andFREDERICKENGELS
I"Singe，unsterblicheSeeledersdudigenMenschenErldsung"[2]
[Sing，immortalsoultheredemptionoffallenmankind]——throughGottfriedKinkel。
GottfriedKinkelwasbornsome40yearsago。Thestoryofhislifehasbeenmadeavailabletousinanautobiography，GottfriedKinkel。TruthwithoutPoetry。ABiographicalsketch-book。EditedbyAdolphStrodtmann。（Hamburg，Hoffmann&Campe，1850，octavo。）
GottfriedistheheroofthatdemocraticSiegwart[3]epochthatfloodedGermanywithendlesstorrentsoftearfullamentandpatrioticmelancholy。HemadehisdebutasasimplelyricalSiegwart。
WeareindebtedtoStrodtmanntheApostle，whose"narrativecompilation"
wefollowhere，bothforthediary-likefragmentsinwhichhispilgrimageonthisearthisparadedbeforethereader，andfortheglaringlackofdiscretionoftherevelationstheycontain。
"Bonn，February——September1834Likehisfriend，PaulZeller，youngGottfriedstudiedProtestanttheologyandhispietyandindustryearnedhimtheadmirationofhiscelebratedteachers"（Sack，NitzschandBleck，p。5）。
Fromtheverybeginningheis"obviouslyimmersedinweightyspeculations"
（p。4），heis"tormentedandgloomy"asbefitsabuddinggenius。"Gottfried’sgloomilyflashingbrowneyes""litupon"someyouths"inbrownjacketsandpale-blueovercoats";heatoncesensedthattheseyouthswished"tomakeupfortheirinneremptinessbyoutershow"（p。6）。Heexplainshismoralindignationbypointingoutthathehad"defendedHegelandMarheinicke"
whentheseladshadcalledMarheinickea"blockhead";later，whenhehimselfgoestostudyinBerlinandishimselfinthepositionofhavingtolearnfromMarheinickehecharacteriseshiminhisdiarywiththefollowingbelletristicepigram（p。61）：
"EinKerl，derspekuliert，istwieeinTieraufdürrerHeidevoneinemloosenGeistimKreisherumgeführt，undringsumheristschönegrüneWeide。"
[Itellyouachapwho’sintellectualIslikeabeastonablastedheathDrivenincirclesbyademonWhileafinegreenmeadowliesroundbeneath。][4]
GottfriedhasclearlyforgottenthatotherverseinwhichMephistophelesmakesfunofthestudentthirstingforknowledge：
"VerachtenurVerstandundWissenschaff！"
[Onlylookdownonknowledgeandreason！][5]
However，thewholemoralisingStudentSceneservesmerelyasanintroductionenablingthefutureLiberatoroftheWorldtomakethefollowingrevelation（p。6）。
ListentoGottfried：
"Thisracewillnotperish，unlessagreatwarcomes……Onlystrongremedieswillraisethisageupfromthemire！"
"AsecondFloodwithyouasasecondandimprovededitionofNoah！"
hisfriendreplied。
ThelightbrownovercoatshavehelpedGottfriedtothepointwherehecanproclaimhimselfthe"NoahinanewFlood"。Hisfriendrespondswithacommentthatmightwellhaveservedasthemottotothewholebiography。
"MyfatherandIhaveoftenhadoccasiontosmileatyourpassionforunclearideas！"
ThroughouttheseConfessionsofaBeautifulSoul[6]wefindrepeatedonlyone"dearidea"，namelythatKinkelwasagreatmanfromthemomentofhisconception。Themosttrivialthingsthatoccurtoalltrivialpeoplebecomemomentousevents;thepettyjoysandsorrowsthateverystudentoftheologyexperiencesinamoreinterestingform，theconflictswithbourgeoisconditionstobefoundbythedozenineveryconsistoryandrefectoryinGermanybecomeworld-shakingeventsfromwhichGottfried，overwhelmedbyWeltschmerz，fashionsaperpetualcomedy。
[Thuswefindthattheseconfessionsconsistentlypresentadoubleaspect——thereisfirstlythecomedy，theamusingwayinwhichGottfriedinterpretsthesmallesttriviaassignsofhisfuturegreatnessandcastshimselfinrelieffromtheoutset。Andthenthereistherodomontade，histrickofcomplacentlyembellishinginretrospecteverylittleoccurrenceinhistheologico-lyricalpast。HavingestablishedthesetwobasicfeatureswecanreturntothefurtherdevelopmentsinGottfried’sstory。]
Thefamily[ofhis"friendPaul"leavesBonnand]returnstoWürttemberg。Gottfriedstagesthiseventinthefollowingmanner。
GottfriedlovesPaul’ssisterandusestheoccasiontoexplainthathehas"alreadybeeninlovetwicebefore"！Hispresentlove，however，isnoordinarylovebuta"ferventandauthenticactofdivineworship"
（p。13）。GottfriedclimbstheDrachenfelstogetherwithfriendPaulandagainstthisromanticbackclothhebreaksintodithyrambs：
"Farewelltofriendship！——IshallfindabrotherinourSaviour;
——Farewelltolove——Faithshallbemybride;——Farewelltosisterlyloyalty——Iamcometothecommuneofmanythousandsofjustsouls！Awaythen，Omyyouthfulheart，learntobealonewithyourGod;strugglewithhimuntilyouconquerhimandforcehimtogiveyouanewname，thatofHolyIsraelwhichno-oneknowsbuthewhoreceivesit！Igiveyougreetings，yougloriousrisingsun，imageofmyawakeningsoul！"（p。17）。
WeseehowthedepartureofhisfriendgivesGottfriedtheopportunitytosinganecstatichymntohisownsoul。Asifthatwerenotenough，hisfriendtoomustjoininthehymn。ForwhileGottfriedexultsecstaticallyhespeaks"withexaltedvoiceandglowingcountenance"，he"forgetsthepresenceofhisfriend"，"hisgazeistransfigured"，"hisvoiceinspired"，etc。（p。17）——inshortwehavethevisionoftheProphetElijahasitappearsintheBiblecompleteineverydetail。
"SmilingsorrowfullyPaullookedathimwithhisloyalgazeandsaid：
’YouhaveamightierheartinyourbosomthanIandwillsurelyoutdistanceme——butletmebeyourfriend——evenwhenIamfaraway。’JoyfullyGottfriedclaspedtheproferredhandandrenewedtheancientcovenant"
（p。18）。
GottfriedhasgotwhathewantsfromthisTransfigurationontheMount。
FriendPaulwhohasjustbeenlaughingat"Gottfried’spassionforunclearideas"humbleshimselfbeforethenameof"holyIsrael"andacknowledgesGottfried’ssuperiorityandfuturegreatness。GottfriedisaspleasedasPunchandgraciouslycondescendstorenewtheancientcovenant。
Thescenechanges。ItisthebirthdayofKinkel’smother，thewifeofPastorKinkelofUpperCassel。Thefamilyfestivalisusedtoproclaimthat"hismother，likethemotherofourLord，wascalledMary"（p。20）
——certainproofthatGottfried，too，wasdestinedtobeasaviourandredeemer。ThuswithinthespaceoftwentypagesourstudentoftheologyhasbeenledbythemostinsignificanteventstocasthimselfasNoah，astheholyIsrael，asElijah，and，lastly，asChrist。
