"Itmightlikewisebeofimportance，ifGodshouldblesstheirlabours，forthemtoencourageanyappearancesofgiftsamongstthepeopleoftheircharge；ifsuchshouldberaisedupmanyadvantageswouldbederivedfromtheirknowledgeofthelanguageandcustomsoftheircountrymen；andtheirchangeofconductwouldgivegreatweighttotheirministrations。"

ThisfirstandstillgreatestmissionarytreatiseintheEnglishlanguagecloseswiththepracticalsuggestionofthesemeans——ferventandunitedprayer，theformationofacatholicor，failingthat，aParticularBaptistSocietyof"personswhoseheartsareinthework，menofseriousreligionandpossessingaspiritofperseverance，"withanexecutivecommittee，andsubscriptionsfromrichandpoorofatenthoftheirincomeforbothvillagepreachingandforeignmissions，or，atleast，anaverageofonepennyormoreperweekfromallmembersofcongregations。Hethusconcludes：——"Itistruealltherewardisofmeregrace，butitisneverthelessencouraging；whatatreasure，whatanharvestmustawaitsuchcharactersasPaul，andEliot，andBrainerd，andothers，whohavegiventhemselveswhollytotheworkoftheLord。Whataheavenwillitbetoseethemanymyriadsofpoorheathens，ofBritonsamongsttherest，whobytheirlabourshavebeenbroughttotheknowledgeofGod。Surelyacrownofrejoicinglikethisisworthaspiringto。

Surelyitisworthwhiletolayourselvesoutwithallourmight，inpromotingthecauseandkingdomofChrist。"

SoCareyprojectedthefirstorganisationwhichEnglandhadseenformissionstoallthehumanraceoutsideofChristendom；andhisproject，whilenecessarilyrequiringaSocietytocarryitout，ascomingfroman"independent"Church，providedthateverymemberofeverycongregationshouldtakeaparttotheextentofferventandunitedprayer，andofanaveragesubscriptionofapennyaweek。HecameasneartotheNewTestamentidealofallChristiansactinginanaggressivemissionarychurchaswaspossibleinanagewhentheEstablishedChurchesofEngland，Scotland，andGermanyscoutedforeignmissions，andtheFreeChurcheswerechieflycongregationalintheirecclesiasticalaction。WhileassertingtheotheridealofthevoluntarytenthortitheasbothaScripturalprincipleandPuritanpractice，hiscommonsensewassatisfiedtosuggestanaveragepennyaweek，allover，foreveryChristian。Atthishour，morethanacenturysinceCareywrote，andafteraremarkablemissionaryrevivalinconsequenceofwhathewroteanddid，allChristendom，Evangelical，Greek，andLatin，doesnotgivemorethanfivemillionssterlingayeartoChristianisethemajorityoftheracestilloutsideitspale。ItisnottoomuchtosaythatwereCarey'spennyaweekfromeveryChristianafact，andtheprayerwhichwouldsoonerorlateraccompanyit，thefivemillionswouldbefifty，andChristendomwouldbecomeatermnearlysynonymouswithhumanity。TheChurches，whetherbythemselvesorbysocieties，haveyettoprayandorganiseuptothelevelofCarey'spennyaweek。

Theabsoluteoriginalityaswellasgrandeuroftheunconsciousactionofthepeasantshoemakerwho，from1779，prayeddailyforalltheheathenandslaves，andorganisedhissocietyaccordingly，willbeseeninthedimlightordarknessvisibleofallwhohadprecededhim。Theywerebeforethesettime；hewasreadyinthefulnessofthemissionarypreparation。Theybelongednotonlytoperiods，buttonations，tochurches，tocommunitieswhichwerefailinginthestruggleforfruitfulnessandexpansioninnewworldsandfreshlands；hewasasonofEngland，whichhadcomeorwasabouttocomeoutofthestruggleavictor，chargedwiththeterribleresponsibilityofthespecialservantoftheLord，asnopeoplehadeverbeforebeenchargedinallhistory，sacredorsecular。WilliamCarey，indeed，reapedthelittlethatthefewbravetoilersofthewintrytimehadsown；withahumilitythatispatheticheacknowledgestheirtoll，whileeverignoranttothelastofhisownmerit。Buthereapedonlyaseachgenerationgarnerssuchfruitsofitspredecessorasmayhavebeenworthytosurvive。HewasthefirstofthetrueAnastatosantesofthemodernworld，asonlyanEnglish-speakingmancouldbe——ofthemostthorough，permanent，andeverlastingofallReformers，themenwhoturntheworldupsidedown，becausetheymakeitriseupanddepartfromdeadlybeliefsandpractices，fromthefearandthefateofdeath，intothelifeandlightofChristandtheFather。

Whowerehispredecessors，reckoningfromtheRenascenceofEurope，thediscoveryofAmerica，andtheopeningupofIndiaandAfrica？

Erasmuscomesfirst，thebrightscholarofcompromisewhoin1516

gavetheNewTestamentagaintoEurope，asthreecenturiesafterCareygaveittoallSouthernAsia，andwhosemissionarytreatise，Ecclesiasties，in1535anticipated，theoreticallyatleast，Carey'sEnquirybytwocenturiesandahalf。ThemissionarydreamofthisescapedmonkofRotterdamandBasel，whotaughtwomenandweaversandcobblerstoreadtheScriptures，andprayedthattheBookmightbetranslatedintoalllanguages，wasrealisedinthescandalousiniquitiesandfraudsofPortugueseandSpanishandJesuitmissionsinWestandEast。LutherhadenoughtodowithhispapalantichristandhisGermantranslationoftheGreekoftheTestamentofErasmus。

TheLutheranchurchdrovemissionsintothehandsofthePietistsandMoravians——Wiclif'soffspring——whonoblybutineffectuallystrovetodoaworkmeantforthewholeChristiancommunity。TheChurchofEnglandthrustforththePuritansfirsttoHollandandthentoNewEngland，whereEliot，theBrainerds，andtheMayhewssoughttoevangelisetribeswhichdidnotlongsurvivethemselves。

ItwasfromCourteenhall，aNorthamptonshirevillagenearPaulerspury，thatin1644therewentforththeappealforthepropagationoftheGospelwhichcomesnearesttoCarey'scryfromthesamemidlandregion。Cromwellwasinpower，andhadhimselfplannedaProtestantPropaganda，sototheLongParliamentWilliamCastell，"parsonofCourteenhall，"sentapetitionwhich，withthe"EliotTracts，"resultedinanordinancecreatingtheCorporationforthePromotingandPropagatingtheGospelofJesusChristinNewEngland。SeventyEnglishministershadbackedthepetition，andsixoftheChurchofScotland，firstofwhomwasAlexanderHenderson。

Thecorporation，which，inarestoredform，RobertBoylegovernedforthirtyyears，familiarisedthenationwiththedutyofcaringforthedarkracesthencomingmoreandmoreunderourswayalikeinAmericaandinIndia。Itstillexists，aswellasBoyle'sSocietyforadvancingtheFaithintheWestIndies。TheFriendsalso，andthentheMoravians，taughttheWesleysandWhitefieldtocareforthenegroes。TheEnglishandScottishPropagationSocietiessoughtalsotoprovidespiritualaidsforthecolonistsandthehighlanders。

Thetwogreatthinkersoftheeighteenthcentury，whoflourishedasphilosopherandmoralistwhenCareywasayouth，taughttheprincipleswhichheofallotherswastoapplyontheirspiritualandmosteffectiveside。AdamSmithputhisfingeronthecrimewhichhaddarkenedandcontinuedtill1834toshadowthebrightnessofgeographicalenterpriseinbothhemispheres——thetreatmentofthenativesbyEuropeanswhosesuperiorityofforceenabledthemtocommiteverysortofinjusticeinthenewlands。Hesoughtaremedyinestablishinganequalityofforcebythemutualcommunicationofknowledgeandofallsortsofimprovementsbyanextensivecommerce。5SamuelJohnsonrosetoahigherlevelalikeofwisdomandrighteousness，whenheexpressedtheindignationofaChristianmindthatthepropagationoftruthhadneverbeenseriouslypursuedbyanyEuropeannation，andthehope"thatthelightoftheGospelwillatlastilluminatethesandsofAfricaandthedesertsofAmerica，thoughitsprogresscannotbutbeslowwhenitissomuchobstructedbythelivesofChristians。"

