HavingdeterminedtovisitMountOphir，whichissituatedinthemiddleofthepeninsulaaboutfiftymileseastofMalacca，weengagedsixMalaystoaccompanyusandcarryourbaggage。Aswemeanttostayatleastaweekatthemountain，wetookwithusagoodsupplyofrice，alittlebiscuit，butterandcoffee，somedriedfishandalittlebrandy，withblankets，achangeofclothes，insectandbirdboxes，nets，gunsandammunition。ThedistancefromAyer-panaswassupposedtobeaboutthirtymiles。

Ourfirstday'smarchlaythroughpatchesofforest，clearings，andMalayvillages，andwaspleasantenough。AtnightwesleptatthehouseofaMalaychief，wholentusaverandah，andgaveusafowlandsomeeggs。Thenextdaythecountrygotwilderandmoredilly。Wepassedthroughextensiveforests，alongpathsoftenuptoourkneesinmud，andweremuchannoyedbytheleechesforwhichthisdistrictisfamous。Theselittlecreaturesinfesttheleavesandherbagebythesideofthepaths，andwhenapassengercomesalongtheystretchthemselvesoutatfulllength，andiftheytouchanypartofhisdressorbody，quittheirleafandadheretoit。Theythencreepontohisfeet，legs，orotherpartofhisbodyandsucktheirfill，thefirstpuncturebeingrarelyfeltduringtheexcitementofwalking。Onbathingintheeveningwegenerallyfoundhalfadozenoradozenoneachofus，mostfrequentlyonourlegs，butsometimesonourbodies，andIhadonewhosuckedhisfillfromthesideofmyneck，butwholuckilymissedthejugularvein。Therearemanyspeciesoftheseforestleeches。Allaresmall，butsomearebeautifullymarkedwithstripesofbrightyellow。Theyprobablyattachthemselvestodeerorotheranimalswhichfrequenttheforestpaths，andhavethusacquiredthesingularhabitofstretchingthemselvesoutatthesoundofafootsteporofrustlingfoliage。Earlyintheafternoonwereachedthefootofthemountain，andencampedbythesideofafinestream，whoserockybankswereovergrownwithferns。OuroldestMalayhadbeenaccustomedtoshootbirdsinthisneighbourhoodfortheMalaccadealers，andhadbeentothetopofthemountain，andwhileweamusedourselvesshootingandinsecthunting，hewentwithtwootherstoclearthepathforourascentthenextday。

Earlynextmorningwestartedafterbreakfast，carryingblanketsandprovisions，asweintendedtosleepuponthemountain。Afterpassingalittletangledjungleandswampythicketsthroughwhichourmenhadclearedapath，weemergedintoafineloftyforestprettyclearofundergrowth，andinwhichwecouldwalkfreely。

Weascendedsteadilyupamoderateslopeforseveralmiles，havingadeepravineonourleft。Wethenhadalevelplateauorshouldertocross，afterwhichtheascentwassteeperandtheforestdenseruntilwecameoutuponthe"Padang-batu，"orstonefield，aplaceofwhichwehadheardmuch，butcouldnevergetanyonetodescribeintelligibly。Wefoundittobeasteepslopeofevenrock，extendingalongthemountainsidefartherthanwecouldsee。Partsofitwerequitebare，butwhereitwascrackedandfissuredtheregrewamostluxuriantvegetation，amongwhichthepitcherplantswerethemostremarkable。Thesewonderfulplantsneverseemtosucceedwellinourhot-houses，andarethereseentolittleadvantage。Heretheygrewupintohalfclimbingshrubs，theircuriouspitchersofvarioussizesandformshangingabundantlyfromtheirleaves，andcontinuallyexcitingouradmirationbytheirsizeandbeauty。AfewconiferaeofthegenusDacrydiumherefirstappeared，andinthethicketsjustabovetherockysurfacewewalkedthroughgrovesofthosesplendidfernsDipterisHorsfieldiiandMatoniapectinata，whichbearlargespreadingpalmatefrondsonslenderstemssixoreightfeethigh。TheMatoniaisthetallestandmostelegant，andisknownonlyfromthismountain，andneitherofthemisyetintroducedintoourhot-houses。

Itwasverystrikingtocomeoutfromthedark，cool，andshadyforestinwhichwehadbeenascendingsincewestarted，ontothishot，openrockyslopewhereweseemedtohaveenteredatonestepfromalowlandtoanalpinevegetation。Theheight，asmeasuredbyasympiesometer，wasabout2，800feet。WehadbeentoldweshouldfindwateratPadang-batuaswewereexceedinglythirsty；

butwelookedaboutforitinvain。Atlastweturnedtothepitcher-plants，butthewatercontainedinthepitchers(abouthalfapintineach)wasfullofinsects，andotherwiseuninviting。Ontastingit，however，wefounditverypalatablethoughratherwarm，andweallquenchedourthirstfromthesenaturaljugs。Fartheronwecametoforestagain，butofamoredwarfandstuntedcharacterthanbelow；andalternatelypassingalongridgesanddescendingintovalleys，wereachedapeakseparatedfromthetruesummitofthemountainbyaconsiderablechasm。Hereourportersgavein，anddeclaredtheycouldcarrytheirloadsnofurther；andcertainlytheascenttothehighestpeakwasveryprecipitous。Butonthespotwhereweweretherewasnowater，whereasitwaswellknownthattherewasaspringclosetothesummit，sowedeterminedtogoonwithoutthem，andcarrywithusonlywhatwasabsolutelynecessary。Weaccordinglytookablanketeach，anddividedourfoodandotherarticlesamongus，andwentonwithonlytheoldMalayandhisson。

Afterdescendingintothesaddlebetweenthetwopeakswefoundtheascentverylaborious，theslopebeingsosteep，asoftentonecessitatehand-climbing。Besidesabushyvegetationthegroundwascoveredknee-deepwithmossesonafoundationofdecayingleavesandruggedrock，anditwasahardhour'sclimbtothesmallledgejustbelowthesummit，whereanoverhangingrockformsaconvenientshelter，andalittlebasincollectsthetricklingwater。Hereweputdownourloads，andinafewminutesmorestoodonthesummitofMountOphir，4，000feetabovethesea。Thetopisasmallrockyplatformcoveredwithrhododendronsandothershrubs。Theafternoonwasclear，andtheviewfineinitsway——rangesofhillandvalleyeverywherecoveredwithinterminableforest，withglisteningriverswindingamongthem。

Inadistantviewaforestcountryisverymonotonous，andnomountainIhaveeverascendedinthetropicspresentsapanoramaequaltothatfromSnowdon，whiletheviewsinSwitzerlandareimmeasurablysuperior。WhenboilingourcoffeeItookobservationswithagoodboiling-pointthermometer，aswellaswiththesympiesometer，andwethenenjoyedoureveningmealandthenobleprospectthatlaybeforeus。Thenightwascalmandverymild，andhavingmadeabedoftwigsandbranchesoverwhichwelaidourblankets，wepassedaverycomfortablenight。Ourportershadfollowedusafterarest，bringingonlytheirricetocook，andluckilywedidnotrequirethebaggagetheyleftbehindthem。InthemorningIcaughtafewbutterfliesandbeetles，andmyfriendgotafewland-shells；andwethendescended，bringingwithussomespecimensofthefernsandpitcher-plantsofPadang-

batu。

Theplacewherewehadfirstencampedatthefootofthemountainbeingverygloomy，wechoseanotherinakindofswampnearastreamovergrownwithZingiberaceousplants，inwhichaclearingwaseasilymade。Hereourmenbuilttwolittlehutswithoutsidesthatwouldjustshelterusfromtherain；welivedinthemforaweek，shootingandinsect-hunting，androamingabouttheforestsatthefootofthemountain。ThiswasthecountryofthegreatArguspheasant，andwecontinuallyhearditscry。OnaskingtheoldMalaytotryandshootoneforme，hetoldmethatalthoughhehadbeenfortwentyyearsshootingbirdsintheseforestshehadneveryetshotone，andhadneverevenseenoneexceptafterithadbeencaught。Thebirdissoexceedinglyshyandwary，andrunsalongthegroundinthedensestpartsoftheforestsoquickly，thatitisimpossibletogetnearit；anditssobercoloursandricheye-likespots，whicharesoornamentalwhenseeninamuseum，mustharmonizewellwiththedeadleavesamongwhichitdwells，andrenderitveryinconspicuous。AllthespecimenssoldinMalaccaarecaughtinsnares，andmyinformant，thoughhehadshotnone，hadsnaredplenty。

Thetigerandrhinocerosarestillfoundhere，andafewyearsagoelephantsabounded，buttheyhavelatelyalldisappeared。Wefoundsomeheapsofdung，whichseemedtobethatofelephants，andsometracksoftherhinoceros，butsawnoneoftheanimals。

However，wekeptafireupallnightincaseanyofthesecreaturesshouldvisitus，andtwoofourmendeclaredthattheydidonedayseearhinoceros。Whenourricewasfinished，andourboxesfullofspecimens，wereturnedtoAyer-Panas，andafewdaysafterwardswentontoMalacca，andthencetoSingapore。

MountOphirhasquiteareputationforfever，andallourfriendswereastonishedatourrecklessnessinstayingsolongatitsfoot；butnoneofussufferedintheleast，andIshalleverlookbackwithpleasuretomytripasbeingmyfirstintroductiontomountainsceneryintheEasterntropics。

ThemeagrenessandbrevityofthesketchIhaveheregivenofmyvisittoSingaporeandtheMalayPeninsulaisduetomyhavingtrustedchieflytosomeprivatelettersandanotebook，whichwerelost；andtoapaperonMalaccaandMountOphirwhichwassenttotheRoyalGeographicalSociety，butwhichwasneitherreadnorprintedowingtopressofmatterattheendofasession，andtheMSS。ofwhichcannotnowbefound。Ithelessregretthis，however，assomanyworkshavebeenwrittenontheseparts；andIalwaysintendedtopasslightlyovermytravelsinthewesternandbetterknownportionsoftheArchipelago，inordertodevotemorespacetotheremoterdistricts，aboutwhichhardlyanythinghasbeenwrittenintheEnglishlanguage。