*Inevitably，Gottfried，whowhenitcomestothepointhasexperiencednothing，constantlydwellsonhisinnerfeelings。ThePietismthathasstucktothisparson’ssonandwould-bescholarofdivinityiswelladaptedbothtohisinnateemotionalinstabilityandhiscoquettish，preoccupationwithhisownperson。WelearnthathismotherandsisterwerebothstrictPietistsandthatGottfriedwaspowerfullyconsciousofhisownsinfulness。Theconflictofthispioussenseofsinwiththe"carefreeandsociablejoiedevivre"oftheordinarystudentappearsinGottfried，asbefitshisworld-historicalmission，intermsof’astrugglebetweenreligionandpoetry。Thepintofbeerthattheparson’ssonfromUpperCasseldownswiththeotherstudentsbecomesthefatefulchaliceinwhichFaust’stwinspiritsarelockedinbattle。Inthedescriptionofhispietisticfamilylifeweseehis"MotherMary"combatassinful"Gottfried’spenchantforthetheatre"（p。28），amomentousconflictdesignedtoprefigurethepoetofthefuturebutwhichinfactmerelyhighlightsGottfried’sloveofthetheatrical。Theharpy-likepuritanismofhissisterJohannaisrevealedbyanincidentinwhichsheboxedtheearsofafive-year-oldgirlforinattentionin，church——sordidfamilygossipwhoseinclusionwouldbeincomprehensiblewereitnotfortherevelationattheendofthebookthatthissamesisterJohannaputupthestrongestoppositiontoGottfried’smarriagetoMme。Mockel。
OneeventheldtobeworthyofmentionisthatinSeelscheidGottfriedpreached"awonderfulsermonaboutthewiltingwheat"。
*TheZelterfamilyand"belovedElise"finallytaketheirdeparture。WelearnthatGottfried"squeezedthegirl’shandpassionately"andmurmuredthegreeting，"Elise，farewell！Imustsaynomore"。ThisinterestingstoryisfollowedbythefirstofSiegwart’slaments。
"Destroyed！""Withoutasound。""Mostagonisingtorment！""Burningbrow。""Deepestsighs，""Hismindwaslaceratedbythewildestpains"，etc。（p。37）。
ItturnsthewholeElijah-likesceneintothepurestcomedy，performedforthebenefitofhis"friendPaul"andhimself。PaulagainmakeshisappearanceinordertowhisperintotheearofSiegwartwhoissittingtherealoneandwretched："ThiskissisformyGottfried"（p。38）。
AndGottfriedatoncecheersup。
"Myplantoseemysweetloveagain，honourablyandnotwithoutaname，isfirmerthanever"（p。38）。
Evenamidthepangsoflovehedoesnotfailtocommentonthenameheexpectstomake，ortobragofthelaurelsheclaimsinadvance。Gottfriedusestheintermezzotocommithislovetopaperinextravagantandvaingloriousterms，tomakesurethattheworldisnotdeprivedofevenhisdiary-feelings。
Butthescenehasnotyetreacheditsclimax。ThefaithfulPaulhastopointouttoourbarnstormingmaestrochatifEliseweretoremainstationarywhilehecontinuedtodevelop，shemightnotsatisfyhimlateron。
"Ono！"saidGottfried。"Thisheavenlybuddingflowerwhosefirstleaveshavescarcelyopenedalreadysmellssosweetly。Howmuchgreaterwillbeherbeautywhen……[——]theburningsummerrayofmanlyvigourunfoldsherinnermostcalix！"（p。40）。
Paulfindshimselfreducedtoansweringthissordidimagebyremarkingchatrationalargumentsmeannothingtopoets。
"’Andallyourwisdomwillnotprotectyoufromthewhimsoflifebetterthanourlovablefolly’Gottfriedrepliedwithasmile"（p。
40）。
Whatamovingpicture：Narcissussmilingtohimself！Thegauchestudentsuddenlyentersasthelovablefool，PaulbecomesWagner[7]andadmiresthegreatman;andthegreatman"smiles"，"indeed，hesmilesakind，gentlesmile"。Theclimaxissaved。
GottfriedfinallymanagestoleaveBonn，Hegivesthissummaryofhiseducationalattainmentstodate。
"UnfortunatelyIamincreasinglyunabletoacceptHegelianism;myhighestaspirationistobearationalist，atthesametimeIamasupernaturalistandamystic，ifnecessaryIamevenaPietist（p。45）。
Thisself-analysisrequiresnocommentary。
"Berlin，October1834-August1835。"LeavinghisnarrowfamilyandstudentenvironmentGottfriedarrivesinBerlin。IncomparisonwithBonnBerlinisrelativelymetropolitanbutofthiswefindnotraceinGottfriedanymorethanwefindevidenceofhisinvolvementinthescientificactivityoftheday。Gottfried’sdiaryentriesconfinethemselvestotheemotionsheexperiencestogetherwithhisnewcompagnond’aventure，HugoDünwegfromBarmen，andalsototheminorhardshipsofanindigenttheologian：hismoneydifficulties，shabbycoats，employmentasareviewer，etc。Hislifestandsinnorelationtothatofthepubliclifeofthecity，butonlytotheSchlössingfamilyinwhichDünwegpassesforMasterWofram[vonEschenbach]
andGottfriedforMasterGottfriedvonStrasbourg（p。67）。[8]ElisefadesgraduallyfromhisheartandheconceivesanewitchforMissMariaSchlössing。UnfortunatelyhelearnsofElise’sengagementtosomeoneelseandhesumsuphisBerlinfeelingsandaspirationsasa"darklongingforawomanhecould[call]whollyhisown。
However，Berlinmustnotbeabandonedwithouttheinevitableclimax：
"BeforeheleftBerlinWeiss，theoldtheatreproducer，tookhimonceagainintothetheatre。AstrangefeelingcameovertheyouthasthefriendlyoldmanledhimintothegreatauditoriumwherethebustsofGermandramatistshavebeenplacedandwithagesturetowardsafewemptynichessaidmeaningfully：
’Therearestillsomevacantplaces！’"
Yes，indeed，thereisstillaplacevacantawaitingourPlatenite[9]Gottfriedwhosolemnlyallowsanoldclowntoflatterhimwiththeexquisitepleasureof"futureimmortality"。
"Bonn，Autumn1835——Autumn1837""Constantlybalancingbetweenart，lifeandscience，unabletoreachadecision，activeinallthreewithoutfirmcommitment，heresolvedtolearn，togainandtobecreativeinallthreeasmuchashisindecisionwouldpermit"（p。89）。
HavingthusdiscoveredhimselftobeanirresolutedilettanteGottfriedreturnstoBonn。Ofcourse，thefeelingthatheisadilettantedoesnotdeterhimfromtakinghisLicentiateexaminationandfrombecomingaPrivatdozentattheuniversityofBonn。
"NeitherChamissonorKnapp[10]hadpublishedthepoemshehadsentthemintheirmagazinesandthisupsethimgreatly"
（p。99）。
Thisisthepublicdebutofthegreatmanwhoinprivatecircleslivesonintellectualtickonthepromiseofhisfutureeminence。FromthistimeonhedefinitelybecomesaheroofdubiouslocalsignificanceinbelletristicstudentcirclesuntilthemomentwhenaglancingshotinBadensuddenlyturnshimintotheherooftheGermanPhilistines。