TheearlymovementwhichisconnectedmostdirectlywithCarey'sandtheNorthamptonshireBaptists'beganinScotland。ItsKirk，emasculatedbytheRevolutionsettlementandstatuteofQueenAnne，hadputdowntheevangelicalteachingofBostonandthe"marrow"

men，andhadcastoutthefathersoftheSecessionin1733。In1742

thequickeningspreadoverthewestcountry。InOctober1744

severalministersinScotlandunited，forthetwoyearsnextfollowing，inwhattheycalled，andwhathassincebecomefamiliarinAmericaas，a"Concerttopromotemoreabundantapplicationtoadutythatisperpetuallybinding——prayerthatourGod'skingdommaycome，joinedwithpraises；"tobeofferedweeklyonSaturdayeveningandSundaymorning，andmoresolemnlyonthefirstTuesdayofeveryquarter。Suchwastheresult，andsodidtheprayerconcertspreadintheUnitedKingdomthatinAugust1746amemorialwassenttoBostoninvitingallChristiansinNorthAmericatoenterintoitforthenextsevenyears。ItwasonthisthatJonathanEdwardswrotehisHumbleAttempttopromoteExplicitAgreementandVisibleUnionofGod'sPeopleinExtraordinaryPrayerfortheRevivalofReligionandtheAdvancementofChrist'sKingdomonEarth。

ThisworkofEdwards，republishedatOlney，cameintothehandsofCarey，andpowerfullyinfluencedtheNorthamptonshireAssociationofBaptistministersandmessengers。AttheirmeetinginNottinghamin1784SutcliffofOlneysuggestedandRylandofNorthamptondraftedaninvitationtothepeopletojointhem，foronehouronthefirstMondayofeverymonth，inprayerfortheeffusionoftheHolySpiritofGod。"LetthewholeinterestoftheRedeemerbeaffectionatelyremembered，"wrotethesecatholicmen，andtogiveemphasistotheir渃umenicalmissionarydesirestheyaddedinitalics——"LetthespreadoftheGospeltothemostdistantpartsofthehabitableglobebetheobjectofyourmostferventrequests。WeshallrejoiceifanyotherChristiansocietiesofourownorotherdenominationswilljoinwithus，andwedonowinvitethemmostcordiallytojoinheartandhandintheattempt。"TothisCareyprominentlyreferredinhisEnquiry，tracingtoeventheunimportunateandfeebleprayersoftheseeightyearstheincreaseofthechurches，theclearingofcontroversies，theopeningoflandstomissions，thespreadofcivilandreligiousliberty，thenobleeffortmadetoabolishtheinhumanslave-trade，andtheestablishmentofthefreesettlementofSierraLeone。Andthenhehitstheotherblotsinthemovement，besidesthewantofimportunityandearnestness——"Wemustnotbecontentedwithprayingwithoutexertingourselvesintheuseofmeans……Werethechildrenoflightbutaswiseintheirgenerationasthechildrenofthisworld，theywouldstretcheverynervetogainsogloriousaprize，noreverimaginethatitwastobeobtainedinanyotherway。"Atradingcompanyobtainacharterandgotoitsutmostlimits。Thecharter，theencouragementsofChristiansareexceedinggreat，andthereturnspromisedinfinitelysuperior。"SupposeacompanyofseriousChristians，ministersandprivatepersons，weretoformthemselvesintoasociety。"

Themanwasreadywhohadbeenspeciallyfitted，bycharacterandtraining，toformthehomeorganisationofthesociety，whileCareycreateditsforeignmission。ForthenextquarterofacenturyWilliamCareyandAndrewFullerworkedlovingly，fruitfullytogether，withthebreadthofhalftheworldbetweenthem。Theoneshowedhow，byBibleandchurchandschool，byphysicalandspiritualtruth，IndiaandallAsiacouldbebroughttoChrist；theothertaughtEngland，Scotland，andAmericatobeginatlasttoplaytheirpartinanenterpriseasoldasAbraham；asdivineinitswarrant，itscharge，itspromise，asChristHimself。SevenyearsolderthanCarey，hisfriendwasbornafarmer'ssonandlabourerinthefencountryofCromwellwhomheresembled，wasself-educatedunderconditionspreciselysimilar，andpassedthroughspiritualexperiencesalmostexactlythesame。Thetwo，unknowntoeachother，foundthemselveswhencalledtopreachateighteenunabletoreconcilethegrimdeadtheologyoftheirchurchwiththenewlifeandlibertywhichhadcometothemdirectfromtheSpiritofChristandfromHisWord。CareyhadlefthisancestralchurchatatimewhenthebiographerofRomainecoulddeclarewithtruththatthatpreacherwastheonlyevangelicalintheestablishedchurchesofallLondon，andthatoftwentythousandclergymeninEngland，thenumberwhopreachedthetruthasitisinJesushadrisenfromnottwentyin1749tothreehundredin1789。ThemethodismoftheWesleyswasbeginningtotell，buttheBaptistswereaslifelessastheEstablishedChurch。InboththeChurchandDissenttherewereindividualsonly，likeNewtonandScott，theelderRobertHallandRyland，whosespiritualfervourmadethemmarkedmen。

TheBaptists，whohadstoodaloneastheadvocatesoftoleration，religiousandcivil，inanageofintolerancewhichmadethemthevictims，hadsubsidedlikePuritanandCovenanterwhentheRevolutionof1688broughtpersecutiontoanend。Thesectionwhoheldthedoctrineof"general"redemption，andarenowhonourablyknownasGeneralBaptists，preachedordinaryArminianism，andevenSocinianism。ThemoreearnestandeducatedamongthemclungtoCalvinism，but，byadoptingtheunhappytermof"particular"

Baptists，graduallyfellunderafatalisticandantinomianspell。

ThisfalseCalvinism，whichtheFrenchtheologianofGenevawouldhavebeenthefirsttodenounce，provedallthemorehostiletothepreachingoftheGospelofsalvationtotheheathenabroad，aswellasthesinnerathome，thatitprofessedtobeanorthodoxevangelwhileeitheremasculatingtheGospelorturningthegraceofGodintolicentiousness。Fromsuch"particular"preachersasyoungFullerandCareylistenedto，atfirstwithbewilderment，thenimpatience，andthendenunciation，missionsofnokindcouldcome。

Fullerexposedandpursuedthedelusionwithanativeshrewdness，amasculinesagacity，andafineEnglishstyle，whichhavewonforhimtheaptnameoftheFranklinofTheology。FormorethantwentyyearsFullerism，asitwascalled，raisedacontroversylikethatoftheMarrowofDivinityinScotland，andclearedthegroundsufficientlyatleasttoallowofthefoundationofforeignmissionsinbothcountries。ItnowseemsincrediblethattheonlyclasswhoacenturyagorepresentedevangelicalismshouldhaveopposedmissionstotheheathenonthegroundthattheGospelismeantonlyfortheelect，whetherathomeorabroad；thatnothingspirituallygoodisthedutyoftheunregenerate，therefore"nothingmustbeaddressedtotheminawayofexhortationexceptingwhatrelatestoexternalobedience。"

Thesameyear，1784，inwhichtheBaptistconcertforprayerwasbegun，sawthepublicationofFuller'sGospelWorthyofallAcceptation。SevenyearslaterhepreachedatClipstoneafamoussermon，inwhichheappliedthedealingoftheLordofHosts(inHaggai)totheJewishapathy——"ThetimeisnotcomethattheLord'shouseshouldbebuilt"——withapoweranddirectnesswhichneverthelessfailedpracticallytoconvincehimself。Themenwholistenedtohimhadbeenprayingforsevenyears，yethadopposedCarey'spleasforaforeignmission，hadtreatedhimasavisionaryoramadman。WhenFullerhadpublishedhistreatise，Careyhaddrawnthepracticaldeduction——"Ifitbethedutyofallmen，whentheGospelcomes，tobelieveuntosalvation，thenitisthedutyofthosewhoareentrustedwiththeGospeltoendeavourtomakeitknownamongallnationsfortheobedienceoffaith。"Now，aftersevenmoreyearsofwaiting，andrememberingthemanuscriptEnquiry，Careythoughtactioncannotbelongerdelayed。Hardlywastheusualdiscussionthatfollowedthemeetingoverwhen，asthestoryistoldbythesonofRylandwhohadsilencedhiminaformerministers'

meeting，Careyappealedtohisbrethrentoputtheirpreachingintopracticeandbeginamissionarysocietythatveryday。Fuller'ssermonborethetitleofTheEvilNatureandtheDangerousTendencyofDelayintheConcernsofReligion，andithadbeenprecededbyoneonbeingveryjealousfortheLordGodofHosts，inwhichSutcliffcriedforthedivinepassion，thecelestialfirethatburnedinthebosomandblazedinthelifeofElijah。TheElijahoftheirownchurchanddaywasamongthem，burningandblazingforyears，andallthathecouldinducethemtopromisewasvaguelythat，"somethingshouldbedone，"andtothrowtohisimportunitytheeasyrequestthathewouldpublishhismanuscriptandpreachnextyear'ssermon。

