StruveprotestedashewantedthepostofeditorforhimselfandwishedthejournaltobearthetitleDeutscherZuschauer。HavingprotestedheresolvedtogotoAmerica。"

ThusfarthereportintheDeutscheSchnellpostofNewYork。Itremainssilentaboutthefact(andHeinzenhadhisreasonsforthis)thatasGustavwasacollaboratorontheDukeofBrunswick’sDeutscherLondonerZeitungMazzinihadstruckhisnameoffthelistoftheGermanCommittee。

GustavsoonacclimatisedhisDeutscherZuschauerinNewYork。Butsoonaftercamethenewsfromovertheocean:"Gustav’sZuschauerisdead。"Ashesays,thiswasnotforthelackofsubscribers,norbecausehehadnoleisureforwritingbutsimplybecauseofadearthofpayingsubscribers。However,thedemocraticrevisionofRotteck’sUniversalHistorycouldnotbepostponedanylonger,sogreatwastheneedforit,andashehadalreadybegunitI5yearspreviouslyhewouldgivethesubscribersacorrespondingnumberofissuesoftheUniversalHistoryinsteadoftheDeutscherZuschauer。Hewouldhavetorequestpaymentinadvanceforthistowhichinthecircumstancesnoonecouldobject。

AslongasGustavhadremainedonthissideoftheAtlanticHeinzenregardedhimalongwithRugeasthegreatestmaninEurope。Scarcelyhadhereachedtheothersidethanagreatscandalarosebetweenthem。

Gustavwrites:

"Whenon6JuneinKarlsruheHeinzensawthatcannonwasbeingbroughtupheleftforStrasbourgwithfemalecompanions。"

WhereuponHeinzencalledGustav"asoothsayer"。

ArnoldwasbusybroadcastingthevirtuesoftheKosmosinthejournalofhisfaithfuldiscipleHeinzen,whenitfailedtoappear,andataboutthetimewhenthestrongprovisionalgovernmentwasdisintegratingRodomonte-Heinzenwasbusyproclaiming"militaryobedience"towardsitinhisjournal。Heinzenisfamousforhisloveofthemilitaryinpeacetime。

"ShortlyafterStruve’sdepartureKinkeltooresignedfromtheCommitteewhichwastherebyreducedtoimpotence。"(DeutscheSchnellpost,No。23。)

WiththisthestrongprovisionalgovernmentdwindledstillfurtherandonlyMessrs。Ruge,Ronge,andHaugremainedinit。EvenArnoldrealisedthatwiththisTrinitynothingatallcouldbebroughtintoexistence,letaloneacosmos。Neverthelessthroughallthepermutations,variationsandcombinationsitremainedthenucleusofallhissubsequentattemptstoformcommittees。Anindefatigableman,hesawnoreasontothrowinhishand;afterallhisaimwasmerelytodosomethingthatwouldhavetheappearanceofaction,thesemblanceofprofoundpoliticalschemes,somethingthat,aboveall,wouldprovidematterforself-importantconsultations,frequentappearancesandcomplacentgossip。

AsforGottfried,hisdramaticlecturesforrespectablecitymerchantsdidnotallowhimtocompromisehimselfButontheotherhanditwasaltogethertooevidentthatthepurposeofthemanifestoofMarch13wasnoneotherthantoprovidesupportfortheplaceArnoldhadusurpedintheEuropeanCentralCommittee。EvenGottfriedcouldnotfailtorealisethis:butitwasnotinhisinteresttograntRugesuchrecognition。Soitcametopassthatshortlyafterthemanifestohadbeenpublished,theKölnischeZeitungprintedadeclarationbythatdamaacerba,Mockel。Herhusband,shewrote,hadnotsignedtheappeal,hewasnotinterestedinpublicloansandhadresignedfromthenewly-formedcommittee。WhereuponArnoldgossipedintheNewYorkSchnellposttotheeffectthatKinkelhadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromsigningthemanifesto,buthegavehisapproval,theplantoissueithadbeenconceivedinhisroom,hehadhimselftakenresponsibilityfordespatchinganumberofcopiestoGermanyandheonlyleftthecommitteebecauseitelectedGeneralHaugpresidentinpreferencetohimself。ArnoldaccompaniedthisdeclarationwithangryattacksonKinkel’svanity,callinghim"absolutemartyr"and"theBeckerathofthedemocrats"andaffirminghissuspicionsofMrs。JohannaKinkelwhohadaccesstosuchprohibitedjournalsastheKölnischeZeitung。