CHAPTERIV。

BORNEO——THEORANGUTAN。

IARRIVEDatSarawakonNovember1st，1854，andleftitonJanuary25th，1856。IntheintervalIresidedatmanydifferentlocalities，andsawagooddealoftheDyaktribesaswellasoftheBorneanMalays。IwashospitablyentertainedbySirJamesBrooke，andlivedinhishousewheneverIwasatthetownofSarawakintheintervalsofmyjourneys。ButsomanybookshavebeenwrittenaboutthispartofBorneosinceIwasthere，thatI

shallavoidgoingintodetailsofwhatIsawandheardandthoughtofSarawakanditsruler，confiningmyselfchieflytomyexperiencesasanaturalistinsearchofshells，insects，birdsandtheOrangutan，andtoanaccountofajourneythroughapartoftheinteriorseldomvisitedbyEuropeans。

ThefirstfourmonthsofmyvisitwerespentinvariouspartsoftheSarawakRiver，fromSantubongatitsmouthuptothepicturesquelimestonemountainsandChinesegold-fieldsofBowandBede。ThispartofthecountryhasbeensofrequentlydescribedthatIshallpassitover，especiallyas，owingtoitsbeingtheheightofthewetseason，mycollectionswerecomparativelypoorandinsignificant。

InMarch1865IdeterminedtogotothecoalworkswhichwerebeingopenedneartheSimunjonRiver，asmallbranchoftheSadong，arivereastofSarawakandbetweenitandtheBatang-

Lupar。TheSimunjonenterstheSadongRiverabouttwentymilesup。Itisverynarrowandverywinding，andmuchovershadowedbytheloftyforest，whichsometimesalmostmeetsoverit。Thewholecountrybetweenitandtheseaisaperfectlylevelforest-

coveredswamp，outofwhichriseafewisolatedhills，atthefootofoneofwhichtheworksaresituated。Fromthelanding-

placetothehillaDyakroadhadbeenformed，whichconsistedsolelyoftree-trunkslaidendtoend。Alongthesethebarefootednativeswalkandcarryheavyburdenswiththegreatestease，buttoabootedEuropeanitisveryslipperywork，andwhenone'sattentionisconstantlyattractedbythevariousobjectsofinterestaround，afewtumblesintothebogarealmostinevitable。DuringmyfirstwalkalongthisroadIsawfewinsectsorbirds，butnoticedsomeveryhandsomeorchidsinflower，ofthegenusCoelogyne，agroupwhichIafterwardsfoundtobeveryabundant，andcharacteristicofthedistrict。Ontheslopeofthehillnearitsfootapatchofforesthadbeenclearedaway，andseveralrulehouseserected，inwhichwereresidingMr。Coulsontheengineer，andanumberofChineseworkmen。IwasatfirstkindlyaccommodatedinMr。Coulson'shouse，butfindingthespotverysuitableformeandofferinggreatfacilitiesforcollecting，Ihadasmallhouseoftworoomsandaverandahbuiltformyself。HereIremainednearlyninemonths，andmadeanimmensecollectionofinsects，towhichclassofanimalsIdevotedmychiefattention，owingtothecircumstancesbeingespeciallyfavourable。

Inthetropicsalargeproportionoftheinsectsofallorders，andespeciallyofthelargeandfavouritegroupofbeetles，aremoreorlessdependentonvegetation，andparticularlyontimber，bark，andleavesinvariousstagesofdecay。Intheuntouchedvirginforest，theinsectswhichfrequentsuchsituationsarescatteredoveranimmenseextentofcountry，atspotswheretreeshavefallenthroughdecayandoldage，orhavesuccumbedtothefuryofthetempest；andtwentysquaremilesofcountrymaynotcontainsomanyfallenanddecayedtreesasaretobefoundinanysmallclearing。Thequantityandthevarietyofbeetlesandofmanyotherinsectsthatcanbecollectedatagiventimeinanytropicallocality，willdepend，firstupontheimmediatevicinityofagreatextentofvirginforest，andsecondlyuponthequantityoftreesthatforsomemonthspasthavebeen，andwhicharestillbeingcutdown，andlefttodryanddecayupontheground。

Now，duringmywholetwelveyears'collectinginthewesternandeasterntropics，IneverenjoyedsuchadvantagesinthisrespectasattheSimunjoncoalworks。ForseveralmonthsfromtwentytofiftyChinamenandDyakswereemployedalmostexclusivelyinclearingalargespaceintheforest，andinmakingawideopeningforarailroadtotheSadongRiver，twomilesdistant。

Besidesthis，sawpitswereestablishedatvariouspointsinthejungle，andlargetreeswerefelledtobecutupintobeamsandplanks。Forhundredsofmilesineverydirectionamagnificentforestextendedoverplainandmountain，rockandmorass，andI

arrivedatthespotjustastherainsbegantodiminishandthedailysunshinetoincrease；atimewhichIhavealwaysfoundthemostfavourableseasonforcollecting。Thenumberofopenings，sunnyplaces，andpathwayswerealsoanattractiontowaspsandbutterflies；andbypayingacenteachforallinsectsthatwerebroughtme，IobtainedfromtheDyaksandtheChinamenmanyfinelocustsandPhasmidae，aswellasnumbersofhandsomebeetles。

WhenIarrivedatthemines，onthe14thofMarch，Ihadcollectedinthefourprecedingmonths，320differentkindsofbeetles。InlessthanafortnightIhaddoubledthisnumber，anaverageofabout24newspecieseveryday。OnonedayIcollected76differentkinds，ofwhich34werenewtome。BytheendofAprilIhadmorethanathousandspecies，andtheythenwentonincreasingataslowerrate，sothatIobtainedaltogetherinBorneoabouttwothousanddistinctkinds，ofwhichallbutaboutahundredwerecollectedatthisplace，andonscarcelymorethanasquaremileofground。ThemostnumerousandmostinterestinggroupsofbeetlesweretheLongicornsandRhynchophora，bothpre-

eminentlywood-feeders。Theformer，characterisedbytheirgracefulformsandlongantenna，wereespeciallynumerous，amountingtonearlythreehundredspecies，nine-tenthsofwhichwereentirelynew，andmanyofthemremarkablefortheirlargesize，strangeforms，andbeautifulcolouring。Thelattercorrespondtoourweevilsandalliedgroups，andinthetropicsareexceedinglynumerousandvaried，oftenswarmingupondeadtimber，sothatIsometimesobtainedfiftyorsixtydifferentkindsinaday。MyBorneancollectionsofthisgroupexceededfivehundredspecies。

Mycollectionofbutterflieswasnotlarge；butIobtainedsomerareandveryhandsomeinsects，themostremarkablebeingtheOrnithopteraBrookeana，oneofthemostelegantspeciesknown。

Thisbeautifulcreaturehasverylongandpointedwings，almostresemblingasphinxmothinshape。Itisdeepvelvetyblack，withacurvedbandofspotsofabrilliantmetallic-greencolourextendingacrossthewingsfromtiptotip，eachspotbeingshapedexactlylikeasmalltriangularfeather，andhavingverymuchtheeffectofarowofthewingcovertsoftheMexicantrogon，laiduponblackvelvet。Theonlyothermarksareabroadneck-collarofvividcrimson，andafewdelicatewhitetouchesontheoutermarginsofthehindwings。Thisspecies，whichwasthenquitenewandwhichInamedafterSirJamesBrooke，wasveryrare。Itwasseenoccasionallyflyingswiftlyintheclearings，andnowandthensettlingforaninstantatpuddlesandmuddyplaces，sothatIonlysucceededincapturingtwoorthreespecimens。InsomeotherpartsofthecountryIwasassureditwasabundant，andagoodmanyspecimenshavebeensenttoEngland；butasyetallhavebeenmales，andwearequiteunabletoconjecturewhatthefemalemaybelike，owingtotheextremeisolationofthespecies，anditswantofcloseaffinitytoanyotherknowninsect。

OneofthemostcuriousandinterestingreptileswhichImetwithinBorneowasalargetree-frog，whichwasbroughtmebyoneoftheChineseworkmen。Heassuredmethathehadseenitcomedowninaslantingdirectionfromahightree，asifitflew。Onexaminingit，Ifoundthetoesverylongandfullywebbedtotheirveryextremity，sothatwhenexpandedtheyofferedasurfacemuchlargerthanthebody。Theforelegswerealsoborderedbyamembrane，andthebodywascapableofconsiderableinflation。Thebackandlimbswereofaverydeepshininggreencolour，theundersurfaceandtheinnertoesyellow，whilethewebswereblack，rayedwithyellow。Thebodywasaboutfourincheslong，whilethewebsofeachhindfoot，whenfullyexpanded，coveredasurfaceoffoursquareinches，andthewebsofallthefeettogetherabouttwelvesquareinches。Astheextremitiesofthetoeshavedilateddiscsforadhesion，showingthecreaturetobeatruetreefrog，itisdifficulttoimaginethatthisimmensemembraneofthetoescanbeforthepurposeofswimmingonly，andtheaccountoftheChinaman，thatitflewdownfromthetree，becomesmorecredible。Thisis，Ibelieve，thefirstinstanceknownofa"flyingfrog，"anditisveryinterestingtoDarwiniansasshowingthatthevariabilityofthetoeswhichhavebeenalreadymodifiedforpurposesofswimmingandadhesiveclimbing，havebeentakenadvantageoftoenableanalliedspeciestopassthroughtheairliketheflyinglizard。ItwouldappeartobeanewspeciesofthegenusRhacophorus，whichconsistsofseveralfrogsofamuchsmallersizethanthis，andhavingthewebsofthetoeslessdeveloped。