Meanwhile，in1789，CareyhadleftMoulton6forLeicester，whitherhewassummonedtobuildupacongregation，ruinedbyantinomianism，inthemeanbrickchapeloftheobscurequarterofHarveyLane。ThischapelhisgeniusandRobertHall'seloquencemadesofamousintimethattheBaptistssentoffavigoroushivetothefinenewchurch。

Inanequallyhumblehouseoppositethechapelthepovertyofthepastorcompelledhimtokeepaschoolfromnineinthemorningtillfourinwinterandfiveinsummer。Betweenthisandthehoursforsleepandfoodhehadlittleleisure；butthathespent，ashehaddoneallhislifebeforeanddidallhislifeafter，withamethodandzealwhichdoubledhisworkingdays。"Ihaveseenhimatwork，"

writesGardinerinhisMusicandFriends，"hisbooksbesidehim，andhisbeautifulflowersinthewindows。"Inalettertohisfatherwehavethisdivisionofhisleisure——Monday，"thelearnedlanguages；"

Tuesday，"thestudyofscience，history，composition，etc；"

Wednesday，"Ipreachalecture，andhavebeenformorethantwelvemonthsontheBookofRevelation；"Thursday，"Ivisitmyfriends；"

FridayandSaturday，"preparingfortheLord'sDay。"HepreachedthreetimeseverySundayinhisownchapelorthesurroundingvillages，withsuchresultsthatinonecaseheaddedhundredstoitsWesleyancongregation。Hewassecretarytothelocalcommitteeofdissenters。"Addtothisoccasionaljourneys，ministers'

meetings，etc。，andyouwillratherwonderthatIhaveanytime，thanthatIhavesolittle。Iamnotmyown，norwouldIchooseformyself。LetGodemploymewherehethinksfit，andgivemepatienceanddiscretiontofillupmystationtohishonourandglory。"

"AfterIhadbeenprobationerinthisplaceayearandtenmonths，onthe24thofMay1791Iwassolemnlysetaparttotheofficeofpastor。Abouttwentyministersofdifferentdenominationswerewitnessestothetransactionsoftheday。AfterprayerBrotherHopperofNottinghamaddressedthecongregationuponthenatureofanordination，afterwhichheproposedtheusualquestionstothechurch，andrequiredmyConfessionofFaith；whichbeingdelivered，BrotherRylandprayedtheordinationprayer，withlayingonofhands。BrotherSutcliffdeliveredaverysolemnchargefromActsvi。4——'Butwewillgiveourselvescontinuallytoprayerandtotheministryoftheword。'AndBrotherFullerdeliveredanexcellentaddresstothepeoplefromEph。v。2——'Walkinlove。'IntheeveningBrotherPearceofBirminghampreachedfromGal。vi。14——'GodforbidthatIshouldglory，saveinthecrossofourLordJesusChrist，bywhomtheworldiscrucifieduntomeandIuntotheworld。'Thedaywasadayofpleasure，andIhopeofprofittothegreatestpartoftheAssembly。"

Careybecamethefriendofhisneighbour，ThomasRobinson，evangelicalrectorofSt。Mary's，towhomhesaidononeoccasionwhenindirectlychargedinhumorousfashionwith"sheep-stealing："

"Mr。Robinson，Iamadissenter，andyouareachurchman；wemusteachendeavourtodogoodaccordingtoourlight。Atthesametime，youmaybeassuredthatIhadratherbetheinstrumentofconvertingascavengerthatsweepsthestreetsthanofmerelyproselytingtherichestandbestcharactersinyourcongregation。"Dr。ArnoldandMr。R。Brewin，abotanist，openedtohimtheirlibraries，andallgoodmeninLeicestersoonlearnedtobeproudofthenewBaptistminister。Inthetwochapels，asinthatofMoulton，enlargedsincehistime，memorialtabletstellsucceedinggenerationsofthevirtuesandthedeedsof"theillustriousW。Carey，D。D。"

Theministers'meetingof1792cameround，andon31stMayCareyseizedhisopportunity。TheplacewasNottingham，fromwhichthe1784invitationtoprayerhadgoneforth。Wastheanswertocomejustthereafternineyears'waiting？HisEnquiryhadbeenpublished；haditpreparedthebrethren？Rylandhadbeenalwaysloyaltothejourneymanshoemakerhehadbaptisedintheriver，andhegivesusthisrecord：——"Ifallthepeoplehadlifteduptheirvoicesandwept，asthechildrenofIsraeldidatBochim，Ishouldnothavewonderedattheeffect。Itwouldonlyhaveseemedproportionatetothecause，soclearlydidheprovethecriminalityofoursupinenessinthecauseofGod。"ThetextwasIsaiah's(liv。

2，3)visionofthewidowedchurch'stentstretchingforthtillherchildreninheritedthenationsandpeopledthedesolatecities，andtheapplicationtothereluctantbrethrenwascouchedinthesetwogreatmaximswritteneversinceonthebannersofthemissionaryhostofthekingdom——

EXPECTGREATTHINGSFROMGOD。

ATTEMPTGREATTHINGSFORGOD。

Theservicewasover；evenFullerwasafraid，evenRylandmadenosign，andtheministerswereleavingthemeeting。SeizingFuller'sarmwithanimploringlook，thepreacher，whomdespairemboldenedtoactaloneforhisMaster，exclaimed："Andareyou，afterall，goingagaintodonothing？"WhatFullerdescribesasthe"muchfearandtrembling"oftheseinexperienced，poor，andignorantvillagepreachersgavewaytotheappealofonewhohadgainedbothknowledgeandcourage，andwho，astofundsandmen，wasreadytogivehimself。Theyenteredontheirminutesthismuch：——"Thataplanbepreparedagainstthenextministers'meetingatKetteringforformingaBaptistSocietyforpropagatingtheGospelamongtheHeathen。"Therewasmoredelay，butonlyforfourmonths。ThefirstpurelyEnglishMissionarySociety，whichsentforthitsownEnglishfounder，wasthusconstitutedasdescribedintheminutesoftheNorthamptonministers'meeting。

"Attheministers'meetingatKettering，October2，1792，afterthepublicservicesofthedaywereended，theministersretiredtoconsultfurtheronthematter，andtolayafoundationatleastforasociety，whenthefollowingresolutionswereproposed，andunanimouslyagreedto：——

"1。Desirousofmakinganeffortforthepropagationofthegospelamongtheheathen，agreeablytowhatisrecommendedinbrotherCarey'slatepublicationonthatsubject，we，whosenamesappeartothesubsequentsubscription，dosolemnlyagreetoactinsocietytogetherforthatpurpose。

"2。AsinthepresentdividedstateofChristendom，itseemsthateachdenomination，byexertingitselfseparately，ismostlikelytoaccomplishthegreatendsofamission，itisagreedthatthissocietybecalledTheParticular[Calvinistic]BaptistSocietyforPropagatingtheGospelamongtheHeathen。

"3。Assuchanundertakingmustneedsbeattendedwithexpense，weagreeimmediatelytoopenasubscriptionfortheabovepurpose，andtorecommendittoothers。

"4。Everypersonwhoshallsubscribetenpoundsatonce，ortenshillingsandsixpenceannually，shallbeconsideredamemberofthesociety。

"5。ThattheRev。JohnRyland，ReynoldHogg，WilliamCarey，JohnSutcliff，andAndrewFuller，beappointedacommittee，threeofwhomshallbeempoweredtoactincarryingintoeffectthepurposesofthissociety。

"6。ThattheRev。ReynoldHoggbeappointedtreasurer，andtheRev。

AndrewFullersecretary。

"7。ThatthesubscriptionsbepaidinattheNorthamptonministers'

meeting，October31，1792，atwhichtimethesubjectshallbeconsideredmoreparticularlybythecommittee，andothersubscriberswhomaybepresent。