"ButmoreandmoretherearoseinKinkel’sbreasttheyearningforafirm，truelove，ayearningthatnodevotiontoworkcoulddispel"（p。
103）。
ThefirstvictimofthisyearningisacertainMinna。GottfrieddallieswithMinnaandsometimesforthesakeofvarietyheactsthecompassionateMahadeva[11]whoallowsthemaidentoworshiphimwhilehemeditatesonthestateofherhealth。
"Kinkelcouldhavelovedherhadhebeenabletodeceivehimselfabouthercondition;buthislovewouldhavekilledthewiltingroseevenmorequickly。Minnawasthefirstgirlthatcouldunderstandhim;butshewasasecondHecubaandwouldhavebornehimtorchesandnotchildren，andthroughthemthepassionoftheparentswouldhaveburntdowntheirownhouseasPriam’spassionburnedTroy。Yethecouldnotabandonher，hisheartbledforher，hewasindeedwretchednotthroughlove，butthroughpity。"
Thegodlikeherowhoselovecankill，likethesightofJupiter，isnothingbutanordinaryself-regardingyoungpuppywhointhecourseofhismarriagestudiestriesouttheroleofthecadforthefirsttime。Hisrevoltingmeditationsonherhealthanditspossibleeffectsonchildrenbecometheoccasionforthebasedecisiontoprolongtherelationshipforhisownpleasureandtobreakitoffonlywhenitprovideshimwiththeexcuseforyetanothermelodramaticscene。
Gottfriedgoesonajourneytovisitanunclewhosesonhasjustdied;atthemidnighthourintheroomwherethecorpseislaidouthestagesascenefromaBellinioperawithhiscousin，Mlle。EliseII。Hebecomesengagedtoher，"inthepresenceofthedead"andonthefollowingmorninghisunclegladlyacceptshimashisfutureson-in-law。
"Nowthathewaslosttoherforever，heoftenthoughtofMinnaandofthemomentwhenhewouldseeheragain。Buthewasnotafraidasshecouldhavenoclaimsonaheartthatwasalreadybound"（p。117）。
ThenewengagementmeansnothingbuttheopportunitytobringaboutadramaticexplosioninhisrelationshipwithMinna。Inthiscrisiswefind"dutyandpassion"[12]confrontingeachother。ThisexplosionisproducedinthemostphilistineandrascallywaybecauseourbonhommedeniesMinna’slegalclaimsuponhisheartwhichisalreadycommittedelsewhere。Ourvirtuousheroisofcoursenotatalldisturbedbytheneedtocompoundthislietohimselfbyreversingtheorderofeventsinthematterofhis"boundheart"。
Gottfriedhasplungedintotheinterestingnecessityofbeingforcedtobreak"apoor，greatheart"。
"AfterapauseGottfriedwenton：’Atthesametime，Minna，IfeelIoweyouanapology——Ihavesinnedagainstyou——thehandwhichIletyouhaveyesterdaywithsuchfeelingsoffriendship，thathandisnolongerfree——Iamengaged！’"（p。123）。
Ourmelodramaticstudenttakesgoodcarenottomentionthatthisengagementtookplaceafewhoursafterhehadgivenherhishand"withsuchfeelingsoffriendship"。
"OhGod！——Minna——canyouforgiveme？"（loc。cit。）
"Iamamanandmustbefaithfultomyduty——Imaynotloveyou！ButIhavenotdeceivedyou"（p。124）。
Afterre-arranginghisdutyafterthefactitonlyremainstoproducetheunbelievable。HedramaticallyreversesthewholerelationshipsothatinsteadofMinnaforgivinghim，ourmoralpriestforgivesthedeceivedwoman。WiththisinmindheconceivesthepossibilitythatMinna"mighthatehimfromafar"andhefollowsthissuppositionupwiththisfinalmoral：
"’Iwouldgladlyforgiveyouforthatandifthatwerethecaseyoucanbeassuredofmyforgivenessinadvance。Andnowfarewell，mydutycallsme，Imustleaveyou！’Heslowlylefttheharbor……fromthathouronGottfriedwasunhappy"（p。124）。
Theactorandself-styledloveristransformedintothehypocriticalpriestwhoextricateshimselffromtheaffairwithanunctuousblessing;Siegwart’sshamconflictsoflovehaveledtothehappyresultthatheisableinhisimaginationtothinkhimselfunhappy。
ItfinallybecomesapparentthatallofthesearrangedlovestorieswerenothingbutGottfried’scoquettishinfatuationwithhimself。ThewholeaffairamountstonomorethanthatourpriestwithhisdreamsoffutureimmortalityhasproducedOldTestamentstoriesandmodernlending-libraryphantasiesafterthemannerofSpiess，ClaurenandCramer[13]sothathemayindulgehisvanitybyposingasaromantichero。
"RummagingamonghisbookshecameacrossNovalis’Ofterdingen[14]thebookthathadsoofteninspiredhimtowritepoetryayearbefore。WhilestillatschoolheandsomefriendshadfoundedasocietybythenameofTeutoniawiththeaimofincreasingtheirunderstandingofGermanhistoryandliterature。InthissocietyhehadassumedthenameofHeinrichvonOfterdingen……Nowthemeaningofthisnamebecamecleartohim。HesawhimselfasthatsameHeinrichinthecharminglittletownatthefootoftheWartburgandalongingforthe’BlueFlower’tookholdofhimwithoverwhelmingforce。Minnacouldnotbethegloriousfairy-talebloom，norcouldshebehisbride，howeveranxiouslyheprobedhisheart。Dreaming，hereadonandon，thephantasticworldofmagicenvelopedhimandheendedbyhurlinghimselfweepingintoachair，thinkingofthe’BlueFlower’。"
Gottfriedhereunveilsthewholeromanticliewhichhehadwovenaroundhimself;thecarnivalgiftofdisguisingoneselfasotherpeopleishisauthentic"innerbeing"。EarlieronhehadcalledhimselfGottfriedvonStrasbourg;nowheappearsasHeinrichvonOfterdingen[14]andheissearchingnotforthe"BlueFlower"butforawomanwhowillacknowledgehisclaimstobeHeinrichvonOfterdingen。Andintheendhereallydidfindthe"BlueFlower"，alittlefadedandyellow，inawomanwhoplayedthemuchlonged-forcomedyinhisinterestandinherown。
TheshamRomanticism，thetravestyandthecaricatureofancientstoriesandromanceswhichGottfriedre-livestomakeupforthelackofanyinnersubstanceofhisown，thewholeemotionalswindleofhisvacuousencounterswithMary，MinnaandEliseI&IIhavebroughthimtothepointwherehethinksthathisexperiencesareonaparwiththoseofGoethe。JustasGoethehadsuddenlyrushedofftoItaly，theretowritehisRomanElegiesafterundergoingthestormsoflove，sotooGottfriedthinksthathisday-dreamsoflovequalifyhimforatriptoRome。GoethemusthavehadapremonitionofGottfried：
HatdochderWalfschseineLaus，Kannichauchmeinehaben。