Inthemeantime,Arnold’sseedhadnotfallenonstonysoil。Kinkel’s"beautifulsoul"resolvedtoturnthetablesonhisrivalsandtoraisethetreasureofrevolutionalone。Johanna’sstatementdissociatinghimfromthishare-brainedschemehadscarcelyappearedintheKölnischeZeitungwhenGottfriedlaunchedhisownappealinthetransatlanticpaperswiththecommentthatthemoneyshouldbesenttotheman"whoinspiresthemostconfidence"。AndwhocouldthismanbebutGottfriedKinkel?Forthetimebeinghedemandedanadvancepaymentof500poundssterlingwithwhichtomanufacturerevolutionarypapermoney。Ruge,nottobeoutdone,hadtheSchnellpostdeclarethathewasthetreasureroftheDemocraticCentralCommitteeandthatMazzininoteswerealreadyavailableandcouldbepurchasedfromhim。Whoeverwishedtolose500poundssterlingwoulddobettertotaketheavailablenotesthantospeculateinsomethingthatdidnotevenexist。AndRodomonte-HeinzenroaredthatunlessMr。Kinkelabandonedhismanoeuvreshewouldbebrandedpubliclyasan"enemyoftherevolution"。Gottfriedhadcounter-articlespublishedintheNew-YorkerStaatszeitung,thedirectrivaloftheSchnellpost。Inthiswayfull-scalehostilitieswereinprogressontheothersideoftheAtlanticwhilekissesofJudaswerestillbeingexchangedinthisside。

ByissuinganappealforanationalloaninhisownnameGottfriedhadshockedthedemocraticrankandfile,ashesoonrealised。Tomakegoodhisblunderhenowdeclaredthat"thisappealformoney,foraGermannationalloandidnotproceedfromhim。InalllikelihoodwhathadhappenedwasthatsomealltoozealousfriendsinAmericahadmadefreewithhisname。"

ThisdeclarationprovokedthefollowinganswerfromDr。WissintheSchnellpost:

"ItisgenerallyknownthattheappealtoagitateforaGermanLoanwassenttomebyGottfriedKinkelwiththeurgentrequesttopubliciseitinalltheGermannewspapersandIamreadyandwillingtoshowthislettertoanyonewhoisindoubtonthispoint。IfKinkelhasnowreallyallegedthecontrarytheonlyhonourablecourseforhimtopursueistoretracthisstatementspubliclyandtopublishmycorrespondencewithhimfromwhichitwillbecomeplaintothePartythatIwasquiteindependentandcertainlythatIdidnotexhibit’anexcessofzeal’。ShouldhenothavebeenguiltyoftheseallegationsitwasKinkel’sdutytodenouncethejournalistresponsibleforprintingthemasanevilslanderer,oriftherehadbeenamisunderstanding,asanirresponsibleandunscrupulousgossip。FormypartIamunabletobelieveKinkelcapableofsuchunmitigatedperfidy。Dr。C。Wiss。"(WeeklysupplementoftheDeutscheSchnellpost。)

WhatwasKinkeltodo?Onceagainhethrusthisaspradonzellaintothebreach,hedenouncedMockelasthe"irresponsible,unscrupulousgossip",heclaimedthathiswifehadpromotedtheloanbehindhisback。Itcannotbedeniedthatthistacticwashighly"aesthetic"。