"Signed，JohnRyland，ReynoldHogg，JohnSutcliff，AndrewFuller，AbrahamGreenwood，EdwardSherman，JoshuaBurton，SamuelPearce，ThomasBlundel，WilliamHeighton，JohnEayres，JosephTimms；whosesubscriptionsinallamountedto？3：2：6。"

Theproceduresuggestedin"brotherCarey'slatepublication"wasstrictlyfollowed——asocietyofsubscribers，2d。aweek，or10s。6d。

ayearasacompromisebetweenthetithesandthepennyaweekoftheEnquiry。ThesecretarywasthecourageousFuller，whooncesaidtoRylandandSutcliff："Youexcelmeinwisdom，especiallyinforeseeingdifficulties。Ithereforewanttoadvisewithyouboth，buttoexecutewithoutyou。"ThefrequentchairmanwasRyland，whowassoontotrainmissionariesfortheworkatBristolCollege。Thetreasurerwastheonlyrichmanofthetwelve，whosoonresignedhisofficeintoalayman'shands，aswasright。OftheothersweneednowpointonlytoSamuelPearce，theseraphicpreacherofBirmingham，whowenthomeandsent？0tothecollection，andwho，sincehedesiredtogivehimselflikeCarey，becametohimdearerthanevenFullerwas。Theplacewasalow-roofedparlourinthehouseofWidowWallis，lookingontoabackgarden，whichmanyapilgrimstillvisits，andaroundwhichtheregatheredthousandsin1842toholdthefirstjubileeofmodernmissions，whencommemorativemedalswerestruck。Therein1892thecentenarywitnessedastillvasterassemblage。

CananygoodcomeoutofKettering？wastheconclusionoftheBaptistministersofLondonwiththeoneexceptionofBooth，whentheymetformallytodecidewhether，likethoseofBirminghamandotherplaces，theyshouldjointheprimarysociety。BenjaminBeddome，avenerablescholarwhomRobertHalldeclaredtobechiefamonghisbrethren，repliedtoFullerinlanguagewhichisfarfromunusualevenatthepresentday，butshowingthepositionwhichtheLeicesterministerhadwonforhimselfeventhen：——

"Ithinkyourscheme，consideringthepaucityofwell-qualifiedministers，hathaveryunfavourableaspectwithrespecttodestitutechurchesathome，wherecharityoughttobegin。IhadthepleasureoncetoseeandhearMr。Carey；itstruckmehewasthemostsuitablepersoninthekingdom，atleastwhomIknew，tosupplymyplace，andmakeupmygreatdeficiencieswheneitherdisabledorremoved。Adifferentplanisformedandpursued，andIfearthatthegreatandgoodman，thoughinfluencedbythemostexcellentmotives，willmeetwithadisappointment。However，Godhathhisends，andwhoeverisdisappointedHecannotbeso。Myunbelievingheartisreadytosuggestthatthetimeisnotcome，thetimethattheLord'shouseshouldbebuilt。"

TheotherCongregationalistsmadenosign。ThePresbyterians，withafewnobleexceptionslikeDr。Erskine，whoseDutchvolumeCareyhadtranslated，denouncedsuchmovementsasrevolutionaryinaGeneralAssemblyofSocinianised"moderates。"TheChurchofEnglandkepthaughtilyortimidlyaloof，thoughkingandarchbishopwerepressedtosendamission。"ThosewhointhatdaysneeredthatEnglandhadsentacobblertoconverttheworldwerethedirectlinealdescendantsofthosewhosneeredinPalestine2000yearsago，'Isnotthisthecarpenter？'"saidArchdeaconFarrarinWestminsterAbbeyon6thMarch1887。HenceFuller'sreferencetothistime：——"Whenwebeganin1792therewaslittleornorespectabilityamongus，notsomuchasasquiretositinthechairoranoratortoaddresshimwithspeeches。HencegoodDr。StennettadvisedtheLondonministerstostandaloofandnotcommitthemselves。"

OnemaninIndiahadstriventorousetheChurchtoitsdutyasCareyhaddoneathome。CharlesGranthadin1787writtenfromMaldatoCharlesSimeonandWilberforceforeightmissionaries，butnotoneChurchofEnglandclergymancouldbefoundtogo。Thirtyyearsafter，whenchairmanoftheCourtofDirectorsandfatherofLordGlenelgandSirRobertGrant，hewrote：——"IhadformedthedesignofamissiontoBengal：ProvidencereservedthathonourfortheBaptists。"Afterall，thetwelvevillagepastorsinthebackparlourofKetteringwerethemorereallythesuccessorsofthetwelveapostlesintheupperroomofJerusalem。

CHAPTERIII

INDIAASCAREYFOUNDIT

1793

Tahitiv。Bengal——CareyandThomasappointedmissionariestoBengal——ThefarewellatLeicester——JohnThomas，firstmedicalmissionary——Carey'slettertohisfather——TheCompany's"abominablemonopoly"——Thevoyage——Carey'saspirationsforworld-widemissions——LandsatCalcutta——HisdescriptionofBengalin1793——ContrastpresentedbyCareytoClive，Hastings，andCornwallis——ThespiritualfounderofanIndianEmpireofChristianBritain——Bengalandthefamineof1769-70——TheDecennialSettlementdeclaredpermanent——Effectsonthelandedclasses——ObstaclestoCarey'swork——EastIndiaCompanyatitsworst——HindooismandtheBengaleesin1793——PositionofHindoowomen——MissionaryattemptsbeforeCarey's——ZiegenbalgandSchwartz——Kiernanderandthechaplains——HindooisedstateofAnglo-IndiansocietyanditsreactiononEngland——GuneshanDass，thefirstcasteHindootovisitEngland——WilliamCareyhadnopredecessor。

CareyhaddesiredtogofirsttoTahitiorWesternAfrica。ThenativesofNorthAmericaandthenegroesoftheWestIndiesandSierraLeonewerebeingcaredforbyMoravianandWesleyanevangelists。ThenarrativeofCaptainCook'stwofirstvoyagestothePacificanddiscoveryofTahitihadappearedinthesameyearinwhichtheNorthamptonchurchesbegantheirsevenyears'concertofprayer，justafterhisownsecondbaptism。Fromthemap，andaleatherglobewhichalsoheissaidtohavemade，hehadbeenteachingthechildrenofPiddington，Moulton，andLeicesterthegreatoutlinesandthrillingdetailsofexpeditionsroundtheworldwhichrousedboththescientificandthesimpleofEnglandasmuchasthediscoveriesofColumbushadexcitedEurope。WhenthechildlikeignoranceandnaturalgraceoftheHawaiians，whichhadatfirstfiredhimwiththelongingtotellthemthegoodnewsofGod，wereseenturnedintothewildjusticeofrevenge，whichmadeCookitsfirstvictim，Careybecameallthemoreeagertoanticipatethedisastersoflaterdays。Thatwasworkforwhichothersweretobefound。ItwasnotamidthescatteredanddecimatedsavagesofthePacificorofAmericathatthecitadelofheathenismwasfound，norbythemthattheworld，oldandnew，wastobemadethekingdomofChrist。WiththecautiouswisdomthatmarkedallFuller'saction，thoughperhapswiththeignorancethatwasduetoCarey'sabsence，thethirdmeetingofthenewsocietyrecordedthisamongotherarticles"tobeexaminedanddiscussedinthemostdiligentandimpartialmanner——Inwhatpartoftheheathenworlddothereseemtobethemostpromisingopenings？"

Theanswer，bigwithconsequenceforthefutureoftheEast，wasintheirhands，intheformofaletterfromCarey，whostatedthat"Mr。Thomas，theBengalmissionary，"wastryingtoraiseafundforthatprovince，andasked"whetheritwouldnotbeworthyoftheSocietytotrytomakethatandoursunitewithonefundforthepurposeofsendingthegospeltotheheathenindefinitely。"Tahitiwasnottobeneglected，norAfrica，norBengal，in"ourlargerplan，"whichincludedabovefourhundredmillionsofourfellowmen，amongwhomitwasanobject"worthyofthemostardentandperseveringpursuittodisseminatethehumaneandsavingprinciplesoftheChristianReligion。"IfthisMr。Thomaswereworthy，hisexperiencemadeitdesirabletobeginwithBengal。Thomasansweredforhimselfatthenextmeeting，whenCareyfelluponhisneckandwept，havingpreviouslypreachedfromthewords——"BeholdIcomequickly，andMyrewardiswithMe。""Wesaw，"saidFullerafterwards，"therewasagoldmineinIndia，butitwasasdeepasthecentreoftheearth。Whowillventuretoexploreit？'Iwillventuretogodown，'saidCarey，'butrememberthatyou(addressingFuller，Sutcliff，andRyland)mustholdtheropes。'Wesolemnlyengagedtohimtodoso，norwhileweliveshallwedeserthim。"