DuringmystayinBorneoIhadnohuntertoshootformeregularly，and，beingmyselffullyoccupiedwithinsects，IdidnotsucceedinobtainingaverygoodcollectionofthebirdsorMammalia，manyofwhich，however，arewellknown，beingidenticalwithspeciesfoundinMalacca。AmongtheMammaliawerefivesquirrels，andtwotigercats——theGymnurusRafesii，whichlookslikeacrossbetweenapigandapolecat，andtheCynogaleBennetti——arare，otter-likeanimal，withverybroadmuzzleclothedwithlongbristles。

OneofmychiefobjectsincomingtostayatSimunjonwastoseetheOrangutan(orgreatman-likeapeofBorneo)inhisnativehaunts，tostudyhishabits，andobtaingoodspecimensofthedifferentvarietiesandspeciesofbothsexes，andoftheadultandyounganimals。InalltheseobjectsIsucceededbeyondmyexpectations，andwillnowgivesomeaccountofmyexperienceinhuntingtheOrangutan，or"Mias，"asitiscalledbythenatives；

andasthisnameisshort，andeasilypronounced，IshallgenerallyuseitinpreferencetoSimiasatyrus，orOrangutan。

Justaweekaftermyarrivalatthemines，IfirstsawaMias。I

wasoutcollectinginsects，notmorethanaquarterofamilefromthehouse，whenIheardarustlinginatreenear，and，lookingup，sawalargered-hairedanimalmovingslowlyalong，hangingfromthebranchesbyitsarms。Itpassedonfromtreetotreeuntilitwaslostinthejungle，whichwassoswampythatI

couldnotfollowit。Thismodeofprogressionwas，however，veryunusual，andismorecharacteristicoftheHylobatesthanoftheOrang。Isupposetherewassomeindividualpeculiarityinthisanimal，orthenatureofthetreesjustinthisplacerendereditthemosteasymodeofprogression。

AboutafortnightafterwardsIheardthatonewasfeedinginatreeintheswampjustbelowthehouse，and，takingmygun，wasfortunateenoughtofinditinthesameplace。AssoonasI

approached，ittriedtoconcealitselfamongthefoliage；but，I

gotashotatit，andthesecondbarrelcausedittofalldownalmostdead，thetwoballshavingenteredthebody。Thiswasamale，abouthalf-grown，beingscarcelythreefeethigh。OnApril26th，IwasoutshootingwithtwoDyaks，whenwefoundanotheraboutthesamesize。Itfellatthefirstshot，butdidnotseemmuchhurt，andimmediatelyclimbedupthenearesttree，whenI

fired，anditagainfell，withabrokenarmandawoundinthebody。ThetwoDyaksnowranuptoit，andeachseizedholdofahand，tellingmetocutapole，andtheywouldsecureit。Butalthoughonearmwasbrokenanditwasonlyahalf-grownanimal，itwastoostrongfortheseyoungsavages，drawingthemuptowardsitsmouthnotwithstandingalltheirefforts，sothattheywereagainobligedtoleavego，ortheywouldhavebeenseriouslybitten。Itnowbeganclimbingupthetreeagain；and，toavoidtrouble，Ishotitthroughtheheart。

OnMay2nd，Iagainfoundoneonaveryhightree，whenIhadonlyasmall80-boregunwithme。However，Ifiredatit，andonseeingmeitbeganhowlinginastrangevoicelikeacough，andseemedinagreatrage，breakingoffbrancheswithitshandsandthrowingthemdown，andthensoonmadeoffoverthetree-tops。I

didnotcaretofollowit，asitwasswampy，andinpartsdangerous，andImighteasilyhavelostmyselfintheeagernessofpursuit。

Onthe12thofMayIfoundanother，whichbehavedinaverysimilarmanner，howlingandhootingwithrage，andthrowingdownbranches。Ishotatitfivetimes，anditremaineddeadonthetopofthetree，supportedinaforkinsuchamannerthatitwouldevidentlynotfall。Ithereforereturnedhome，andluckilyfoundsomeDyaks，whocamebackwithme，andclimbedupthetreefortheanimal。Thiswasthefirstfull-grownspecimenIhadobtained；butitwasafemale，andnotnearlysolargeorremarkableasthefull-grownmales。Itwas，however，3ft。6in。

high，anditsarmsstretchedouttoawidthof6ft。6in。I

preservedtheskinofthisspecimeninacaskofarrack，andpreparedaperfectskeleton，whichwasafterwardspurchasedfortheDerbyMuseum。

OnlyfourdaysafterwardssomeDyakssawanotherMiasnearthesameplace，andcametotellme。Wefoundittobearatherlargeone，veryhighuponatalltree。Atthesecondshotitfellrollingover，butalmostimmediatelygotupagainandbegantoclimb。Atathirdshotitfelldead。Thiswasalsoafull-grownfemale，andwhilepreparingtocarryithome，wefoundayoungonefacedownwardsinthebog。Thislittlecreaturewasonlyaboutafootlong，andhadevidentlybeenhangingtoitsmotherwhenshefirstfell。Luckilyitdidnotappeartohavebeenwounded，andafterwehadcleanedthemudoutofitsmouthitbegantocryout，andseemedquitestrongandactive。Whilecarryingithomeitgotitshandsinmybeard，andgraspedsotightlythatIhadgreatdifficultyingettingfree，forthefingersarehabituallybentinwardsatthelastjointsoastoformcompletehooks。Atthistimeithadnotasingletooth，butafewdaysafterwardsitcutitstwolowerfrontteeth。

Unfortunately，Ihadnomilktogiveit，asneitherMalays-

ChinesenorDyakseverusethearticle，andIinvaininquiredforanyfemaleanimalthatcouldsucklemylittleinfant。Iwasthereforeobligedtogiveitrice-waterfromabottlewithaquillinthecork，whichafterafewtrialsitlearnedtosuckverywell。Thiswasverymeagrediet，andthelittlecreaturedidnotthrivewellonit，althoughIaddedsugarandcocoa-nutmilkoccasionally，tomakeitmorenourishing。WhenIputmyfingerinitsmouthitsuckedwithgreatvigour，drawinginitscheekswithallitsmightinthevainefforttoextractsomemilk，andonlyafterperseveringalongtimewoulditgiveupindisgust，andsetupascreamverylikethatofababyinsimilarcircumstances。

Whenhandledornursed，itwasveryquietandcontented，butwhenlaiddownbyitselfwouldinvariablycry；andforthefirstfewnightswasveryrestlessandnoisy。Ifittedupalittleboxforacradle，withasoftmatforittolieupon，whichwaschangedandwashedeveryday；andIsoonfounditnecessarytowashthelittleMiasaswell。AfterIhaddonesoafewtimes，itcametoliketheoperation，andassoonasitwasdirtywouldbegincryingandnotleaveoffuntilItookitoutandcarriedittothespout，whenitimmediatelybecamequiet，althoughitwouldwincealittleatthefirstrushofthecoldwaterandmakeridiculouslywryfaceswhilethestreamwasrunningoveritshead。Itenjoyedthewipingandrubbingdryamazingly，andwhenI

brusheditshairseemedtobeperfectlyhappy，lyingquitestillwithitsarmsandlegsstretchedoutwhileIthoroughlybrushedthelonghairofitsbackandarms。Forthefirstfewdaysitclungdesperatelywithallfourhandstowhateveritcouldlayholdof，andIhadtobecarefultokeepmybeardoutofitsway，asitsfingersclutchedholdofhairmoretenaciouslythananythingelse，anditwasimpossibletofreemyselfwithoutassistance。Whenrestless，itwouldstruggleaboutwithitshandsupintheairtryingtofindsomethingtotakeholdof，and，whenithadgotabitofstickorragintwoorthreeofitshands，seemedquitehappy。Forwantofsomethingelse，itwouldoftenseizeitsownfeet，andafteratimeitwouldconstantlycrossitsarmsandgraspwitheachhandthelonghairthatgrewjustbelowtheoppositeshoulder。Thegreattenacityofitsgraspsoondiminished，andIwasobligedtoinventsomemeanstogiveitexerciseandstrengthenitslimbs。ForthispurposeImadeashortladderofthreeorfourrounds，onwhichIputittohangforaquarterofanhouratatime。Atfirstitseemedmuchpleased，butitcouldnotgetallfourhandsinacomfortableposition，and，afterchangingaboutseveraltimes，wouldleaveholdofonehandaftertheother，anddropontothefloor。

Sometimeswhenhangingonlybytwohands，itwouldlooseone，andcrossittotheoppositeshoulder，graspingitsownhair；and，asthisseemedmuchmoreagreeablethanthestick，itwouldthenloosetheotherandtumbledown，whenitwouldcrossbothandlieonitsbackquitecontentedly，neverseemingtobehurtbyitsnumeroustumbles。Findingitsofondofhair，Iendeavouredtomakeanartificialmother，bywrappingupapieceofbuffalo-skinintoabundle，andsuspendingitaboutafootfromthefloor。Atfirstthisseemedtosuititadmirably，asitcouldsprawlitslegsaboutandalwaysfindsomehair，whichitgraspedwiththegreatesttenacity。IwasnowinhopesthatIhadmadethelittleorphanquitehappy；andsoitseemedforsometime，untilitbegantorememberitslostparent，andtrytosuck。Itwouldpullitselfupclosetotheskin，andtryabouteverywhereforalikelyplace；but，asitonlysucceededingettingmouthfulsofhairandwool，itwouldbegreatlydisgusted，andscreamviolently，and，aftertwoorthreeattempts，letgoaltogether。

Onedayitgotsomewoolintoitsthroat，andIthoughtitwouldhavechoked，butaftermuchgaspingitrecovered，andIwasobligedtotaketheimitationmothertopiecesagain，andgiveupthislastattempttoexercisethelittlecreature。

AfterthefirstweekIfoundIcouldfeeditbetterwithaspoon，andgiveitalittlemorevariedandmoresolidfood。Well-soakedbiscuitmixedwithalittleeggandsugar，andsometimessweetpotatoes，werereadilyeaten；anditwasanever-failingamusementtoobservethecuriouschangesofcountenancebywhichitwouldexpressitsapprovalordislikeofwhatwasgiventoit。