ThusdidGottfriedswaylikeareed,nowadvancing,nowretreating,nowlaunchingaproject,nowdissociatinghimselffromit,alwaystackingtoadjusttothewindofpopularity。WhileheofficiallyallowedtheaestheticbourgeoisietofeteandfeasthiminLondonasthemartyroftheRevolutionbehindthebacksofthesamepeopleheindulgedinforbiddencommercewiththemoboftheEmigrationasrepresentedbyWillich。WhilelivingincircumstancesthatcouldbedescribedasluxuriousincomparisonwithhismodestsituationinBonn,hewrotetoSt。Louisthathewaslivingasbefittedthe"representativeofpoverty"。Inthiswayhebehavedtowardsthebourgeoisieasetiquetterequired,whileatthesametimehedeferredhumblytothetasteoftheproletariat。Butasamanwhoseimaginationfaroutweighedhisunderstandinghecouldnothelpfallingintothebadmannersandthearrogantposturesoftheparvenuandthisalienatedmanyapompousbonhommefromhim。WhollycharacteristicofhimwasthearticleontheGreatExhibitionthathewroteforKosmos。HeadmirednothingsomuchasthegiantmirrorthatwasexhibitedintheCrystalPalace。Theobjectiveworldreducesitselftoamirror,thesubjectiveworldtoacliché。Underthepretextofseeingonlythebeautifulsideofthingsheaestheticiseseverythingandthisprocesshedesignatespoetry,self-sacrificeorreligion,astheoccasiondemands。Fundamentally,everythingisusedtoexalthimself。Itisinevitablethatinpracticetheuglysideshouldmakeitsappearance,asimaginationturnsintoliesandenthusiasmintobaseness。InanycaseitwastobeexpectedthatGottfriedwouldsooncastoffhislion’sskinwhenhefellintothehandsofold,experiencedclownslikeGustavandArnold。

XIITheGreatIndustrialExhibitioninauguratedanewepochintheEmigration。ThegreatthrongofGermanPhilistinesthatfloodedintoLondonduringthesummer,feltillateaseinthebustleofthegreatCrystalPalaceandintheevenlargertownofLondonwithitsnoise,itsdinanditsclamour。Andwhenthetoilandthelabouroftheday,thedutifulinspectionoftheExhibitionandtheothersightshadbeencompletedinthesweatofhisbrow,theGermanPhilistinecouldrecoverathiseasewithSchärttnerattheHanauorGöhringerattheStar,withtheirbeerycosiness,theirsmoke-filledfugandtheirpublic-housepolitics。

Here"thewholeofthefatherlandcouldbeseen"andinadditionallthegreatestmenofGermanycouldbeseengratis。Theretheyallsat,themembersofparliament,thedeputiesofChambers,thegenerals,theCluboratorsofthehalcyondaysof1848and1849,theysmokedtheirpipesjustlikeordinarypeopleanddebatedtheloftiestinterestsofthefatherlanddayafterday,inpublicandwithunshakeabledignity。ThiswastheplacewhereforthepriceofafewbottlesofextremelycheapwinetheGermancitizencoulddiscoverexactlywhatwentonatthemostsecretmeetingsoftheEuropeancabinets。Thiswastheplacewherehecouldlearntowithinaminutewhen"itwouldallstart"。InthemeantimeonebottleafteranotherwasstartedandallthePartieswenthomeunsteadilybutstrengthenedintheknowledgethattheyhadmadetheircontributiontothesalvationofthefatherland。NeverhastheEmigrationdrunkmoreandcheaperthanduringtheperiodwhenthesolventmassesofGermanPhilistineswereinLondon。

ThetrueorganisationoftheEmigrationwasinfactthistavernorganisationpresidedoverbySilenus-SchärttnerinLongAcrewhichexperienceditsheydaythankstotheExhibition。HerethetrueCentralCommitteesatinperpetualsession。Allothercommittees,organisations,party-formationswerejusttrimmings,thepatrioticarabesquesofthisprimevalGermantavernsocietyofidlers。

InadditiontheEmigrationwasstrengthenednumericallyatthetimebythearrivalofMessrs。Meyen,Faucher,Sigel,GoeggandFickler,etc。