CareyandThomas，anordainedministerandamedicalevangelist，wereatthismeetinginKettering，on10thJanuary1793，appointedmissionariesto"theEastIndiesforpreachingthegospeltotheheathen，"on"？00or？50ayearbetweenthemall，"——thatis，fortwomissionaries，theirwives，andfourchildren，——untiltheyshouldbeabletosupportthemselvesliketheMoravians。Asamatteroffacttheyreceivedjust？00inallforthefirstthreeyearswhenself-supportandmissionextensionfairlybegan。ThewholesumatcreditoftheSocietyforoutfit，passage，andsalarieswas？30，sothatFuller'sprudencewasnotwithoutjustificationwhensupportedbyThomas'sassurancesthattheamountwasenough，andCarey'smodestself-sacrifice。"WeadvisedMr。Carey，"wroteFullertoRyland，"togiveuphisschoolthisquarter，forwemustmakeupthelosstohim。"ThemoreseriouscostofthepassagewasraisedbyFullerandbythepreachingtoursofthetwomissionaries。Duringoneofthese，atHull，Careymettheprinterandnewspapereditor，WilliamWard，andcasthismantleoverhimthus——"IftheLordblessus，weshallwantapersonofyourbusinesstoenableustoprinttheScriptures；Ihopeyouwillcomeafterus。"Warddidsoinfiveyears。

The20thMarch1793wasahighdayintheLeicesterchapel，HarveyLane，whenthemissionariesweresetapartlikeBarnabasandPaul——aforenoonofprayer；anafternoonofpreachingbyThomasfromPsalmxvi。4；"TheirsorrowsshallbemultipliedthathastenafteranotherGod；"aneveningofpreachingbythetreasurerfromActsxxi。14，"Andwhenhewouldnotbepersuaded，weceased，saying，thewilloftheLordbedone；"andthepartingchargebyFullerthesecretary，fromtherisenLord'sownbenedictionandforthsendingofHisdisciples，"Peacebeuntoyou，asMyFatherhathsentMe，evensosendIyou。"OfteninafterdaysofsolitudeandreproachdidCareyquickenhisfaithbyreadingthebraveandlovingwordsofFulleron"theobjectsyoumustkeepinview，thedirectionsyoumustobserve，thedifficultiesyoumustencounter，therewardyoumayexpect。"

UnderdatefourdaysafterwefindthisentryintheChurchBook——"Mr。Carey，ourminister，leftLeicestertogoonamissiontotheEastIndies，totakeandpropagatetheGospelamongthoseidolatrousandsuperstitiousheathens。Thisisinsertedtoshowhislovetohispoormiserablefellow-creatures。Inthisweconcurredwithhim，thoughitisattheexpenseoflosingonewhomweloveasourownsouls。"WhenCarey'spreachinghadsofilledthechurchthatitbecamenecessarytobuildafrontgalleryatacostof？8，andtheyhadappliedtoseveralotherchurchesforassistanceinvain，hethustaughtthemtohelpthemselves。Theministerandmanyofthemembersagreedtopayoffthedebt"amongourselves"byweeklysubscriptions，——aprocess，however，whichcoveredfiveyears，sopoorwerethey。Careyleftthisasapartinglessontohomecongregations，whilehispeoplefoundittheeasiertopaythedebtthattheyhadsacrificedtheirbest，theirownminister，totheworkofmissionsforwhichhehadtaughtthemtopray。

JohnThomas，fouryearsolderthanCarey，wasasurgeon，whohadmadetwovoyagestoCalcuttaintheOxfordIndiaman，hadbeenofspiritualservicetoCharlesGrant，Mr。GeorgeUdny，andtheBengalciviliancircleatMalda，andhadbeensupportedbyMr。GrantasamissionaryforatimeuntilhiseccentricitiesanddebtsoutragedhisfriendsanddrovehimhomeatthetimeoftheKetteringmeetings。FulljusticehasbeendonetoacharacterandacareersomewhatresemblingthoseofJohnNewton，byhispatientandablebiographertheRev。C。B。Lewis。JohnThomashasthemeritofbeingthefirstmedicalmissionary，atatimewhennootherEnglishmancaredforeitherthebodiesorsoulsofourrecentlyacquiredsubjectsinNorthIndia，outsideofCharlesGrant'scircle。Hehasmore；hewasusedbyGodtodirectCareytothedenseHindoopopulationofBengal——tothepeopleandtothecentre，thatis，whereBrahmanismhaditsseat，andwhenceBuddhismhadbeencarriedbythousandsofmissionariesalloverSouthern，Eastern，andCentralAsia。ButthereourascriptionofmerittoThomasmuststop。

HoweverwellhemightspeaktheunculturedBengali，henevercouldwritethelanguageortranslatetheBibleintoaliterarystylesothatitcouldbeunderstoodbythepeopleorinfluencetheirleaders。HistemperkeptCharlesGrantbackfromhelpingtheinfantmission，thoughanxioustoseeMr。Careyandtoaidhimandanyothercompanion。ThedebtsofThomascausedhimandCareytobeexcludedfromtheOxford，inwhichhisfriendthecommanderhadagreedtotakethemandtheirpartywithoutalicence；cloudedtheearlyyearsoftheenterprisewiththeirshadow，andformedtheheaviestofthemanyburdensCareyhadtobearatstarting。If，afterwards，theoldassociationofThomaswithMr。UdnyatMaldagaveCareyahomeduringhisIndianapprenticeship，thiswasasmallatonementforthelossofthedirecthelpofMr。Grant。IfCareyprovedtobetheJohnamongthemenwhobegantomakeSeramporeillustrious，ThomaswasthePeter，sofarasweknowPeterintheGospelsonly。

JustbeforebeingejectedfromtheOxford，ashehadbeendeprivedoftheeffectualhelpofCharlesGrantthroughhisunhappycompanion，whenwithonlyhiseldestsonFelixbesidehim，howdidCareyviewhisGod-givenmission？Theverydifferentnatureofhiswife，whohadannouncedtohimthebirthofachild，clunganewtothehopethatthismightcausehimtoturnback。WritingfromRydeonthe6thMayhethusrepliedwithsweetdelicacyofhumanaffection，butwithtrueloyaltytohisMaster'scall：——

"Receivedyours，givingmeanaccountofyoursafedelivery。Thisispleasantnewsindeedtome；surelygoodnessandmercyfollowmeallmydays。Mystayherewasverypainfulandunpleasant，butnowIseethegoodnessofGodinit。ItwasthatImighthearthemostpleasingaccountsthatIpossiblycouldhearrespectingearthlythings。Youwishtoknowinwhatstatemymindis。Ianswer，itismuchaswhenIleftyou。IfIhadalltheworld，Iwouldfreelygiveitalltohaveyouandmydearchildrenwithme；butthesenseofdutyissostrongastooverpowerallotherconsiderations；I

couldnotturnbackwithoutguiltonmysoul。IfindalongingdesiretoenjoymoreofGod；but，nowIamamongthepeopleoftheworld，IthinkIseemorebeautiesingodlinessthanever，and，I

hope，enjoymoreofGodinretirementthanIhavedoneforsometimepast……YouwanttoknowwhatMrs。Thomasthinks，andhowshelikesthevoyage……ShewouldratherstayinEnglandthangotoIndia；butthinksitrighttogowithherhusband……TellmydearchildrenI

lovethemdearly，andprayforthemconstantly。Felixsendshislove。Ilookuponthismercyasananswertoprayerindeed。TrustinGod。LovetoKitty，brothers，sisters，etc。BeassuredIloveyoumostaffectionately。Letmeknowmydearlittlechild'sname——Iam，forever，yourfaithfulandaffectionatehusband，"WILLIAMCAREY。

"Myhealthneverwassowell。IbelievetheseamakesFelixandmebothashungryashunters。Icaneatamonstrousmeatsupper，anddrinkacoupleofglassesofwineafterit，withouthurtingmeatall。Farewell。"

Shewaswomanandwifeenough，intheend，todoasMrs。Thomashaddone，butshestipulatedthathersistershouldaccompanyher。