Thepoorlittlethingwouldlickitslips，drawinitscheeks，andturnupitseyeswithanexpressionofthemostsupremesatisfactionwhenithadamouthfulparticularlytoitstaste。Ontheotherhand，whenitsfoodwasnotsufficientlysweetorpalatable，itwouldturnthemouthfulaboutwithitstongueforamomentasiftryingtoextractwhatflavourtherewas，andthenpushitalloutbetweenitslips。Ifthesamefoodwascontinued，itwouldsetupascreamandkickaboutviolently，exactlylikeababyinapassion。

AfterIhadhadthelittleMiasaboutthreeweeks，Ifortunatelyobtainedayounghare-lipmonkey(Macacuscynomolgus)，which，thoughsmall，wasveryactive，andcouldfeeditself。IplaceditinthesameboxwiththeMias，andtheyimmediatelybecameexcellentfriends，neitherexhibitingtheleastfearoftheother。Thelittlemonkeywouldsitupontheother'sstomach，orevenonitsface，withouttheleastregardtoitsfeelings。WhileIwasfeedingtheMias，themonkeywouldsitby，pickingupallthatwasspilt，andoccasionallyputtingoutitshandstointerceptthespoon；andassoonasIhadfinishedwouldpickoffwhatwasleftstickingtotheMias'lips，andthenpullopenitsmouthandseeifanystillremainedinside；afterwardslyingdownonthepoorcreature'sstomachasonacomfortablecushion。ThelittlehelplessMiaswouldsubmittoalltheseinsultswiththemostexemplarypatience，onlytoogladtohavesomethingwarmnearit，whichitcouldclaspaffectionatelyinitsarms。Itsometimes，however，haditsrevenge；forwhenthemonkeywantedtogoaway，theMiaswouldholdonaslongasitcouldbythelooseskinofitsbackorhead，orbyitstail，anditwasonlyaftermanyvigorousjumpsthatthemonkeycouldmakehisescape。

Itwascurioustoobservethedifferentactionsofthesetwoanimals，whichcouldnothavedifferedmuchinage。TheMias，likeaveryyoungbaby，lyingonitsbackquitehelpless，rollinglazilyfromsidetoside，stretchingoutallfourhandsintotheair，wishingtograspsomething，buthardlyabletoguideitsfingerstoanydefiniteobject；andwhendissatisfied，openingwideitsalmosttoothlessmouth，andexpressingitswantsbyamostinfantinescream。Thelittlemonkey，ontheotherhand，inconstantmotion，runningandjumpingaboutwhereveritpleased，examiningeverythingaroundit，seizingholdofthesmallestobjectwiththegreatestprecision，balancingitselfontheedgeoftheboxorrunningupapost，andhelpingitselftoanythingeatablethatcameinitsway。Therecouldhardlybeagreatercontrast，andthebabyMiaslookedmorebaby-likebythecomparison。

WhenIhadhaditaboutamonth，itbegantoexhibitsomesignsoflearningtorunalone。Whenlaidupontheflooritwouldpushitselfalongbyitslegs，orrollitselfover，andthusmakeanunwieldyprogression。Whenlyingintheboxitwouldliftitselfuptotheedgeintoalmostanerectposition，andonceortwicesucceededintumblingout。Whenleftdirty，orhungry，orotherwiseneglected，itwouldscreamviolentlyuntilattendedto，variedbyakindofcoughingorpumpingnoiseverysimilartothatwhichismadebytheadultanimal。Ifnoonewasinthehouse，oritscrieswerenotattendedto，itwouldbequietafteralittlewhile，butthemomentitheardafootstepwouldbeginagainharderthanever。

Afterfiveweeksitcutitstwoupperfrontteeth，butinallthistimeithadnotgrowntheleastbit，remainingbothinsizeandweightthesameaswhenIfirstprocuredit。Thiswasnodoubtowingtothewantofmilkorotherequallynourishingfood。

Rice-water，rice，andbiscuitswerebutapoorsubstitute，andtheexpressedmilkofthecocoa-nutwhichIsometimesgaveitdidnotquiteagreewithitsstomach。TothisIimputedanattackofdiarrhoeafromwhichthepoorlittlecreaturesufferedgreatly，butasmalldoseofcastor-oiloperatedwell，andcuredit。A

weekortwoafterwardsitwasagaintakenill，andthistimemoreseriously。Thesymptomswereexactlythoseofintermittentfever，accompaniedbywateryswellingsonthefeetandhead。Itlostallappetiteforitsfood，and，afterlingeringforaweekamostpitiableobject，died，afterbeinginmypossessionnearlythreemonths。Imuchregrettedthelossofmylittlepet，whichIhadatonetimelookedforwardtobringinguptoyearsofmaturity，andtakinghometoEngland。Forseveralmonthsithadaffordedmedailyamusementbyitscuriouswaysandtheinimitablyludicrousexpressionofitslittlecountenance。Itsweightwasthreepoundsnineounces，itsheightfourteeninches，andthespreadofitsarmstwenty-threeinches。Ipreserveditsskinandskeleton，andindoingsofoundthatwhenitfellfromthetreeitmusthavebrokenanarmandaleg，whichhad，however，unitedsorapidlythatIhadonlynoticedthehardswellingsonthelimbswheretheirregularjunctionoftheboneshadtakenplace。

ExactlyaweekafterIhadcaughtthisinterestinglittleanimal，Isucceededinshootingafull-grownmaleOrangutan。IhadjustcomehomefromanentomologisingexcursionwhenCharles[CharlesAllen，anEnglishladofsixteen，accompaniedmeasanassistant]

rushedinoutofbreathwithrunningandexcitement，andexclaimed，interruptedbygasps，"Getthegun，sir，——bequick，——

suchalargeMias！""Whereisit？"Iasked，takingholdofmygunasIspoke，whichhappenedluckilytohaveonebarrelloadedwithball。"Closeby，sir——onthepathtothemines——hecan'tgetaway。"TwoDyakschancedtobeinthehouseatthetime，soI

calledthemtoaccompanyme，andstartedoff，tellingCharleytobringalltheammunitionaftermeassoonaspossible。Thepathfromourclearingtotheminesledalongthesideofthehillalittlewayupitsslope，andparallelwithitatthefootawideopeninghadbeenmadeforaroad，inwhichseveralChinamenwereworking，sothattheanimalcouldnotescapeintotheswampyforestbelowwithoutdescendingtocrosstheroadorascendingtogetroundtheclearings。Wewalkedcautiouslyalong，notmakingtheleastnoise，andlisteningattentivelyforanysoundwhichmightbetraythepresenceoftheMias，stoppingatintervalstogazeupwards。Charleysoonjoinedusattheplacewherehehadseenthecreature，andhavingtakentheammunitionandputabulletintheotherbarrel，wedispersedalittle，feelingsurethatitmustbesomewherenear，asithadprobablydescendedthehill，andwouldnotbelikelytoreturnagain。

AfterashorttimeIheardaveryslightrustlingsoundoverhead，butongazingupcouldseenothing。ImovedaboutineverydirectiontogetafullviewintoeverypartofthetreeunderwhichIhadbeenstanding，whenIagainheardthesamenoisebutlouder，andsawtheleavesshakingasifcausedbythemotionofsomeheavyanimalwhichmovedofftoanadjoiningtree。I

immediatelyshoutedforallofthemtocomeupandtryandgetaview，soastoallowmetohaveashot。Thiswasnotaneasymatter，astheMiashadaknackofselectingplaceswithdensefoliagebeneath。Verysoon，however，oneoftheDyakscalledmeandpointedupwards，andonlookingIsawagreatredhairybodyandahugeblackfacegazingdownfromagreatheight，asifwantingtoknowwhatwasmakingsuchadisturbancebelow。I

instantlyfired，andhemadeoffatonce，sothatIcouldnotthentellwhetherIhadhithim。

Henowmovedveryrapidlyandverynoiselesslyforsolargeananimal，soItoldtheDyakstofollowandkeephiminsightwhileIloaded。Thejunglewasherefulloflargeangularfragmentsofrockfromthemountainabove，andthickwithhangingandtwistedcreepers。Running，climbing，andcreepingamongthese，wecameupwiththecreatureonthetopofahightreeneartheroad，wheretheChinamenhaddiscoveredhim，andwereshoutingtheirastonishmentwithopenmouths："YaYa，Tuan；Orangutan，Tuan。"

Seeingthathecouldnotpassherewithoutdescending，heturnedupagaintowardsthehill，andIgottwoshots，andfollowingquickly，hadtwomorebythetimehehadagainreachedthepath，buthewasalwaysmoreorlessconcealedbyfoliage，andprotectedbythelargebranchonwhichhewaswalking。OncewhileloadingIhadasplendidviewofhim，movingalongalargelimbofatreeinasemi-erectposture，andshowingittobeananimalofthelargestsize。Atthepathhegotontooneoftheloftiesttreesintheforest，andwecouldseeoneleghangingdownuseless，havingbeenbrokenbyaball。Henowfixedhimselfinafork，wherehewashiddenbythickfoliage，andseemeddisinclinedtomove。Iwasafraidhewouldremainanddieinthisposition，andasitwasnearlyevening。Icouldnothavegotthetreecutdownthatday。Ithereforefiredagain，andhethenmovedoff，andgoingupthehillwasobligedtogetontosomelowertrees，onthebranchesofoneofwhichhefixedhimselfinsuchapositionthathecouldnotfall，andlayallinaheapasifdead，ordying。