[AndifthewhalehashisliceIcanhavethemtoo][15]"Italy，October1837——March1838"
ThetriptoRomeopensinGottfried’sdiarywithalengthyaccountofthejourneyfromBonntoCoblenz。Thisnewepochbeginsasthepreviousonehadconcluded，namelywithanarrativerichlyembellishedbyallusionstotheexperiencesofothers。WhileonthesteamerGottfriedrecallsthe"splendidpassageinHoffmann"wherehe"madeMasterJohannesWachtproduceahighlyartisticworkimmediatelyafterenduringthemostoverwhelminggrief"。Asaconfirmationofthe"splendidpassage"Gottfriedfollowsuphis"overwhelminggrief"aboutMinnaby"meditating"abouta"tragedyhehadlongsinceintendedtowrite"（p。140）。
DuringKinkel’sjourneyfromCoblenztoRomethefollowingeventstakeplace：
"Thefriendlylettershefrequentlyreceivesfromhisfianceeandwhichheanswersforthemostpartonthespot，dispelhisgloomythoughts"（p。
144）。
"HisloveforthebeautifulEliseIIstruckrootdeeplyintheyouth’syearningbosom"（p。146）。
InRomewefind：
"OnhisarrivalinRomeKinkelhadfoundaletterfromhisfianceeawaitinghimwhichfurtherintensifiedhisloveforherandcausedtheimageofMinnatofadeevenmoreintothebackground。HisheartassuredhimthatElisecouldmakehimhappyandhegavehimselfuptothisfeelingwiththepurestpassion……Onlynowdidherealizewhatloveis"（p。151）。
WeseethatMinnawhomheonlylovedoutofpityhasre-enteredtheemotionalscene。InhisrelationshipwithElisehisdreamisthatshewillmakehimhappy，notheher。Andyetinhis"BlueFlower"fantasyhehadalreadysaidthatthefairy-taleblossomwhichhadgivenhimsuchapoeticitchcouldbeneitherElisenorMinna。Hisnewlyarousedfeelingsforthesetwogirlsnowserveaspartofthemis-en-scèneforanewconflict。
"Kinkel’spoetryseemedtobeslumberinginItaly"（p。151）。
Why？
"Becausehelackedform"（p。152）。
Welearnlaterthatasix-monthstayinItalyenabledhimtobringthe"form"backtoGermanywellwrappedup。AsGoethehadwrittenhisElegiesinRomesoKinkeltoomeditatedonanelegycalled"TheAwakeningofRome"（p。153）。
Kinkel’smaidbringshimaletterfromhisfiancee。Heopensitjoyfully——"andsankbackonhisbedwithacry。Eliseannouncedthatawealthyman，aDr。D。withanextensivepracticeandevenaridinghorsehadaskedforherhandinmarriage。Asitwouldprobablybealongtimebeforehe，Kinkel，anindigenttheologian，wouldhaveapermanentpositionsheaskedhimtoreleaseherfromthebondsthattiedhertohim"。
Ascenetakenoverlock，stockandbarrelfrom[Kotzebue’s]MisanthropyandRemorse。[16]
Gottfried"annihilated"，"foulputrefaction"，"dryeyed"，"thirstforrevenge"，"dagger"，"thebosomofhisrival"，"heart-bloodofhisenemy"，"coldasice"，"maddeningpain"，etc。（p。156and157）。
Theelementinthese"SorrowsendJoysofapoorTheologian"thatgivesmostpaintoourunhappystudentisthethoughtthatshehad"spurnedhimforthesakeoftheuncertainpossessionofearthlygoods"（p。157）。
Havingbeenmovedbytherelevanttheatricalfeelingshefinallyrisestothefollowingconsolation：
"Shewasunworthyofyou——andyoustillpossessthepinionsofgeniusthatwillbearyoualofthighabovethisdarkmisery！Andwhenonedayyourfameencirclestheglobethefalsewomanwillfindajudgeinherownheart！——Whoknows，perhapsonedayintheyearstocomeherchildrenwillseekmeouttoimploremyaidandIwouldnotwishtomissthat"（p。157）。
Having，inevitably，enjoyedinadvancetheexquisitepleasureof"hisfuturefameencirclingtheglobe"herevealshimselftobeacommonphilistiniccleric。HespeculatesthatlateronElise’schildrenwillcometobegalmsfromthegreatpoet——andthishewould"notwishtomiss"。Andwhy？BecauseEliseprefersahorsetothe"futurefame"ofwhichheconstantlydreams，becausesheprefers"earthlygoods"tothefarceheintendstoperformwithhimselfintheroleofHeinrichvonOfterdingen。OldHegelwasquiterightwhenhepointedoutthatanobleconsciousnessalwaystransposesintoabaseone。[17]
"Bonn。Summer1838——Summer1843"（IntrigueandLove）HavingfurnishedacaricatureofGoetheinItaly，GottfriednowresolvesonhisreturntoproduceSchiller’sIntrigueandLove。[18]ThoughhisheartisrentwithWeltschmerzGottfriedfeels"betterthanever"physically（p。167）。Hisintentionis"toestablishliteraryfameforhimselfthroughhisworks"（p。169），whichdoesnotpreventhimfromacquiringacheaperfamewithoutworkslateronwhenhis"works"failedtodowhatwasexpectedofthem。
The"darklonging"whichGottfriedalwaysexperienceswhenhepursuesawomanfindsexpressioninaremarkablyrapidsuccessionofengagementsandpromisesofmarriage。Thepromiseofmarriageistheclassicalmethodbywhichthestrongmanandthesuperiormind"ofthefuture"seekstoconquerhisbelovedandbindhertohiminreality。AssoonasthepoetcatchessightofalittleblueflowerthatmightassisthiminhiseffortstobecomeHeinrichvonOfterdingen，thegentlemistsofemotionassumethefirmshapeofthestudent’sdreamofperfectingtheidealaffinitybytheadditionofthebondof"duty"。NosoonerarethefirstgreetingsoverthanoffersofmarriageflyinalldirectionsàtortetàtraverstowardseveryDaisyandWaterLilyinsight。Thisbourgeoishuntputsinanevenmorerevoltinglighttheunprincipledtail-waggingcoquetrywithwhichGottfriedconstantlyopenshishearttorevealall"thetormentsofthegreatpoet"。
ThusafterhisreturnfromItalyGottfriednaturallyhasto"promise"
marriageyetagain。Theobjectofhispassiononthisoccasionwasdirectlychosenbyhissister，thepietisticJohannawhosefanaticismhasalreadybeenimmortalisedbytheexclamationsinGottfried’sdiary。
"BögeholdhadjustrecentlyannouncedhisengagementtoMissKinkelandJohannawhowasmoreimportunatethaneverinhermeddlinginherbrother’saffairsoftheheartnowconceivedthewish，foranumberofreasonsconcerningthefamily，thatGottfriedshouldreciprocateandmarryMissSophieBögehold，herfiance’ssister"（p。172）。Itgoeswithoutsayingthat"Kinkelcouldnotbutfeeldrawntoagentlegirl……Andshewasindeedadear，innocentmaiden"（p。173）。"Inthemosttenderfashion"
——itgoeswithoutsaying——"Kinkelaskedforherhandwhichwasjoyfullypromisedhimbyherparentsassoonas"——itgoeswithoutsaying——"hehadestablishedhimselfinajobandwasinapositiontoleadhisbridetothehomeof——itgoeswithoutsaying——aprofessororaparson。"