Byaseriesofspeciallyprovidentialevents，asitseemed，suchasmarkedthewholeearlyhistoryofthisfirstmissionaryenterpriseofmodernEngland，CareyandThomassecuredapassageonboardtheDanishIndiamanKronPrincessaMaria，boundfromCopenhagentoSerampore。AtDover，wheretheyhadbeenwaitingfordays，theeightwererousedfromsleepbythenewsthattheshipwasofftheharbour。Sunriseonthe13thJunesawthemonboard。Careyhadhadothertroublesbesideshiscolleagueandhiswife。Hisfather，thenfifty-eightyearsold，hadnotgivenhimupwithoutastruggle。"IsWilliammad？"hehadsaidwhenhereceivedtheletterinwhichhissonthusofferedhimselfuponthemissionaryaltar。Hismotherhaddiedsixyearsbefore：——

"LEICESTER，Jan。17th，1793。

"DEARANDHONOUREDFATHER，——TheimportanceofspendingourtimeforGodalone，istheprincipalthemeofthegospel。Ibeseechyou，brethren，saysPaul，bythemerciesofGod，thatyoupresentyourbodiesalivingsacrifice，holyandacceptable，whichisyourreasonableservice。Tobedevotedlikeasacrificetoholyuses，isthegreatbusinessofachristian，pursuanttotheserequisitions。

IconsidermyselfasdevotedtotheserviceofGodalone，andnowI

amtorealisemyprofessions。IamappointedtogotoBengal，intheEastIndies，amissionarytotheHindoos。Ishallhaveacolleaguewhohasbeentherefiveorsixyearsalready，andwhounderstandstheirlanguage。Theyarethemostmildandinoffensivepeopleinalltheworld，butareenvelopedinthegreatestsuperstition，andinthegrossestignorance……Ihope，dearfather，youmaybeenabledtosurrendermeuptotheLordforthemostarduous，honourable，andimportantworkthateveranyofthesonsofmenwerecalledtoengagein。Ihavemanysacrificestomake。I

mustpartwithabelovedfamily，andanumberofmostaffectionatefriends。NeverdidIseesuchsorrowmanifestedasreignedthroughourplaceofworshiplastLord's-day。ButIhavesetmyhandtotheplough——Iremain，yourdutifulson，"WILLIAMCAREY。"

WheninLondonCareyhadaskedJohnNewton，"WhatiftheCompanyshouldsendushomeonourarrivalinBengal？""Thenconclude，"wasthereply，"thatyourLordhasnothingthereforyoutoaccomplish。

ButifHehave，nopoweronearthcanhinderyou。"ByActofParliamentnottenyearsold，everysubjectoftheKinggoingtoorfoundintheEastIndieswithoutalicencefromtheCompany，wasguiltyofahighcrimeandmisdemeanour，andliabletofineandimprisonment。OnlyfouryearspreviouslyaregulationhadcompelledeverycommandertodelivertotheHooglipilotareturnofthepassengersonboardthattheActmightbeenforced。TheDanishnationalityoftheshipandcrewsavedthemissionaryparty。Sogrievouslydounjustlawsdemoralisecontemporaryopinion，thatFullerwasconstrainedtomeettheobjectionsofmanytothe"illegality"ofthemissionaries'actionbyreasoning，unanswerableindeed，butnotnowrequired："Theapostlesandprimitiveministerswerecommandedtogointoalltheworld，andpreachthegospeltoeverycreature；norweretheytostopforthepermissionofanypoweruponearth，buttogo，andtaketheconsequences。IfamanofGod，consciousofhavingnothinginhisheartunfriendlytoanycivilgovernmentwhatever，butdeterminedinallcivilmatterstoobeyandteachobediencetothepowersthatare，puthislifeinhishand，saying，Iwillgo，andifIampersecutedinonecityIwillfleetoanother'……whateverthewisdomofthisworldmaydecideuponhisconduct，hewillassuredlybeacquitted，andmorethanacquitted，atahighertribunal。"

Carey'sjournalofthevoyagebeginswithanallusionto"theabominableEastIndianmonopoly，"whichhewastodomorethananyothermantobreakdownbyweaponsnotofman'swarfare。ThesecondweekfoundhimatBengali，andforhiscompanionthepoemsofCowper。Ofthefourfellow-passengersonewasaFrenchdeist，withwhomhehadmanyadebate。

"Aug。2——Ifeelmyselftobemuchdeclined，uponthewhole，inthemorespiritualexercisesofreligion；yethavehadsomepleasantexercisesofsoul，andfeelmyheartsetuponthegreatworkuponwhichIamgoing。SometimesIamquitedejectedwhenIseetheimpenetrabilityoftheheartsofthosewithus。TheyhearuspreachontheLord's-day，butweareforcedtowitnesstheirdisregardtoGodalltheweek。OmayGodgiveusgreatersuccessamongtheheathen。Iamverydesirousthatmychildrenmaypursuethesamework；andnowintendtobringuponeinthestudyofSanskrit，andanotherofPersian。OmayGodgivethemgracetofitthemforthework！IhavebeenmuchconcernedforfearthepoweroftheCompanyshouldopposeus……

"Aug。20——Ihavereasontolamentoverabarrennessofsoul，andamsometimesmuchdiscouraged；forifIamsodeadandstupid，howcanIexpecttobeofanyuseamongtheheathen？YetIhaveoflatefeltsomeverylivelydesiresafterthesuccessofourundertaking。

IfthereisanythingthatengagesmyheartinprayertoGod，itisthattheheathenmaybeconverted，andthatthesocietywhichhassogenerouslyexerteditselfmaybeencouraged，andexcitedtogoonwithgreatervigourintheimportantundertaking……

"Nov。9——IthinkthatIhavehadmorelibertyinprayer，andmoreconversewithGod，thanforsometimebefore；buthave，notwithstanding，beenaveryunfruitfulcreature，andsoremain。

FornearamonthwehavebeenwithintwohundredmilesofBengal，buttheviolenceofthecurrentssetusbackwhenwehavebeenattheverydoor。IhopeIhavelearnedthenecessityofbearingupinthethingsofGodagainstwindandtide，whenthereisoccasion，aswehavedoneinourvoyage。"

TotheSocietyhewritesforaPolyglotBible，theGospelsinMalay，Curtis'sBotanicalMagazine，andSowerby'sEnglishBotany，athisowncost，andthusplanstheconquestoftheworld：——"IhopetheSocietywillgoonandincrease，andthatthemultitudesofheathenintheworldmayhearthegloriouswordsoftruth。AfricaisbutalittlewayfromEngland；Madagascarbutalittlewayfarther；SouthAmerica，andallthenumerousandlargeislandsintheIndianandChineseseas，Ihopewillnotbepassedover。Alargefieldopensoneveryside，andmillionsofperishingheathens，tormentedinthislifebyidolatry，superstition，andignorance，andexposedtoeternalmiseriesintheworldtocome，arepleading；yea，alltheirmiseriespleadassoonastheyareknown，witheveryheartthatlovesGod，andwithallthechurchesofthelivingGod。Oh，thatmanylabourersmaybethrustoutintothevineyardofourLordJesusChrist，andthatthegentilesmaycometotheknowledgeofthetruthasitisinHim！"

Onthe7thNovember，astheshiplayintheroadsofBalasore，heandThomaslandedand"beganourlabours。"ForthreehoursthepeopleofthebazaarlistenedwithgreatattentiontoThomas，andonepreparedforthemanativedinnerwithplantainleaffordish，andfingersforknivesandforks。Balasore——nameofKrishna——wasoneofthefirstsettlementsoftheEnglishinNorthIndiain1642，andtheretheAmericanBaptistsuccessorsofCareyhavesincecarriedonhiswork。Onthe11thNovember，afterafivemonths'

voyage，theylandedatCalcuttaunmolested。Thefirstfortnight'sexperienceofthecity，whosenativepopulationheestimatedat200，000，andofthesurroundingcountry，hethuscondenses：——"IfeelsomethingofwhatPaulfeltwhenhebeheldAthens，and'hisspiritwasstirredwithinhim。'Iseeoneofthefinestcountriesintheworld，fullofindustriousinhabitants；yetthree-fifthsofitareanuncultivatedjungle，abandonedtowildbeastsandserpents。Ifthegospelflourisheshere，'thewildernesswillineveryrespectbecomeafruitfulfield。'"