InowwantedtheDyakstogoupandcutoffthebranchhewasrestingon，buttheywereafraid，sayinghewasnotdead，andwouldcomeandattackthem。Wethenshooktheadjoiningtree，pulledthehangingcreepers，anddidallwecouldtodisturbhim，butwithouteffect，soIthoughtitbesttosendfortwoChinamenwithaxestocutdownthetree。Whilethemessengerwasgone，however，oneoftheDyakstookcourageandclimbedtowardshim，buttheMiasdidnotwaitforhimtogetnear，movingofftoanothertree，wherehegotontoadensemassofbranchesandcreeperswhichalmostcompletelyhidhimfromourview。Thetreewasluckilyasmallone，sowhentheaxescamewesoonhaditcutthrough；butitwassoheldupbyjungleropesandclimberstoadjoiningtreesthatitonlyfellintoaslopingposition。TheMiasdidnotmove，andIbegantofearthatafterallweshouldnotgethim，asitwasnearevening，andhalfadozenmoretreeswouldhavetobecutdownbeforetheonehewasonwouldfall。Asalastresourceweallbeganpullingatthecreepers，whichshookthetreeverymuch，and，afterafewminutes，whenwehadalmostgivenupallhope，downhecamewithacrashandathudlikethefallofagiant。Andhewasagiant，hisheadandbodybeingfullyaslargeasaman's。HewasofthekindcalledbytheDyaks"MiasChappan，"or"MiasPappan，"whichhastheskinofthefacebroadenedouttoaridgeorfoldateachside。Hisoutstretchedarmsmeasuredsevenfeetthreeinchesacross，andhisheight，measuringfairlyfromthetopoftheheadtotheheelwasfourfeettwoinches。Thebodyjustbelowthearmswasthreefeettwoinchesround，andwasquiteaslongasaman's，thelegsbeingexceedinglyshortinproportion。Onexaminationwefoundhehadbeendreadfullywounded。Bothlegswerebroken，onehip-jointandtherootofthespinecompletelyshattered，andtwobulletswerefoundflattenedinhisneckandjaws。Yethewasstillalivewhenhefell。ThetwoChinamencarriedhimhometiedtoapole，andI

wasoccupiedwithCharleythewholeofthenextdaypreparingtheskinandboilingthebonestomakeaperfectskeleton，whicharenowpreservedintheMuseumatDerby。

Abouttendaysafterthis，onJune4th，someDyakscametotellusthatthedaybeforeaMiashadnearlykilledoneoftheircompanions。AfewmilesdowntheriverthereisaDyakhouse，andtheinhabitantssawalargeOrangfeedingontheyoungshootsofapalmbytheriverside。Onbeingalarmedheretreatedtowardsthejunglewhichwascloseby，andanumberofthemen，armedwithspearsandchoppers，ranouttointercepthim。Themanwhowasinfronttriedtorunhisspearthroughtheanimal'sbody，buttheMiasseizeditinhishands，andinaninstantgotholdoftheman'sarm，whichheseizedinhismouth，makinghisteethmeetinthefleshabovetheelbow，whichhetoreandlaceratedinadreadfulmanner。Hadnottheothersbeenclosebehind，themanwouldhavekeenmoreseriouslyinjured，ifnotkilled，ashewasquitepowerless；buttheysoondestroyedthecreaturewiththeirspearsandchoppers。Themanremainedillforalongtime，andneverfullyrecoveredtheuseofhisarm。

TheytoldmethedeadMiaswasstilllyingwhereithadbeenkilled，soIofferedthemarewardtobringituptoourlanding-

placeimmediately，whichtheypromisedtodo。Theydidnotcome，however，untilthenextday，andthendecompositionhadcommenced，andgreatpatchesofthehaircameoff，sothatitwasuselesstoskinit。ThisIregrettedmuch，asitwasaveryfinefull-grownmale。Icutofftheheadandtookithometoclean，whileIgotmymentomakeaclosedfenceaboutfivefeethigharoundtherestofthebody，whichwouldsoonbedevouredbymaggots，smalllizards，andants，leavingmetheskeleton。Therewasagreatgashinhisface，whichhadcutdeepintothebone，buttheskullwasaveryfineone，andtheteethwereremarkablylargeandperfect。

OnJune18thIhadanothergreatsuccess，andobtainedafineadultmale。AChinamantoldmebehadseenhimfeedingbythesideofthepathtotheriver，andIfoundhimatthesameplaceasthefirstindividualIhadshot。Hewasfeedingonanovalgreenfruithavingafineredarillus，likethemacewhichsurroundsthenutmeg，andwhichaloneheseemedtoeat，bitingoffthethickouterrindanddroppingitinacontinualshower。I

hadfoundthesamefruitinthestomachofsomeotherswhichI

hadkilled。Twoshotscausedthisanimaltoloosehishold，buthehungforaconsiderabletimebyonehand，andthenfellflatonhisfaceandwashalfburiedintheswamp。Forseveralminuteshelaygroaningandpanting，whilewestoodclosearound，expectingeverybreathtobehislast。Suddenly，however，byaviolenteffortheraisedhimselfup，causingusalltostepbackayardortwo，when，standingnearlyerect，hecaughtholdofasmalltree，andbegantoascendit。Anothershotthroughthebackcausedhimtofalldowndead。Aflattenedbulletwasfoundinhistongue，havingenteredthelowerpartoftheabdomenandcompletelytraversedthebody，fracturingthefirstcervicalvertebra。Yetitwasafterthisfearfulwoundthathehadrisen，andbegunclimbingwithconsiderablefacility。Thisalsowasafull-grownmaleofalmostexactlythesamedimensionsastheothertwoIhadmeasured。

OnJune21stIshotanotheradultfemale，whichwaseatingfruitinalowtree，andwastheonlyonewhichIeverkilledbyasingleball。

OnJune24thIwascalledbyaChinamantoshootaMias，which，hesaid，wasonatreeclosebyhishouse，atthecoal-mines。

Arrivingattheplace，wehadsomedifficultyinfindingtheanimal，ashehadgoneoffintothejungle，whichwasveryrockyanddifficulttotraverse。Atlastwefoundhimupaveryhightree，andcouldseethathewasamaleofthelargestsize。AssoonasIhadfired，hemovedhigherupthetree，andwhilehewasdoingsoIfiredagain；andwethensawthatonearmwasbroken。Hehadnowreachedtheveryhighestpartofanimmensetree，andimmediatelybeganbreakingoffboughsallaround，andlayingthemacrossandacrosstomakeanest。Itwasveryinterestingtoseehowwellhehadchosenhisplace，andhowrapidlyhestretchedouthisunwoundedarmineverydirection，breakingoffgood-sizedboughswiththegreatestease，andlayingthembackacrosseachother，sothatinafewminuteshehadformedacompactmassoffoliage，whichentirelyconcealedhimfromoursight。Hewasevidentlygoingtopassthenighthere，andwouldprobablygetawayearlythenextmorning，ifnotwoundedtooseverely。Ithereforefiredagainseveraltimes，inhopesofmakinghimleavehisnest；but，thoughIfeltsureIhadhithim，asateachshothemovedalittle，hewouldnotgoaway。

Atlengthheraisedhimselfup，sothathalfhisbodywasvisible，andthengraduallysankdown，hisheadaloneremainingontheedgeofthenest。Inowfeltsurehewasdead，andtriedtopersuadetheChinamanandhiscompaniontocutdownthetree；

butitwasaverylargeone，andtheyhadbeenatworkallday，andnothingwouldinducethemtoattemptit。Thenextmorning，atdaybreak，Icametotheplace，andfoundthattheMiaswasevidentlydead，ashisheadwasvisibleinexactlythesamepositionasbefore。InowofferedfourChinamenaday'swageseachtocutthetreedownatonce，asafewhoursofsunshinewouldcausedecompositiononthesurfaceoftheskin；but，afterlookingatitandtryingit，theydeterminedthatitwasverybigandveryhard，andwouldnotattemptit。HadIdoubledmyoffer，theywouldprobablyhaveacceptedit，asitwouldnothavebeenmorethantwoorthreehours'work；andhadIbeenonashortvisitonly，Iwouldhavedoneso；butasIwasaresident，andintendedremainingseveralmonthslonger，itwouldnothaveansweredtobeginpayingtooexorbitantly，orIshouldhavegotnothingdoneinthefutureatalowerrate。

Forsomeweeksafter，acloudoffliescouldbeseenallday，hoveringoverthebodyofthedeadMias；butinaboutamonthallwasquiet，andthebodywasevidentlydryingupundertheinfluenceofaverticalsunalternatingwithtropicalrains。TwoorthreemonthslatertwoMalays，ontheofferofadollar，climbedthetreeandletdownthedriedremains。Theskinwasalmostentirelyenclosingtheskeleton，andinsideweremillionsofthepupa-casesoffliesandotherinsects，withthousandsoftwoorthreespeciesofsmallnecrophagousbeetles。Theskullhadbeenmuchshatteredbyballs，buttheskeletonwasperfect，exceptonesmallwristbone，whichhadprobablydroppedoutandbeencarriedawaybyalizard。

ThreedaysafterIhadshotthisoneandlostit，CharlesfoundthreesmallOrangsfeedingtogether。Wehadalongchaseafterthem，andhadagoodopportunityofseeinghowtheymaketheirwayfromtreetotreebyalwayschoosingthoselimbswhosebranchesareintermingledwiththoseofsomeothertree，andthengraspingseveralofthesmalltwigstogetherbeforetheyventuretoswingthemselvesacross。Yettheydothissoquicklyandcertainly，thattheymakewayamongthetreesattherateoffullfiveorsixmilesanhour，aswehadcontinuallytoruntokeepupwiththem。Oneoftheseweshotandkilled，butitremainedhighupintheforkofatree；and，asyounganimalsareofcomparativelylittleinterest，Ididnothavethetreecutdowntogetit。

AtthistimeIhadthemisfortunetoslipamongsomefallentrees，andhurtmyankle；and，notbeingcarefulenoughatfirst，itbecameasevereinflamedulcer，whichwouldnotheal，andkeptmeaprisonerinthehousethewholeofJulyandpartofAugust。