Onthisoccasionourpassionatestudentsetdowninelegantversesanaccountofthattendencytowardsmarriagethatformssuchaconstantingredientofhisadventures。
"Nachandersnichtstrag’ichVerlangenAlsnurnacheinerweissenHand！"
[NoughtelsecanstirmypassionSomuchasawhitehand]
Everythingelse，eyes，lips，locksisdismissedasamere"trifle"。
"DasallesreiztnichtseinVerlangenAlleindiekleineweisseHandl"（p。174）
[AllthesefailtostirhispassionNoughtdoessobuthersmall，whitehand]
HedescribestheflirtationthathebeginswithMissSophieBögeholdatthecommandof"hismeddlingsisterJohanna"andspurredonbytheunquenchablelongingforahand，as"deep，firmandtranquil"（p。175）。Aboveall"itisthereligiouselementthatpredominatesinthisnewlove"（p。
176）。
InGottfried’sromancesweoftenfindthereligiouselementalternatingwiththenovelisticandtheatricalelement。WherehecannotdevisedramaticeffectstoachievenewSiegwartsituationsheappliesreligiousfeelingstoadornthesebanalepisodeswiththepatinaofhighermeaning。SiegwartbecomesapiousJung-Stilling[19]whohadlikewisereceivedsuchmiraculousstrengthfromGodthateventhoughthreewomenperishedbeneathhismanlychesthewasstillablerepeatedlytoleadanewlovetohishome。
*Wecomefinallytothefatefulcatastropheofthiseventfullife-history，toStilling’smeetingwithJohannaMockel，whohadformerlybornethemarriednameofMathieux。HereGottfrieddiscoveredafemaleKinkel，hisromanticalterego。Onlyshewasharder，smarter，lessconfusedandthankstohergreaterageshehadleftheryouthfulillusionsbehindher。
WhatMockelhadincommonwithKinkelwasthefactthathertalentstoohadgoneunrecognisedbytheworld。Shewasrepulsiveandvulgar;
herfirstmarriagehadbeenunhappy。Shepossessedmusicaltalentsbuttheywereinsufficienttoenablehertomakeanamewithhercompositionsortechnicalmastery。InBerlinherattempttoimitatethestalechildhoodanticsofBettina[vonArnim][20]hadledtoafiasco。Hercharacterhadbeensouredbyherexperiences。EventhoughshesharedwithKinkeltheaffectationofinflatingtheordinaryeventsofherlifesoastoinvestthemwitha"moreexalted，sacredmeaning"，owingtohermoreadvancedagesheneverthelessfeltaneedforlove（accordingtoStrodtmann）thatwasmorepressingthanherneedforthe"poetic"drivelthataccompaniesit。WhereasKinkelwasfeminineinthisrespect，Mockelwasmasculine。HencenothingcouldbemorenaturalthanforsuchapersontoenterwithjoyintoKinkel’scomedyofthemisunderstoodtendersoulsandtoplayittoasatisfyingconclusion，i。e。toacknowledgeSiegwart’sfitnessfortheroleofHeinrichvonOfterdingenandtoarrangeforhimtodiscoverthatshewasthe"BlueFlower"。
Kinkel，havingbeenledtohisthirdorfourthfianceebyhissisterwasnowintroducedintoanewlabyrinthoflovebyMockel。
Gottfriednowfoundhimselfinthe"socialswim"，i。e。inoneofthoselittlecirclesconsistingoftheprofessorsorotherworthiesofGermanuniversitytowns。OnlyinthelivesofTeutonic，christianstudentscansuchsocietiesformsuchaturningpoint。Mockelsangandwasapplauded。
AttableitwasarrangedthatGottfriedshouldsitnexttoherandherethefollowingscenetookplace：
"’Itmustbeagloriousfeeling’，Gottfriedopined，’toflythroughthejoyousworldonthepinionsofgenius，admiredbyall’——’Ishouldsayso’，Mockelexclaimed。’Ihearthatyouhaveagreatgiftforpoetry。Perhapspeoplewillscatterincenseforyoualso……andIshallaskyouthenifyoucanbehappyifyouarenot……’——’IfIamnot？’Gottfriedasked，asshepaused"（p。188）。
ThebaithasbeenputoutforourclumsyIyricalstudent。
Mockeltheninformedhimthatrecentlyshehadheard"himpreachingabouttheyearningofChristianstoreturntotheirfaithandshehadthoughtabouthowresolutelythehandsomepreachermusthaveabandonedtheworldifhecouldarouseatimidlongingeveninherfortheharmlesschildhoodslumberwithwhichtheechooffaithnowlosthadoncesurroundedher"（p。189）。
Gottfriedwas"enchanted"（p。189）bysuchpoliteness。Hewastremendouslypleasedtodiscoverthat"Mockerwasunhappy"（loc。cit。）。Heimmediatelyresolved"todevotehispassionateenthusiasmforthefaithofsalvationatthehandsofJesusChristtobringingbackthissorrowingsoultoointothefold"（loc。cit。）。AsMockelwasaCatholicthefriendshipwasformedontheimaginarybasisofthetaskofrecoveringasoul"intheserviceoftheAlmighty"，acomedyinwhichMockeltoowaswillingtoparticipate。
"In1840KinkelwasappointedasanassistantintheProtestantcommunityinColognewherehewenteverySundaytopreach"（p。193）。
ThisbiographicalcommentmayserveasanexcuseforabriefdiscussionofKinkel’spositionasatheologian。"In1840"thecriticalmovementhadalreadymadedevastatinginroadsintothecontentoftheChristianfaith;
withBrunoBauer[21]sciencehadreachedthepointofopenconflictwiththestate。ItisatthisjuncturethatKinkelmakeshisdebutasapreacher。Butashelacksboththeenergyoftheorthodoxandtheunderstandingthatwouldenablehimtoseetheologyobjectively，hecomestotermswithChristianityonthelevelofIyricalanddeclamatorysentimentalityàlaKrummacher。Thatistosay，hepresentsaChristwhoisa"friendandleader"，heseekstodoawaywithformalaspectsofChristianitythatheproclaimstobe"ugly"，andforthecontenthesubstitutesahollowphraseology。ThedevicebymeansofwhichcontentisreplacedbyformandideasbyphraseshasproducedahostofdeclamatorypriestsinGermanywhosetendenciesnaturallyledthemfinallyinthedirectionof[liberal]democracy。Butwhereasintheologyatleastasuperficialknowledgeisstillessentialhereandthere，inthedemocraticmovementwhereanorotundbutvacuousrhetoric，nullitesonore，makesintellectandaninsightintorealitiescompletelysuperfluous，anemptyphraseologycameintoitsown。KinkelwhosetheologicalstudieshadledtonothingbeyondthemakingofsentimentalextractsofChristianityinthemannerofClauren’spopularnovels，wasinspeechandinhiswritingstheveryepitomeofthefakepulpitoratorythatissometimesdescribedas"poeticprose"andwhichhenowcomicallymadethebasisofhis"poeticmission"。