Clive，Hastings(Macphersonduringaninterregnumoftwenty-twomonths)，andCornwallis，werethemenwhohadfoundedandadministeredtheempireofBritishIndiauptothistime。CareypassedthelastGovernor-GeneralintheBayofBengalasheretiredwiththehonoursofasevenyears'successfulgeneralshipandgovernmenttoatoneforthenotunhappysurrenderofYorkTown，whichhadresultedintheindependenceoftheUnitedStates。SirJohnShore，afterwardsLordTeignmouth，whohadbeenselectedbyPitttocarryoutthereformswhichhehadelaboratedalongwithhispredecessor，hadenteredonhishighofficejustafortnightbefore。

Whatacontrastwaspresented，asmanjudges，bytheshyshoemaker，schoolmaster，andBaptistpreacher，whofoundnotaplaceinwhichtolayhisheadsaveahovellenttohimbyaHindoo，toClive，whosesuicidehemighthaveheardofwhenachild；toHastings，whoforseventeenyearshadstoodbeforehiscountryimpeached。TheyweremendescribedbyMacaulayasofancient，evenillustriouslineage，andtheyhadbroughtintoexistenceanempiremoreextensivethanthatofRome。Hewasapeasantcraftsman，whohadtaughthimselfwithaskillwhichLordWellesley，theirsuccessoralmostasgreatasthemselves，delightedpubliclytoacknowledge——amanofthepeople，oftheclasswhohadusedtheRomanEmpiretobuildoutofitauniversalChristendom，whowereeventhenturningFranceupsidedown，creatingtheRepublicofAmerica，andgivingnewlifetoGreatBritainitself。ThelittleEnglishmanwasabouttodoinCalcuttaandfromSeramporewhatthelittleJew，Paul，haddoneinAntiochandEphesus，fromCorinthandRome。Englandmightsenditsnoblyborntoerectthematerialandthesecularfabricofempire，butitwasonly，intheprovidenceofGod，thattheymightprepareforthepoorvillagepreachertoconverttheempireintoaspiritualforcewhichshouldintimedoforAsiawhatRomehaddoneforWesternChristendom。Buttillthelast，asfromthefirst，Careywasasunconsciousofthepartwhichhehadbeencalledtoplayashewasunrestingintheworkwhichitinvolved。Itisnofanaticalcriticism，butthetruephilosophyofhistory，whichplacesCareyoveragainstClive，thespiritualandsecularfounders，andDuffbesideHastings，thespiritualandsecularconsolidatorsofourIndianEmpire。

Carey'sworkforIndiaunderlaythefirstperiodoffortyyearsoftransitionfromCornwallistoBentinck，asDuff'scoveredthesecondofthirtyyearstothecloseofLordCanning'sadministration，whichintroducedtheneweraoffulltolerationandpartialbutincreasingself-governmentdirectedbytheViceroyandParliament。

CareyhadbeensentnotonlytotheonepeopleoutsideofChristendomwhoseconversionwouldtellmostpowerfullyonallAsia，Africa，andtheirislands——theHindoos；buttotheoneprovincewhichwasalmostentirelyBritish，andcouldbeusedasithadbeenemployedtoassimilatetherestofIndia——Bengal。TerritoriallytheEastIndiaCompanypossessed，whenhelanded，nothingoutsideoftheGangesvalleyofBengal，Bihar，andBenares，saveafewspotsontheMadrasandMalabarcoastsandtheportionjustbeforetakenintheMysorewar。TherestwasdesolatedbytheMarathas，theNizam，Tipoo，andotherMohammedanadventurers。OntheGangeticdeltaandrightuptoAllahabad，butnotbeyond，theCompanyruledandraisedrevenue，leavingtheotherfunctionsofthestatetoMohammedansofthetypeofTurkishpashasunderthetitularsuperiorityoftheeffeteEmperorofDelhi。TheBengaliandHindi-speakingmillionsoftheGangesandthesimpleraboriginesofthehillshadbeendevastatedbythefamineof1769-70，whichtheCompany'sofficials，whowerepowerlesswheretheydidnotintensifyitbyinterferencewithtrade，confessedtohavecutofffromtentotwelvemillionsofhumanbeings。Overthree-fifthsoftheareathesoilwasleftwithoutacultivator。Thewholeyoungofthatgenerationperished，sothat，eventwentyyearsafter，LordCornwallisofficiallydescribedone-thirdofBengalasajungleinhabitedonlybywildbeasts。AquarterofacenturyafterCarey'slanguagewas，aswehaveseen，"three-fifthsofitareanuncultivatedjungleabandonedtowildbeastsandserpents。"

ButtheBritishpeace，inBengalatleast，hadallowedabundantcropstoworktheirnaturalresultonthepopulation。ThelocalexperienceofShore，whohadwitnessedthehorrorshecoulddosolittletorelieve，hadunitedwiththestatesmanshipofCornwallistoinitiateaseriesofadministrativereformsthatworkedsomeevil，butmoregood，allthroughCarey'stime。Firstofall，asaffectingtheveryexistenceandthesocialdevelopmentofthepeople，ortheircapacityforbeingeducated，Christianised，civilisedinthehighestsense，therewastherelationoftheGovernmenttotheryots("protectedones")andthezameendars("landholders")。InIndia，asnearlyallovertheworldexceptinfeudalisedBritain，thestateisthecommonlandlordintheinterestsofallclasseswhoholdthesoilsubjecttothepaymentofcustomaryrents，directlyorthroughmiddlemen，totheGovernment。

ForthirtyyearsafterPlasseytheGovernmentofIndiahadbeenlearningitsbusiness，andintheprocesshadinjuredbothitselfandthelandedclasses，asmuchashasbeendoneinIreland。Fromameretraderithadbeen，moreorlessconsciously，becomingaruler。

In1786theCourtofDirectors，inafamousletter，triedtoarresttheruinwhichthefaminehadonlyhastenedbyorderingthatasettlementoftheland-taxorrevenueorrentbemade，notwithmerefarmerslikethepashasofTurkey，butwiththeoldzameendars，andthattheratebefixedfortenyears。CornwallisandShoretookthreeyearstomakethedetailedinvestigations，andin1789thestaterent-rollofBengalproperwasfixedat？，858，772ayear。

TheEnglishpeer，whowasGovernor-General，atoncejumpedtotheconclusionthatthisrateshouldbefixednotonlyfortenyears，butforever。TheexperiencedBengalcivilianprotestedthattodothatwouldbemadnesswhenathirdoftherichprovincewasoutofcultivation，andastotherestitsvaluewasbutlittleknown，anditsestateswerewithoutreliablesurveyorboundaries。

Wecannowseethat，asusual，bothwererightinwhattheyassertedandwronginwhattheydenied。Theprincipleoffixityoftenureandtaxcannotbeover-estimatedinitseconomic，social，andpoliticalvalue，butitshouldhavebeenappliedtothevillagecommunitiesandcultivatingpeasantswithouttheinterventionofmiddlemenotherthanthelargeancestrallandholderswithhereditaryrights，andthatonthestandardofcornrents。CornwallishaditinhispowerthustodowhatsomeyearsafterwardsSteindidinPrussia，withtheresultseeninthepresentGermanpeopleandempire。Thedisputeastoapermanentoradecennialsettlementwasreferredhome，andPitt，aidedbyDundasandCharlesGrant，tookaweektoconsiderit。Hisverdictwasgiveninfavouroffeudalism。

EightmonthsbeforeCareylandedatCalcuttathesettlementhadbeendeclaredperpetual；in1795itwasextendedtoBenaresalso。