WhenIcouldgetoutagain，IdeterminedtotakeatripupabranchoftheSimunjonRivertoSemabang，wheretherewassaidtobealargeDyakhouse，amountainwithabundanceoffruit，andplentyofOrangsandfinebirds。Astheriverwasverynarrow，andIwasobligedtogoinaverysmallboatwithlittleluggage，IonlytookwithmeaChineseboyasaservant。IcarriedacaskofmedicatedarracktoputMiasskinsin，andstoresandammunitionforafortnight。Afterafewmiles，thestreambecameverynarrowandwinding，andthewholecountryoneachsidewasflooded。Onthebankswereanabundanceofmonkeys——thecommonMacacuscynomolgus，ablackSemnopithecus，andtheextraordinarylong-nosedmonkey(Nasalislarvatus)，whichisaslargeasathree-yearoldchild，hasaverylongtail，andafleshynoselongerthanthatofthebiggest-nosedman。Thefurtherwewentonthenarrowerandmorewindingthestreambecame；fallentreessometimesblockedupourpassage，andsometimestangledbranchesandcreepersmetcompletelyacrossit，andhadtobecutawaybeforewecouldgeton。IttookustwodaystoreachSemabang，andwehardlysawabitofdrylandalltheway。InthelatterpartofthejourneyIcouldtouchthebushesoneachsideformiles；andwewereoftendelayedbythescrew-pines(Pandanus)，whichgrowabundantlyinthewater，fallingacrossthestream。Inotherplacesdenseraftsoffloatinggrasscompletelyfilledupthechannel，makingourjourneyaconstantsuccessionofdifficulties。

Nearthelanding-placewefoundafinehouse，250feetlong，raisedhighabovethegroundonposts，withawideverandahandstillwiderplatformofbambooinfrontofit。Almostallthepeople，however，wereawayonsomeexcursionafterediblebirds'-

nestsorbees'-wax，andthereonlyremainedinthehousetwoorthreeoldmenandwomenwithalotofchildren。Themountainorhillwascloseby，coveredwithacompleteforestoffruit-trees，amongwhichtheDurianandMangusteenwereveryabundant；butthefruitwasnotyetquiteripe，exceptalittlehereandthere。I

spentaweekatthisplace，goingouteverydayinvariousdirectionsaboutthemountain，accompaniedbyaMalay，whohadstayedwithmewhiletheotherboatmenreturned。ForthreedayswefoundnoOrangs，butshotadeerandseveralmonkeys。Onthefourthday，however，wefoundaMiasfeedingonaveryloftyDuriantree，andsucceededinkillingit，aftereightshots。

Unfortunatelyitremainedinthetree，hangingbyitshands，andwewereobligedtoleaveitandreturnhome，asitwasseveralmilesoff。AsIfeltprettysureitwouldfallduringthenight，Ireturnedtotheplaceearlythenextmorning，andfounditonthegroundbeneaththetree。Tomyastonishmentandpleasure，itappearedtobeadifferentkindfromanyIhadyetseen；foralthoughafull-grownmale，byitsfullydevelopedteethandverylargecanines，ithadnosignofthelateralprotuberanceontheface，andwasaboutone-tenthsmallerinallitsdimensionsthantheotheradultmales。Theupperincisors，however，appearedtobebroaderthaninthelargerspecies，acharacterdistinguishingtheSimiamorioofProfessorOwen，whichhehaddescribedfromthecraniumofafemalespecimen。Asitwastoofartocarrytheanimalhome，Isettoworkandskinnedthebodyonthespot，leavingthehead，hands，andfeetattached，tobefinishedathome。ThisspecimenisnowintheBritishMuseum。

Attheendofaweek，findingnomoreOrangs，Ireturnedhome；

and，takinginafewfreshstores，andthistimeaccompaniedbyCharles，wentupanotherbranchoftheriver，verysimilarincharacter，toaplacecalledMenyille，wheretherewereseveralsmallDyakhousesandonelargeone。Herethelandingplacewasabridgeofricketypoles，overaconsiderabledistanceofwater；

andIthoughtitsafertoleavemycaskofarracksecurelyplacedintheforkofatree。Topreventthenativesfromdrinkingit，I

letseveralofthemseemeputinanumberofsnakesandlizards；

butIratherthinkthisdidnotpreventthemfromtastingit。Wewereaccommodatedhereintheverandahofthelargehouse，inwhichwereseveralgreatbasketsofdriedhumanheads，thetrophiesofpastgenerationsofhead-hunters。Herealsotherewasalittlemountaincoveredwithfruit-trees，andthereweresomemagnificentDuriantreesclosebythehouse，thefruitofwhichwasripe；andastheDyakslookeduponmeasabenefactorinkillingtheMias，whichdestroysagreatdealoftheirfruit，theyletuseatasmuchasweliked；werevelledinthisemperoroffruitsinitsgreatestperfection。

Theverydayaftermyarrivalinthisplace，IwassofortunateastoshootanotheradultmaleofthesmallOrang，theMias-

kassiroftheDyaks。Itfellwhendead，butcaughtinaforkofthetreeandremainedfixed。AsIwasveryanxioustogetit，I

triedtopersuadetwoyoungDyakswhowerewithmetocutdownthetree，whichwastall，perfectlystraightandsmooth-barked，andwithoutabranchforfiftyorsixtyfeet。Tomysurprise，theysaidtheywouldpreferclimbingupit，butitwouldbeagooddealoftrouble，and，afteralittletalkingtogether，theysaidtheywouldtry。Theyfirstwenttoaclumpofbamboothatstoodnear，andcutdownoneofthelargeststems。Fromthistheychoppedoffashortpiece，andsplittingit，madeacoupleofstoutpegs，aboutafootlongandsharpatoneend。Thencuttingathickpieceofwoodforamallet，theydroveoneofthepegsintothetreeandhungtheirweightuponit。Itheld，andthisseemedtosatisfythem，fortheyimmediatelybeganmakingaquantityofpegsofthesamekind，whileIlookedonwithgreatinterest，wonderinghowtheycouldpossiblyascendsuchaloftytreebymerelydrivingpegsinit，thefailureofanyoneofwhichatagoodheightwouldcertainlycausetheirdeath。Whenabouttwodozenpegsweremade，oneofthembegancuttingsomeverylongandslenderbamboofromanotherclump，andalsopreparedsomecordfromtheharkofasmalltree。Theynowdroveinapegveryfirmlyataboutthreefeetfromtheground，andbringingoneofthelongbamboos，stoodituprightclosetothetree，andbounditfirmlytothetwofirstpegs，bymeansofthebarkcordandsmallnotchesneartheheadofeachpeg。OneoftheDyaksnowstoodonthefirstpeganddroveinathird，aboutlevelwithhisface，towhichhetiedthebamboointhesameway，andthenmountedanotherstep，standingononefoot，andholdingbythebambooatthepegimmediatelyabovehim，whilehedroveinthenextone。Inthismannerheascendedabouttwentyfeet；whentheuprightbamboowasbecomingthin，anotherwashandedupbyhiscompanion，andthiswasjoinedbytyingbothbamboostothreeorfourofthepegs。Whenthiswasalsonearlyended，athirdwasadded，andshortlyafter，thelowestbranchesofthetreewerereached，alongwhichtheyoungDyakscrambled，andsoonsenttheMiastumblingdownheadlong。Iwasexceedinglystruckbytheingenuityofthismodeofclimbing，andtheadmirablemannerinwhichthepeculiarpropertiesofthebambooweremadeavailable。

Theladderitselfwasperfectlysafe，sinceifanyonepegwerelooseorfaulty，andgaveway，thestrainwouldbethrownonseveralothersaboveandbelowit。Inowunderstoodtheuseofthelineofbamboopegsstickingintrees，whichIhadoftenseen，andwonderedforwhatpurposetheycouldhavebeenputthere。ThisanimalwasalmostidenticalinsizeandappearancewiththeoneIhadobtainedatSemabang，andwastheonlyothermalespecimenoftheSimiamoriowhichIobtained。ItisnowintheDerbyMuseum。

Iafterwardsshottwoadultfemalesandtwoyoungonesofdifferentages，allofwhichIpreserved。Oneofthefemales，withseveralyoungones，wasfeedingonaDuriantreewithunripefruit；andassoonasshesawusshebeganbreakingoffbranchesandthegreatspinyfruitswitheveryappearanceofrage，causingsuchashowerofmissilesaseffectuallykeptusfromapproachingtoonearthetree。Thishabitofthrowingdownbrancheswhenirritatedhasbeendoubted，butIhave，asherenarrated，observeditmyselfonatleastthreeseparateoccasions。ItwashoweveralwaysthefemaleAriaswhobehavedinthisway，anditmaybethatthemale，trustingmoretohisgreatstrengthandhispowerfulcanineteeth，isnotafraidofanyotheranimal，anddoesnotwanttodrivethemaway，whiletheparentalinstinctofthefemaleleadshertoadoptthismodeofdefendingherselfandheryoungones。

Inpreparingtheskinsandskeletonsoftheseanimals，IwasmuchtroubledbytheDyakdogs，which，beingalwayskeptinastateofsemi-starvation，areravenousforanimalfood。Ihadagreatironpan，inwhichIboiledthebonestomakeskeletons，andatnightIcoveredthisoverwithboards，andputheavystonesuponit；

butthedogsmanagedtoremovetheseandcarriedawaythegreaterpartofoneofmyspecimens。Onanotheroccasiontheygnawedawayagooddealoftheupperleatherofmystrongboots，andevenateapieceofmymosquito-curtain，wheresomelamp-oilhadbeenspiltoveritsomeweeksbefore。

Onourreturndownthestream，wehadthefortunetofallinwithaveryoldmaleMias，feedingonsomelowtreesgrowinginthewater。Thecountrywasfloodedforalongdistance，butsofulloftreesandstumpsthattheladenboatcouldnotbegotinamongthem，andifitcouldhavebeenweshouldonlyhavefrightenedtheMiasaway。Ithereforegotintothewater，whichwasnearlyuptomywaist，andwadedonuntilIwasnearenoughforashot。