Thislatter，moreover，didnotconsistinplantingtruelaurelsbutonlyredrowanberrieswithwhichhebeautifiedthehighwayoftrivia。Thissamefeeblenessofcharacterwhichattemptstoovercomeconflictsnotbyresolvingtheircontentbutbyclothingtheminanattractiveformisvisibletoointhewayhelecturesattheuniversity。Thestruggletoabolishtheoldscholasticpedantryissidesteppedbymeansofa"hearty"attitudewhichturnsthelecturerintoastudentandexaltsthestudentplacinghimonanequalfootingwiththelecturer。ThisschoolthenproducedawholegenerationofStrodtmanns，Schurzesandsuchlikewhowereabletomakeuseoftheirphraseology，theirknowledgeandtheireasilyacquired"loftymission"onlyinthedemocraticmovement。
*Kinkel’snewlovedevelopsintothestoryofGockel，HinkelundGackeleia。[22]
Theyear1840wasaturningpointinthehistoryofGermany。Ontheonehand，thecriticalapplicationofHegel’sphilosophytotheologyandpoliticshadbroughtaboutascientificrevolution。Ontheotherhand，thecoronationofFrederickWilliamIVsawtheemergenceofabourgeoismovementwhoseconstitutionalaspirationsstillpossessedawhollyradicalveneer，varyingfromthevague"politicalpoetry"oftheperiodtothenewphenomenonofadailypresswithrevolutionarypowers。
WhatwasGottfrieddoingduringthisperiod？TogetherwithMockelhefoundedthe"Maybug"（Maikäfer）"aJournalfornon-Philistines"
（p。209）andtheMaybugClub。Theaimofthispaperwasnothingmorethan"toprovideacheerfulandenjoyableeveningforagroupoffriendsonceaweekandtogivetheparticipantstheopportunitytopresenttheirworksforcriticismbyabenevolent，artistically-mindedaudience"（pp。209-1O）。
TheactualpurposeoftheMaybugClubwastosolvetheriddleoftheBlueFlower。ThemeetingstookplaceinMockel’shouse，where，surroundedbyagroupofinsignificantstudentsMockelparadedas"Queen"（p。210）
andKinkelas"Minister"（p。225）。Hereourtwomisunderstoodbeautifulsoulsfounditpossibletomakeupforthe"injusticetheharshworldhaddonethem"（p。296）;eachcouldacknowledgetherightoftheothertotherespectiverolesofHeinrichvonOfterdingenandtheBlueFlower。Gottfriedtowhomtheapingofotherpeople’sroleshadbecomesecondnaturemusthavefelthappytohavecreatedsucha"theatreforconnoisseurs"（p。254）。
Thefarceitselfactedasthepreludetopracticaldevelopments：
"TheseeveningsprovidedtheopportunitytoseeMockelalsointhehouseofherparents"（p。212）。
Moreover，theMaybugClubcopiedalsotheGöttingerHain[23]poets，onlywiththedifferencethatthelatterrepresentedastageinthedevelopmentofGermanliteraturewhiletheformerremainedonthelevelofaninsignificantlocalcaricature。The"merryMaybugs"SebastianLongard，LeoHasse，C。A。Schlönbach，etc。，were，asthebiographicalapologiaadmits，pale，insipid，indolent，unimportantyouths（pp。211and298）。
Naturally，Gottfriedsoonbegantomake"comparisons"（p。221）
betweenMockelandhisfiancee，buthehad"hadnotimehitherto"——muchagainsthisusualhabit——"toreflectatallaboutweddingsandmarriage"
（p。219）。Inaword，hestoodlikeBuridan’sassbetweenthetwobundlesofhay，unabletodecidebetweenthem。WithhergreatermaturityandverypracticalbentMockel"clearlydiscernedtheinvisiblebond"（p。225）;
sheresolvedtogive"chanceorthewillofGod"（p。229）ahelpinghand。
"AtatimeofdaywhenKinkelwasusuallypreventedbyhisscientificlaboursfromseeingMockel，heonedaywenttovisitherandashequietlyapproachedherroomheheardthesoundofamournfulsong。Pausingtolistenheheardthissong：
"DunahstlUndwieMorgenröteBebt’süberdieWangenmein，usw。usw。
VielnamenloseSchmerzen：
WeheDufühlstesnicht！
[Youdrawnigh！AndlikethedawnTheretremblesonmycheeks，etc。etc。
Manyanamelesspain。
Alas，youfeelthemnot！]
Alongdrawn-out，melancholychordconcludedhersongandfadedgraduallyinthebreeze"（pp。230and231）。
Gottfriedcreptawayunobserved，asheimagined，andhavingarrivedhomeagainhefoundthesituationveryinteresting。HewrotealargenumberofdespairingsonnetsinwhichhecomparedMockeltotheLorelei（p。233）。
InordertoescapefromtheLoreleiandtoremaintruetoMissSophieBögeholdhetriedtoobtainapostasateacherinWiesbaden，butwasrejected。
ThisaccidentwascompoundedbyafurtherinterventionbyFatewhichprovedtobedecisive。Notonlywasthe"sunstrivingtoleavethesignofVirgo"
（p。236），butalsoGottfriedandMockeltookatripdowntheRhineinaskiff;theirskiffwasoverturnedbyanapproachingsteam-boatandGottfriedswamashorebearingMockel。
"Ashedrewtowardstheshorehefeltherheartclosetohisandwassuddenlyoverwhelmedbythefeelingthatonlythiswomanwouldbeabletomakehimhappy"（p。238）。
OnthisoccasiontheexperiencethatGottfriedhasundergoneisfromarealnovelandnotmerelyanimaginaryone：itistobefoundin[Goethe’s]ElectiveAffinities。Thisdecidedthematter;hebrokeoffhisengagementtoSophieBögehold。
*Firstlove，thentheintrigue。InthenameofthePresbyteryPastorEngelsprotestedtoGottfriedthatthemarriageofadivorcedCatholicwomantoaProtestantpreacherwasoffensive。Gottfriedrepliedbyappealingtotheeternalrightsofmanandmadethefollowingpointswithagooddealofunction。
"1。ItwasnocrimeforhimtohavedrunkcoffeewiththeladyinHirzekümpchen"
（p。249）。
"2。Thematterisambiguousashehadneitherannouncedinpublicthatheintendedtomarrythelady，northathedidnotintendtodoso"
（p。251）。
"3。Asfarasfaithisconcerned，no-onecanknowwhatthefutureholdsinstore"（p。250）。
"Andwiththatoutoftheway，mayIaskyoutostepinsideandhaveacupofcoffee"（p。251）。
WiththissloganGottfriedandPastorEngels，whocouldnotresistsuchaninvitation，leftthestage。Inthisway，quietlyandyetforcefullyGottfriedwasabletoresolvetheconflictwiththepowersthatbe。
ThefollowingextractservestoillustratetheeffectoftheMaybugClubonGottfried：
"ItwasJune29，1841。OnthisdaythefirstanniversaryoftheMaybugClubwastobecelebratedonagrandscale"（p。253）。"Ashoutasofonevoicearosetodecidewhoshouldcarryofftheprize。ModestlyGottfriedbenthiskneebeforetheQueenwhoplacedtheinevitablelaurelwreathonhisglowingbrow，whilethesettingsuncastitsbrightestraysoverthetransfiguredcountenanceofthepoet"（p。285）。