MeyenwasalittleporcupinewhohadcomeintotheworldwithoutanyquillsandwhounderthenamePoinsinet,wasoncedescribedbyGoetheinthisway:

"Inliterature,asinsociety,oneoftenencounterssuchcuriouslittlemannikins。Endowedwithsomesmalltalenttheyendeavouralwaystoclaimtheattentionofthepublicandastheycaneasilybeseenthroughbyalltheyarethesourceofmuchamusement。However,theyalwaysmanagetoprofitsufficiently。Theylive,produce,arementionedeverywhereandareevenaccordedafavourablereception。Theirfailuresdonotdisconcertthem;

theyregardthemasexceptionalandlooktothefutureforgreatersuccess。

PoinsinetisafigureofthissortintheFrenchliteraryworld。Itgoesalmostbeyondbelieftoseewhathasbeendonewithhim,howhehasbeenfooledandmystifiedandevenhissaddeathbydrowninginSpaindoesnotdiminishtheridiculousimpressionmadebyhislife,justasafrogmadeoffireworksdoesnotattaintodignitybyconcludingalengthyseriesofsputterswithaloudbang。"[58]

Writerscontemporarywithhimpassonthefollowinginformation:EduardMeyenbelongedtothe"Resolute"groupwhichrepresentedtheBerlinerintelligentsiaasagainstthemassstupidityoftherestofGermany。HetoohadaMaybugClubinBerlinwithhisfriendsMügge,Klein,Zabel,Buhletc。Eachofthesemaybugssatonhisownlittleleaf[Blättchen——"leaf"and"newspaper"]。EduardMeyen’spaperwascalledtheMannheimerAbendblättchenandhere,everyweek,afterenormousefforts,hedepositedasmallgreenturdofcorrespondence。OurMaybugreallydidprogresstothepointwherehewasabouttopublishamonthlyperiodical;contributionsfromvariouspeoplelandedonhisdesk,thepublisherwaitedbutthewholeprojectcollapsedbecauseEduardaftereightmonthsincoldsweatdeclaredthathecouldnotfinishtheprospectus。AsEduardtookallhischildishactivitiesseriouslyhewaswidelyregardedinBerlinaftertheMarchRevolutionasamanwhomeantbusiness。InLondonheworkedtogetherwithFaucheronaGermaneditionoftheIllustratedLondonNewsundertheeditorshipandcensorshipofanoldwomanwhohadknownsomeGermantwentyyearsbefore,buthewasdiscardedasuselessafterhehadattemptedwithgreattenacitytoinsertaprofoundarticleaboutsculpturethathehadhadpublishedtenyearspreviouslyinBerlin。Butwhen,lateron,theKinkel-emigrationmadehimtheirsecretaryherealisedthathewasreallyapracticalhommed’étatandheannouncedinalithographedleafletthathehadarrivedatthe"tranquillityofapointofview"。Afterhisdeathawholeheapoftitlesforfutureprojectswillbefoundamonghispapers。

ConjointlywithMeyenwemustnecessarilyconsiderOppenheim,hisco-editorandco-secretary。IthasbeenclaimedthatOppenheimisnotsomuchamanasanallegoricalfigure:thegoddessofboredomitisreported,camedowntoFrankfurtonMainandassumedtheshapeofthissonofaJewishjeweller。WhenVoltairewrote:"Touslesgenresventloons,excepté

legenreennuyeux",hemusthavehadapremonitionofourHeinrichBernhardOppenheim。WepreferOppenheimthewritertoOppenheimtheorator。Hiswritingsmaybeavoided,buthisspokendelivery——c’estimpossible。ThepythagoreanmetempsychosismayhavesomefoundationinrealitybutthenamebornebyHeinrichBernhardOppenheiminformeragescannolongerbediscoveredasnomanevermadeanameforhimselfthroughbeinganunbearablechatterbox。Hislifemaybeepitomisedbyitsthreeclimacticmoments:

ArnoldRuge’seditor——Brentano’seditor——Kinkel’seditor。

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