Thedifficultythenwastoloadmygunagain，forIwassodeepinthewaterthatIcouldnotholdthegunslopingenoughtopourthepowderin。Ithereforehadtosearchforashallowplace，andafterseveralshotsunderthesetryingcircumstances，Iwasdelightedtoseethemonstrousanimalrolloverintothewater。I

nowtowedhimaftermetothestream，buttheMalaysobjectedtohavingtheanimalputintotheboat，andhewassoheavythatI

couldnotdoitwithouttheirhelp。Ilookedaboutforaplacetoskinhim，butnotabitofdrygroundwastobeseen，untilatlastIfoundaclumpoftwoorthreeoldtreesandstumps，betweenwhichafewfeetofsoilhadcollectedjustabovethewater，whichwasjustlargeenoughforustodragtheanimaluponit。Ifirstmeasuredhim，andfoundhimtobebyfarthelargestIhadyetseen，for，thoughthestandingheightwasthesameastheothers(4feet2inches)，theoutstretchedarmswere7feet9

inches，whichwassixinchesmorethanthepreviousone，andtheimmensebroadfacewas131/2incheswide，whereasthewidestI

hadhithertoseenwasonly111/2inches。Thegirthofthebodywas3feet71/2inches。Iaminclinedtobelieve，therefore，thatthelengthandstrengthofthearms，andthewidthofthefacecontinuesincreasingtoaverygreatage，whilethestandingheight，fromthesoleofthefoottothecrownofthehead，rarelyifeverexceeds4feet2inches。

AsthiswasthelastMiasIshot，andthelasttimeIsawanadultlivinganimal，Iwillgiveasketchofitsgeneralhabits，andanyotherfactsconnectedwithit。TheOrangutanisknowntoinhabitSumatraandBorneo，andthereiseveryreasontobelievethatitisconfinedtothesetwogreatislands，intheformerofwhich，however，itseemstobemuchmorerare。InBorneoithasawiderange，inhabitingmanydistrictsonthesouthwest，southeast，northeast，andnorthwestcoasts，butappearstobechieflyconfinedtothelowandswampyforests。Itseems，atfirstsight，veryinexplicablethattheMiasshouldbequiteunknownintheSarawakvalley，whileitisabundantinSambas，onthewest，andSadong，ontheeast。Butwhenweknowthehabitsandmodeoflifeoftheanimal，weseeasufficientreasonforthisapparentanomalyinthephysicalfeaturesoftheSarawakdistrict。IntheSadong，whereIobservedit，theMiasisonlyfoundwhenthecountryislowlevelandswampy，andatthesametimecoveredwithaloftyvirginforest。Fromtheseswampsrisemanyisolatedmountains，onsomeofwhichtheDyakshavesettledandcoveredwithplantationsoffruittrees。TheseareagreatattractiontotheMias，whichcomestofeedontheunripefruits，butalwaysretirestotheswampatnight。Wherethecountrybecomesslightlyelevated，andthesoildry，theMiasisnolongertobefound。Forexample，inallthelowerpartoftheSadongvalleyitabounds，butassoonasweascendabovethelimitsofthetides，wherethecountry，thoughstillflat，ishighenoughtobedry，itdisappears。NowtheSarawakvalleyhasthispeculiarity——thelowerportionthoughswampy，isnotcoveredwithacontinuousloftyforest，butisprincipallyoccupiedbytheNipapalm；andnearthetownofSarawakwherethecountrybecomesdry，itisgreatlyundulatedinmanyparts，andcoveredwithsmallpatchesofvirginforest，andmuchsecond-

growthjungleontheground，whichhasoncebeencultivatedbytheMalaysorDyaks。

Nowitseemsprobabletomethatawideextentofunbrokenandequallyloftyvirginforestisnecessarytothecomfortableexistenceoftheseanimals。Suchforestsformtheiropencountry，wheretheycanroamineverydirectionwithasmuchfacilityastheIndianontheprairie，ortheArabonthedesert，passingfromtree-toptotree-topwithouteverbeingobligedtodescendupontheearth。Theelevatedandthedrierdistrictsaremorefrequentedbyman，morecutupbyclearingsandlowsecond-growthjungle——notadaptedtoitspeculiarmodeofprogression，andwhereitwouldthereforebemoreexposedtodanger，andmorefrequentlyobligedtodescendupontheearth。ThereisprobablyalsoagreatervarietyoffruitintheMiasdistrict，thesmallmountainswhichriselikeislandsoutofitservingasgardensorplantationsofasort，wherethetreesoftheuplandsaretobefoundintheverymidstoftheswampyplains。

ItisasingularandveryinterestingsighttowatchaMiasmakinghiswayleisurelythroughtheforest。Hewalksdeliberatelyalongsomeofthelargerbranchesinthesemi-erectattitudewhichthegreatlengthofhisarmsandtheshortnessofhislegscausehimnaturallytoassume；andthedisproportionbetweentheselimbsisincreasedbyhiswalkingonhisknuckles，notonthepalmofthehand，asweshoulddo。Heseemsalwaystochoosethosebrancheswhichinterminglewithanadjoiningtree，onapproachingwhichhestretchesouthislongarms，andseizingtheopposingboughs，graspsthemtogetherwithbothhands，seemstotrytheirstrength，andthendeliberatelyswingshimselfacrosstothenextbranch，onwhichhewalksalongasbefore。Heneverjumpsorsprings，orevenappearstohurryhimself，andyetmanagestogetalongalmostasquicklyasapersoncanrunthroughtheforestbeneath。Thelongandpowerfularmsareofthegreatestusetotheanimal，enablingittoclimbeasilyuptheloftiesttrees，toseizefruitsandyoungleavesfromslenderboughswhichwillnotbearitsweight，andtogatherleavesandbrancheswithwhichtoformitsnest。Ihavealreadydescribedhowitformsanestwhenwounded，butitusesasimilaronetosleeponalmosteverynight。Thisisplacedlowdown，however，onasmalltreenotmorethanfromtwentytofiftyfeetfromtheground，probablybecauseitiswarmerandlessexposedtowindthanhigherup。EachMiasissaidtomakeafreshoneforhimselfeverynight；butIshouldthinkthatishardlyprobable，ortheirremainswouldbemuchmoreabundant；forthoughIsawseveralaboutthecoal-mines，theremusthavebeenmanyOrangsabouteveryday，andinayeartheirdesertednestswouldbecomeverynumerous。TheDyakssaythat，whenitisverywet，theMiascovershimselfoverwithleavesofpandanus，orlargeferns，whichhasperhapsledtothestoryofhismakingahutinthetrees。

TheOrangdoesnotleavehisbeduntilthesunhaswellrisenandhasdriedupthedewupontheleaves。Hefeedsallthroughthemiddleoftheday，butseldomreturnstothesametreetwodaysrunning。Theydonotseemmuchalarmedatman，astheyoftenstareddownuponmeforseveralminutes，andthenonlymovedawayslowlytoanadjacenttree。Afterseeingone，Ihaveoftenhadtogohalfamileormoretofetchmygun，andinnearlyeverycasehavefounditonthesametree，orwithinahundredyards，whenI

returned。Ineversawtwofull-grownanimalstogether，butbothmalesandfemalesaresometimesaccompaniedbyhalf-grownyoungones，while，atothertimes，threeorfouryoungoneswereseenincompany。Theirfoodconsistsalmostexclusivelyoffruit，withoccasionallyleaves，buds，andyoungshoots。Theyseemtopreferunripefruits，someofwhichwereverysour，othersintenselybitter，particularlythelargered，fleshyarillusofonewhichseemedanespecialfavourite。Inothercasestheyeatonlythesmallseedofalargefruit，andtheyalmostalwayswasteanddestroymorethantheyeat，sothatthereisacontinualrainofrejectedportionsbelowthetreetheyarefeedingon。TheDurianisanespecialfavourite，andquantitiesofthisdeliciousfruitaredestroyedwhereveritgrowssurroundedbyforest，buttheywillnotcrossclearingstogetatthem。Itseemswonderfulhowtheanimalcantearopenthisfruit，theoutercoveringofwhichissothickandtough，andcloselycoveredwithstrongconicalspines。Itprobablybitesoffafewofthesefirst，andthen，makingasmallhole，tearsopenthefruitwithitspowerfulfingers。

TheMiasrarelydescendstotheground，exceptwhenpressedbyhunger，itseekssucculentshootsbytheriverside；or，inverydryweather，hastosearchafterwater，ofwhichitgenerallyfindssufficientinthehollowsofleaves。OnlyonceIsawtwohalf-grownOrangsonthegroundinadryhollowatthefootoftheSimunjonhill。Theywereplayingtogether，standingerect，andgraspingeachotherbythearms。Itmaybesafelystated，however，thattheOrangneverwalkserect，unlesswhenusingitshandstosupportitselfbybranchesoverheadorwhenattacked。

Representationsofitswalkingwithastickareentirelyimaginary。

TheDyaksalldeclarethattheMiasisneverattackedbyanyanimalintheforest，withtworareexceptions；andtheaccountsIreceivedofthesearesocuriousthatIgivethemnearlyinthewordsofmyinformants，oldDyakchiefs，whohadlivedalltheirlivesintheplaceswheretheanimalismostabundant。ThefirstofwhomIinquiredsaid："NoanimalisstrongenoughtohurttheMias，andtheonlycreatureheeverfightswithisthecrocodile。

Whenthereisnofruitinthejungle，hegoestoseekfoodonthebanksoftheriverwherethereareplentyofyoungshootsthathelikes，andfruitsthatgrowclosetothewater。Thenthecrocodilesometimestriestoseizehim，buttheMiasgetsuponhim，andbeatshimwithhishandsandfeet，andtearshimandkillshim。"Headdedthathehadonceseensuchafight，andthathebelievesthattheMiasisalwaysthevictor。

MynextinformantwastheOrangKaya，orchiefoftheBalowDyaks，ontheSimunjonRiver。Hesaid："TheMiashasnoenemies；

noanimalsdareattackitbutthecrocodileandthepython。Healwayskillsthecrocodilebymainstrength，standinguponit，pullingopenitsjaws，andrippingupitsthroat。IfapythonattacksaMias，heseizesitwithhishands，andthenbitesit，andsoonkillsit。TheMiasisverystrong；thereisnoanimalinthejunglesostrongashe。"