ThesolemndedicationoftheimaginedpoeticfameofHeinrichvonOfterdingenisfollowedbythefeelingsandthewishesoftheBlueFlower。ThateveningMockelsangaMaybuganthemshehadcomposedwhichendswiththefollowingstrophesymptomaticofthewholework：
"UndwaslerntmanausderGeschicht’？
Maikäfer，flieg！
WeraltistkrieytkeinWeibleinmehrDrumhör’，bedenk’dichnichtzusehr！
Maikäfer，flieg！
[Andwhat’sthemoralofthetale？
Fly，Maybug，fly！
Amanwho’soldwillne’erfindwife，Somakehaste，donotwasteyourlife，Fly，Maybug，fly！]
Theingenuousbiographerremarksthat"theinvitationtomarriagecontainedinthesongwaswhollyfreeofanyulteriormotives"（p。255）。Gottfriedperceivedtheulteriormotivesbut"wasanxiousnottomiss"theopportunityofbeingcrownedfortwofurtheryearsbeforethewholeMaybugClubandofbeinganobjectofpassion。SohemarriedMockelonMay22，1843aftershehadbecomeamemberoftheProtestantChurchdespiteherlackoffaith。
Thiswasdoneontheshabbypretextthat"definitearticlesoffaitharelessimportantintheProtestantchurchthantheethicalspirit"
（p。315）。
UnddaslerntmanausderGeschicht’，TrautkeinerblauenBlumenicht！
[Sothat’sthemoralofthetale：
TheBluestFlowerwillsoongrowstale。]
GottfriedhadestablishedtherelationshipwithMockelonthepretextofleadingheroutofherunfaithintotheProtestantChurch。MockelnowdemandedtheLifeofJesusbyD。F。Straussandlapsedintopaganism，"whilewithheavyhearthefollowedheronthepathofdoubtandintotheabyssesofnegation。Togetherwithherhetoiledthroughthelabyrinthinejungleofmodernphilosophy"（p。308）。
Heisdrivenintonegationnotbythedevelopmentofphilosophywhichevenatthattimebegantoimpingeonthemassesbutbytheinterventionofachanceemotionalrelationship。
Whathebringswithhimoutofthelabyrinthisrevealedinhisdiaries：
"IshouldliketoseewhetherthemightyriverflowingfromKanttoFeuerbachwilldrivemeoutinto——Pantheism！"（p。308）。
Hewritesjustasifthisparticularriverdidnotflowbeyondpantheism，andasifFeuerbachwerethelastwordinGermanphilosophy！
"Thecorner-stoneofmylife"，thediarygoesontosay，"isnothistoricalknowledge，butacoherentsystem，andtheheartoftheologyisnotecclesiasticalhistorybutdogma"（ibid。）。
HeisclearlyignorantofthefactthatthewholeachievementofGermanphilosophyliesinitsdissolutionofthecoherentsystemsintohistoricalknowledgeandtheheartofdogmaintoecclesiasticalhistory！——Intheseconfessionstheimageofthecounter-revolutionarydemocratstandsrevealedineverydetail。Forsuchapersonmovementisnothingmorethanameansbywhichtoarriveatafewirremovableeternaltruthsandthentosubsideintoaslothfultranquillity。
However，Gottfried’sapologeticbook-keepingofhiswholedevelopmentwillenablethereadertojudgetheintensityoftherevolutionaryimpulsethatlayconcealedinthemelodramatichammingofthistheologian。
IIThisbringstoaclosethefirstActofthedramaofKinkel’slifeandnothingworthyofmentionthenoccursbeforetheoutbreakoftheFebruaryRevolution。ThepublishinghouseofCottaacceptedhispoemsbutwithoutofferinghimaroyaltyandmostofthecopiesremainedunsolduntilthecelebratedstraybulletinBadengaveapoeticnimbustotheauthorandcreatedamarketforhisproducts。
Incidentally，ourbiographeromitsmentionofonemomentousfact。
Theself-confessedgoalofKinkel’sdesireswasthatheshoulddieasanoldtheatredirector：hisidealwasacertainoldEisenhutwhotogetherwithhistroupeusedtoroamupanddowntheRhineasatravellingPickelhäring[clown]andwhoafterwardswentmad。
AlongsidehislectureswiththeirrhetoricofthepulpitGottfriedalsogaveanumberoftheologicalandaestheticperformancesinColognefromtimetotime。WhentheFebruaryRevolutionbrokeout，heconcludedthemwiththispropheticutterance：
"ThethunderofbattlereverberatesovertousfromParisandopensanewandgloriouseraforGermanyandthewholecontinentofEurope。TheragingstormwillbefollowedbyZephyr’sbreezeswiththeirmessageoffreedom。Onthisdayisbornthegreat，bountifulepochof——constitutionalmonarchy！"
TheconstitutionalmonarchyexpresseditsthankstoKinkelforthiscomplimentbyappointinghimtoaprofessorialchair。Suchrecognitioncouldhowevernotsufficeforourgrandhommeenherbe。Theconstitutionalmonarchyshowednoeagernesstocausehis"fametoencircletheglobe"。Moreover，thelaurelsFreiligrathhadcollectedforhisrecentpoliticalpoemspreventedourcrownedMaybugpoetfromsleeping。HeinrichvonOfterdingen，therefore，resolveduponaswingtotheleftandbecamefirstaconstitutionaldemocratandthenarepublicandemocrat（honnêteetmodéré）。HesetouttobecomeadeputybuttheMayelectionstookhimneithertoBerlinnortoFrankfurt。Despitethisinitialsetbackhepursuedhisobjectiveundismayedanditcantruthfullybesaidthathedidnotsparehimself。
Hewiselylimitedhimselfatfirsttohisimmediateenvironment。HefoundedtheBonnerZeitung[BonnNews]，amodestlocalproductdistinguishedonlybythepeculiarfeeblenessofitsdemocraticrhetoricandthenaivetewithwhichitaspiredtosavethenation。HeelevatedtheMaybugClubtotherankofademocraticStudents’ClubandfromthistheredulyflowedahostofdisciplesthatboretheMaster’srenownintoeverycornerofthedistrictofBonn，importuningeveryassemblywiththefameofProfessorKinkel。Hehimselfpolitickedwiththegrocersintheirclub，heextendedabrotherlyhandtotheworthymanufacturersandevenhawkedthewarmbreathoffreedomamongthepeasantryofKindenichandSeelscheid。Aboveallhereservedhissympathyforthehonourablecasteofmastercraftsmen。Hewepttogetherwiththemoverthedecayofhandicrafts，themonstrouseffectsoffreecompetition，themoderndominanceofcapitalandofmachines。Togetherwiththemhedevisedplanstorestoretheguildsandtopreventtheviolationofguildregulationsbythejourneymen。SoastodoeverythingofwhichhewascapablehesetdowntheresultsofhispubdeliberationswiththepettyguildmastersinthepamphletentitledHandicraft，saveyourself！
LesttherebeanydoubtastoMr。Kinkel’spositionandtothesignificanceofhislittletractforFrankfurtandthenationhededicatedittothe"thirtymembersoftheeconomiccommitteeoftheFrankfurtNationalAssembly"。
HeinrichvonOfterdingen’sresearchesintothe"beauty"oftheartisanclassledhimimmediatelytothediscoverythat"thewholeartisanclassisatpresentdividedbyayawningchasm"（p。5）。Thischasmconsistsinthefactthatsomeartisans"frequenttheclubsofthegrocersandofficials"
（whatprogress！）andthatothersdonotdothisandalsointhefactthatsomeartisansareeducatedandothersarenot。Despitethischasmtheauthorregardstheartisans’clubs，theassembliesspringingupeverywhereinthebelovedfatherlandandtheagitationforimprovingthestateofhandicrafts（reminiscentofthecongressesàlaWinkelblech[24]of1848）astheportentofahappyfuture。Toensurethathisowngoodadviceshouldnotbemissingfromthisbeneficentmovementhedeviseshisownprogrammeofsalvation。
Hebeginsbyaskinghowtoeradicatetheevileffectsoffreecompetitionbyrestrictingitbutwithouteliminatingitaltogether。
Thesolutionsheproposesarethese：
"Ayouthwholackstherequisiteabilityandmaturityshouldbedebarredbylawfrombecomingamaster"（p。20）。
"Nomastershallbepermittedtohavemorethanoneapprentice（p。29）
"Thecourseofinstructioninacraftshallbeconcludedbyanexamination"（p。30）。
"Themasterofanapprenticemustunfailinglyattendtheexamination"
（p。31）。
"Onthequestionofmaturityitshouldbecomemandatorythathenceforthnoapprenticemaybecomeamasterbeforecompletionofhistwenty-fifthyear"（p。42）。
"Asevidenceofabilityeverycandidateforthetitleofmastershouldberequiredtopassapublicexamination"（p。43）。
"Inthiscontextitisofvitalimportancethattheexaminationshouldbefree"（p。44）。"Allprovincialmastersofthesameguildmustlikewisesubmitthemselvestothesameexamination"（p。55）。
FriendGottfriedwhoishimselfapoliticalhawkerdesirestoabolishthe"travellingtradesmanorhawker"inother，profanewaresonthegroundsofthedishonestyofsuchwork。（p。60。）
"Amanufacturerofcraftgoodsdesirestowithdrawhisassetsfromthebusinesstohisownadvantageand，dishonestly，tothedisadvantageofhiscreditors。Likeallambivalentthingsthisphenomenontooisdescribedbyaforeignword：itiscalledbankruptcy。Hethenquicklytakeshisfinishedproductstoaneighbouringtownandsellsthemtheretothehighestbidder"
（p。64）。Theseauctions——"inactualfactlikeasortofgarbagethatourdearneighbour，Commerce，disposesofinthegardenofHandicraft"
——mustbeabolished。（Woulditnotbemuchsimpler，FriendGottfried，togototherootofthematterandabolishbankruptcyitself？）。
"Ofcourse，theannualfairsareinaspecialposition"（p。65）。
"Thelawwillhavetobeflexiblesoastoallowthevariousplacestocallanassemblyofallthecitizenstodecidebymajorityvote（！）whetherpermanentannualfairsshouldberetainedorabolished"（p。68）。
Gottfriednowcomestothe"vexed"questionoftherelationshipbetweenmanufactureandmachineindustryandproducesthefollowing：
"Leteveryonesellonlythosegoodsthathehimselfproduceswithhisownhands。"（p。80。）"Becausemachinesandmanufacturehavegonetheirownwaystheyhavestrayedfromtheirtruepathsandnowbothareinasorryplight。"（p。84）。
Hewishestounitethembygettingartisanssuchasthebookbinders，tobandtogetherandmaintainamachine。
"Astheyonlyusethemachineforthemselvesandwhenitisrequiredtheywillbeabletoproducemorecheaplythanthefactoryowner"（p。85）。
"Capitalwillbebrokenbyassociation"（p。84）。（Andassociationswillbebrokenbycapital。）
Hethengeneraliseshisideasaboutthe"purchaseofamachinetorulelines，andtocutpaperandcardboard"（p。85）fortheunitedcertificatedbookbindersofBonnandconceivesthenotionofa"Machine-Chamber"。
"Confederationsofthevariousguildmastersmustsetupbusinesseseverywhere，similartothefactoriesofindividualbusinessmenthoughonasmallerscale。Thesewillworktoorder，exclusivelyforthebenefitoflocalmasters。Theywillnotacceptcommissionsfromotheremployers"
（p。86）。
WhatdistinguishestheseMachineChambersisthefactthat"acommercialmanagement"willonly"beneededinitially"（ibid）。"Everyideaasnovelasthisone"，Gottfriedexclaims"ecstatically"，"canonlybeputintopracticewhenallthedetailshavebeenthoughtoutinthemostsober，matteroffactway"。Heurges"eachandeverybranchofmanufacturetoperformthisanalysisforitself"！（pp。87，88）。
Therefollowsapolemicagainstcompetitionfromthestateintheshapeofthelabourperformedbytheinmatesofprisons，reminiscencesaboutacolonyofcriminals（"ThecreationofahumanSiberia"（p。102）），andfinallyanattackonthe"so-calledhandicraftcompaniesandhandicraftcommissions"inthearmedforces。Theaimhereistoeasetheburdensimposedbythearmyontheartisanclassesbyinducingthestatetocommissiongoodsfromtheguildmastersthatitcoulditselfproducemorecheaply。
"Thisdealssatisfactorilywiththeproblemsofcompetition"（p。109）。
Gottfried’ssecondimportantpointtouchesonthematerialaidduetothemanufacturingclassesfromthestate。GottfriedregardsthestatesolelyfromthepointofviewofanofficialandhencearrivesattheopinionthattheeasiestandsurestwaytohelptheartisanisbydirectsubsidyfromtheTreasurytoerecttradehallsandsetuploan-funds。HowthefundsreachtheTreasuryinthefirstplaceisthe"ugly"sideoftheproblemandnaturallyenough，cannotbeinvestigatedhere。
Lastly，ourtheologianinevitablylapsesintotheroleofmoralpreacher。Hereadstheartisanclassamorallectureonself-help。Hefirstlycondemnsthe"complaintsaboutlong-termborrowingandaboutdiscounts"
（p。136），andinvitestheartisantoinspecthisownconscience："Doyoualwaysfixthesame，unchangingprice，myfriend，foreveryjobofworkthatyouundertake？"（p。132）。Onthisoccasionhealsowarnstheartisanagainstmakingextortionatedemandson"wealthyEnglishmen"。"Thewholerootoftheevil"，accordingtothefantasiesthatinhabitGottfried’smind，"isthesystemofannualaccounts"（p。139）。ThisisfollowedbyJeremiadsaboutthewayinwhichtheartisanscarryoninthetavernsandtheirwivesindulgetheirloveoffinery（p。140ff。）。
Themeansbywhichtheartisanclassistobetteritselfare"thecorporation，thesicknessfundandtheartisans’court"（p。146）;andlastly，theworkers’educationalclubs（p。153）。Hereishisclosingstatementabouttheseeducationalclubs。
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