Itisveryremarkablethatananimalsolarge，sopeculiar，andofsuchahightypeofformastheOrangutan，shouldbeconfinedtosolimitedadistrict——totwoislands，andthosealmostthelastinhabitedbythehigherMammalia；for，eastofBorneoandJava，theQuadrumania，Ruminants，Carnivora，andmanyothergroupsofMammalladiminishrapidly，andsoonentirelydisappear。

Whenweconsider，further，thatalmostallotheranimalshaveinearlieragesbeenrepresentedbyalliedyetdistinctforms——

that，inthelatterpartofthetertiaryperiod，Europewasinhabitedbybears，deer，wolves，andcats；Australiabykangaroosandothermarsupials；SouthAmericabygiganticslothsandant-eaters；alldifferentfromanynowexisting，thoughintimatelyalliedtothem——wehaveeveryreasontobelievethattheOrangutan，theChimpanzee，andtheGorillahavealsohadtheirforerunners。Withwhatinterestmusteverynaturalistlookforwardtothetimewhenthecavesandtertiarydepositsofthetropicsmaybethoroughlyexamined，andthepasthistoryandearliestappearanceofthegreatman-likeapesbemadeknownatlength。

IwillnowsayafewwordsastothesupposedexistenceofaBorneanOrangaslargeastheGorilla。Ihavemyselfexaminedthebodiesofseventeenfreshly-killedOrangs，allofwhichwerecarefullymeasured；andofsevenofthem，Ipreservedtheskeleton。Ialsoobtainedtwoskeletonskilledbyotherpersons。

Ofthisextensiveseries，sixteenwerefullyadult，ninebeingmales，andsevenfemales。TheadultmalesofthelargeOrangsonlyvariedfrom4feet1inchto4feet2inchesinheight，measuredfairlytotheheel，soastogivetheheightoftheanimalifitstoodperfectlyerect；theextentoftheoutstretchedarms，from7feet2inchesto7feet8inches；andthewidthoftheface，from10inchesto131/2inches。Thedimensionsgivenbyothernaturalistscloselyagreewithmine。

ThelargestOrangmeasuredbyTemminckwas4feethigh。Oftwenty-fivespecimenscollectedbySchlegelandMuller，thelargestoldmalewas4feet1inch；andthelargestskeletonintheCalcuttaMuseumwas，accordingtoMr。Blyth，4feet11/2

inch。MyspecimenswereallfromthenorthwestcoastofBorneo；

thoseoftheDutchfromthewestandsouthcoasts；andnospecimenhasyetreachedEuropeexceedingthesedimensions，althoughthetotalnumberofskinsandskeletonsmustamounttooverahundred。

Strangetosay，however，severalpersonsdeclarethattheyhavemeasuredOrangsofamuchlargersize。Temminck，inhisMonographoftheOrang，saysthathehasjustreceivednewsofthecaptureofaspecimen5feet3incheshigh。Unfortunately，itneverseemstohaveareachedHolland，fornothinghassincebeenheardofanysuchanimal。Mr。St。John，inhis"LifeintheForestsoftheFarEast，"vol。ii。p。237，tellsusofanOrangshotbyafriendofhis，whichwas5feet2inchesfromtheheeltothetopofthehead，thearm17inchesingirth，andthewrist12inches！TheheadalonewasbroughttoSarawak，andMr。St。Johntellsusthatheassistedtomeasurethis，andthatitwas15inchesbroadby14long。Unfortunately，eventhisskullappearsnottohavebeenpreserved，fornospecimencorrespondingtothesedimensionshasyetreachedEngland。

InaletterfromSirJamesBrooke，datedOctober1857inwhichheacknowledgesthereceiptofmyPapersontheOrang，publishedinthe"AnnalsandMagazineofNaturalHistory，"hesendsmethemeasurementsofaspecimenkilledbyhisnephew，whichIwillgiveexactlyasIreceivedit："September3rd，1867，killedfemaleOrangutan。Height，fromheadtoheel，4feet6inches。

Stretchfromfingerstofingersacrossbody，6feet1inch。

Breadthofface，includingcallosities，11inches。"Now，inthesedimensions，thereispalpablyoneerror；forineveryOrangyetmeasuredbyanynaturalist，anexpanseofarmsof6feet1inchcorrespondstoaheightofabout3feet6inches，whilethelargestspecimensof4feetto4feet2incheshigh，alwayshavetheextendedarmsasmuchas7feet3inchesto7feet8inches。

Itis，infact，oneofthecharactersofthegenustohavethearmssolongthatananimalstandingnearlyerectcanrestitsfingersontheground。Aheightof4feet6incheswouldthereforerequireastretchofarmsofatleast8feet！Ifitwereonly6feettothatheight，asgiveninthedimensionsquoted，theanimalwouldnotbeanOrangatall，butanewgenusofapes，differingmateriallyinhabitsandmodeofprogression。

ButMr。Johnson，whoshotthisanimal，andwhoknowsOrangswell，evidentlyconsideredittobeone；andwehavethereforetojudgewhetheritismoreprobablethathemadeamistakeoftwofeetinthestretchofthearms，orofonefootintheheight。Thelattererroriscertainlytheeasiesttomake，anditwillbringhisanimalintoagreement，astoproportionsandsize，withallthosewhichexistinEurope。HoweasyitistobedeceivedastotheheightoftheseanimalsiswellshowninthecaseoftheSumatranOrang，theskinofwhichwasdescribedbyDr。ClarkeAbel。Thecaptainandcrewwhokilledthisanimaldeclaredthatwhenaliveheexceededthetallestman，andlookedsogiganticthattheythoughthewas7feethigh；butthat，whenhewaskilledandlayupontheground，theyfoundhewasonlyabout6feet。NowitwillhardlybecreditedthattheskinofthisidenticalanimalexistsintheCalcuttaMuseum，andMr。Blyth，thelatecurator，states"thatitisbynomeansoneofthelargestsize"；whichmeansthatitisabout4feethigh！

HavingtheseundoubtedexamplesoferrorinthedimensionsofOrangs，itisnottoomuchtoconcludethatMr。St。John'sfriendmadeasimilarerrorofmeasurement，orrather，perhaps，ofmemory；forwearenottoldthatthedimensionswerenoteddownatthetimetheyweremade。TheonlyfiguresgivenbyMr。St。

Johnonhisownauthorityarethat"theheadwas15inchesbroadby14incheslong。"Asmylargestmalewas131/2broadacrosstheface，measuredassoonastheanimalwaskilled，IcanquiteunderstandthatwhentheheadarrivedatSarawakfromtheBatangLupar，aftertwoorthreedays'voyage，itwassoswollenbydecompositionastomeasureaninchmorethanwhenitwasfresh。

Onthewhole，therefore，Ithinkitwillbeallowed，thatuptothistimewehavenottheleastreliableevidenceoftheexistenceofOrangsinBorneomorethan4feet2incheshigh。

CHAPTERV。

BORNEO——JOURNEYINTOTHEINTERIOR。

(NOVEMBER1855TOJANUARY1856。)

Asthewetseasonwasapproaching，IdeterminedtoreturntoSarawak，sendingallmycollectionswithCharlesAllenaroundbysea，whileImyselfproposedtogouptothesourcesoftheSadongRiveranddescendbytheSarawakvalley。Astheroutewassomewhatdifficult，Itookthesmallestquantityofbaggage，andonlyoneservant，aMalayladnamedBujon，whoknewthelanguageoftheSadongDyaks，withwhomhehadtraded。Welefttheminesonthe27thofNovember，andthenextdayreachedtheMalayvillageofGúdong，whereIstayedashorttimetobuyfruitandeggs，andcalledupontheDatuBandar，orMalaygovernoroftheplace。Helivedinalarge，aridwell-builthouse，verydirtyoutsideandin，andwasveryinquisitiveaboutmybusiness，andparticularlyaboutthecoal-mines。Thesepuzzlethenativesexceedingly，astheycannotunderstandtheextensiveandcostlypreparationsforworkingcoal，andcannotbelieveitistobeusedonlyasfuelwhenwoodissoabundantandsoeasilyobtained。ItwasevidentthatEuropeansseldomcamehere，fornumbersofwomenskelteredawayasIwalkedthroughthevillageandonegirlabouttenortwelveyearsold，whohadjustbroughtabamboofullofwaterfromtheriver，threwitdownwithacryofhorrorandalarmthemomentshecaughtsightofme，turnedaroundandjumpedintothestream。Sheswambeautifully，andkeptlookingbackasifexpectingIwouldfollowher，screamingviolentlyallthetime；whileanumberofmenandboyswerelaughingatherignorantterror。

AtJahi，thenextvillage，thestreambecamesoswiftinconsequenceofaflood，thatmyheavyboatcouldmakenoway，andIwasobligedtosenditbackandgooninaverysmallopenone。

Sofartheriverhadbeenverymonotonous，thebanksbeingcultivatedasrice-fields，andlittlethatchedhutsalonebreakingtheunpicturesquelineofmuddybankcrownedwithtallgrasses，andbackedbythetopoftheforestbehindthecultivatedground。AfewhoursbeyondJahiwepassedthelimitsofcultivation，andhadthebeautifulvirginforestcomingdowntothewater'sedge，withitspalmsandcreepers，itsnobletrees，itsferns，andepiphytes。Thebanksoftheriverwere，however，stillgenerallyflooded，andwehadsomedifficultyinfindingadryspottosleepon。EarlyinthemorningwereachedEmpugnan，asmallMalayvillage，situatedatthefootofanisolatedmountainwhichhadbeenvisiblefromthemouthoftheSimunjonRiver。Beyondherethetidesarenotfelt，andwenowentereduponadistrictofelevatedforest，withafinervegetation。Largetreesstretchouttheirarmsacrossthestream，andthesteep，earthybanksareclothedwithfernsandzingiberaceousplants。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读