Duringthenexttwentyyearsmismanagementanddebtrevolutionisedthelandedinterest，asinFranceatthesametime，butinaverydifferentdirection。ThecustomaryrightsofthepeasantproprietorshadbeenlegislativelysecuredbyreservingtotheGovernor-Generalthepower"toenactsuchregulationsashemaythinknecessaryfortheprotectionandwelfareofthedependenttalookdars，ryots，andothercultivatorsofthesoil。"Thepeasantscontinuedlongtobesofewthattherewascompetitionforthem；theprocessofextortionwiththeaidofthecourtshadhardlybegunwhentheyweremany，andthezameendarswereburdenedwithchargesforthepolice。Butin1799andagainin1812thestate，tremblingforitsrent，gavethezameendarsfurtherauthority。Theprincipleofpermanenceofassessmentsofarco-operatedwiththesplendidfertilityoftheGangesvalleyandthepeacefulmultiplicationofthepeopleandspreadofcultivation，thatallthroughthewarsandannexations，uptothecloseoftheMutiny，itwasBengalwhichenabledEnglandtoextendtheempireuptoitsnaturallimitsfromthetwoseastotheHimalaya。Butin1859thefirstattemptwasmadebythefamousActX。tochecktherack-rentingpowerofthezameendars。Andnow，morethanacenturysincethefirststepwastakentoarresttheruinofthepeasantry，thelegislatureofIndiahasagaintriedtosolveforthewholecountrythesefourdifficultieswhichallpastlandedregulationshaveintensified——togivethestatetenantsaguaranteeagainstuncertainenhancementsofrent，andagainsttaxationofimprovements；tominimisetheeviloftakingrentincashinsteadofinkindbyarrangingthedatesonwhichrentispaid；andtomitigateifnotpreventfaminebyallowingreliefforfailureofcrops。Aspioneering，theworkofCareyandhiscolleaguesallthroughwasdistinctlyhinderedbythetreatmentofthelandquestion，whichatoncegrounddownthemassofthepeopleandcreatedaclassofoppressivelandlordsdestituteforthemostpartofpublicspiritandthehigherculture。BothweredisinclinedbytheircircumstancestolendaneartotheGospel，butthesecircumstancesmadeitthemoreimperativeonthemissionariestotellthem，toteachtheirchildren，toprintforallthegladtidings。Carey，himselfofpeasantextraction，caredforthemillionsofthepeopleaboveall；buthisworkintheclassicalaswellasthevernacularlanguageswasequallyaddressedtotheirtwentythousandlandlords。Thetimeofhiswork——beforeBentinck；

andthecentreofit——outsidethemetropolis，lefttheuseoftheEnglishweaponagainstBrahmanismlargelyforDuff。

WhenCornwallis，followingWarrenHastings，completedthesubstitutionoftheBritishfortheMohammedanciviladministrationbyasystemofcourtsandpoliceandacodeofregulations，hewasguiltyofoneomissionandonemistakethatittookyearsofdiscussionandactiontorectify。HedidnotabolishfromthecourtstheuseofPersian，thelanguageoftheoldMussulmaninvaders，nowforeigntoallparties；andheexcludedfromallofficesabove？0ayearthenativesofthecountry，contrarytotheirfairandpoliticpractice。Bengalanditsmillions，intruth，werenominallygovernedindetailbythreehundredwhiteanduprightcivilians，withtheinevitableresultinabuseswhichtheycouldnotprevent，andoppressionofnativebynativewhichtheywouldnotcheck，andthedelayordevelopmentofreformswhichthefewmissionarieslongcalledforinvain。Inaword，aftermakingthemostgenerousallowanceforthegoodintentionsofCornwallis，andconscientiousnessofShore，hissuccessor，wemustadmitthatCareywascalledtobecomethereformerofastateofsocietywhichtheworstevilsofAsiaticandEnglishrulecombinedtopreventhimandotherself-sacrificingordisinterestedphilanthropistsfrompurifying。TheEastIndiaCompany，athomeandinIndia，hadreachedthatdepthofoppositiontolightandfreedominanyformwhichjustifiesBurke'sextremestpassages——theperiodbetweenitstriumphontheexclusionof"thepiousclauses"fromtheCharterof1793anditsdefeatintheCharterof1813。WeshallreproducesomeoutlinesofthepicturewhichWarddrew：——7

"OnlandinginBengal，intheyear1793，ourbrethrenfoundthemselvessurroundedwithapopulationofheathens(notincludingtheMahometans)amountingtoatleastonehundredmillionsofsouls。

"Onthesubjectofthedivinenature，withtheverbaladmissionofthedoctrineofthedivineunity，theyheardtheseidolatersspeakof330，000，000ofgods。AmidstinnumerableidoltemplestheyfoundnoneerectedfortheworshipoftheonelivingandtrueGod。

Serviceswithoutendtheysawperformedinhonouroftheelementsanddeifiedheroes，butheardnotonevoicetunedtothepraiseoremployedintheserviceoftheoneGod。UnacquaintedwiththemoralperfectionsofJehovah，theysawthisimmensepopulationprostratebeforedeadmatter，beforethemonkey，theserpent，beforeidolstheverypersonificationsofsin；andtheyfoundthisanimal，thisreptile，andthelecherKrishnu{uwithinverted^like殅andhisconcubineRadha，amongthefavouritedeitiesoftheHindoos……

"Respectingtherealnatureofthepresentstate，themissionariesperceivedthattheHindooslabouredunderthemostfatalmisapprehensions；thattheybelievedthegoodorevilactionsofthisbirthwerenotproducedasthevolitionsoftheirownwills，butarosefrom，andweretheunavoidableresultsof，theactionsofthepastbirth；thattheirpresentactionswouldinevitablygiverisetothewholecomplexionoftheircharactersandconductinthefollowingbirth；andthatthustheyweredoomedtointerminabletransmigrations，tofloatassomelightsubstanceuponthebosomofanirresistibletorrent……

"AmongsttheseidolatersnoBibleswerefound；nosabbaths；nocongregatingforreligiousinstructioninanyform；nohouseforGod；noGodbutalogofwood，oramonkey；noSaviourbuttheGanges；noworshipbutthatpaidtoabominableidols，andthatconnectedwithdances，songs，andunutterableimpurities；sothatwhatshouldhavebeendivineworship，purifying，elevating，andcarryingthehearttoheaven，wasacorruptbutrapidtorrent，poisoningthesoulandcarryingitdowntoperdition；nomorality，forhowshouldapeoplebemoralwhosegodsaremonstersofvice；

whosepriestsaretheirringleadersincrime；whosescripturesencouragepride，impurity，falsehood，revenge，andmurder；whoseworshipisconnectedwithindescribableabominations，andwhoseheavenisabrothel？Asmightbeexpected，theyfoundthatmendiedherewithoutindulgingthesmallestvestigeofhope，exceptwhatcanarisefromtransmigration，thehope，insteadofplungingintosomeplaceofmisery，ofpassingintothebodyofsomereptile。Tocarrytosuchapeoplethedivineword，tocallthemtogetherforsacredinstruction，tointroduceamongstthemapureandheavenlyworship，andtoleadthemtotheobservanceofaSabbathonearth，asthepreparativeandpreludetoastateofendlessperfection，wassurelyaworkworthyforaSaviourtocommand，andbecomingachristianpeopletoattempt。"

Theconditionofwomen，whowerethenestimatedat"seventy-fivemillionsofminds，"andwhomthecensusshowstobenowabove144，000，000，isthusdescribedafteranaccountoffemaleinfanticide：——

"TotheHindoofemalealleducationisdeniedbythepositiveinjunctionoftheshastru{uwithinverted^like殅，andbythegeneralvoiceofthepopulation。Notasingleschoolforgirls，therefore，alloverthecountry！Withknitting，sewing，embroidery，painting，music，anddrawing，theyhavenomoretodothanwithletters；thewashingisdonebymenofaparticulartribe。TheHindoogirl，therefore，spendsthetenfirstyearsofherlifeinsheeridleness，immuredinthehouseofherfather。

"Beforeshehasattainedtothisage，however，sheissoughtafterbytheghutuks，menemployedbyparentstoseekwivesfortheirsons。Sheisbetrothedwithoutherconsent；alegalagreement，whichbindsherforlife，beingmadebytheparentsonbothsideswhilesheisyetachild。Atatimemostconvenienttotheparents，thisboyandgirlarebroughttogetherforthefirsttime，andthemarriageceremonyisperformed；afterwhichshereturnstothehouseofherfather。

"Beforethemarriageisconsummated，inmanyinstances，theboydies，andthisgirlbecomesawidow；andasthelawprohibitsthemarriageofwidows，sheisdoomedtoremaininthisstateaslongasshelives。Thegreaternumberoftheseunfortunatebeingsbecomeapreytotheseducer，andadisgracetotheirfamilies。Notlongsinceabride，onthedaythemarriageceremonywastohavebeenperformed，wasburntonthefuneralpilewiththedeadbodyofthebridegroom，atChandernagore，afewmilesnorthofCalcutta。

Concubinage，toamostawfulextent，isthefruitofthesemarriageswithoutchoice。WhatasumofmiseryisattachedtothelotofwomaninIndiabeforeshehasattainedevenherfifteenthyear！

"Insomecasesasmanyasfiftyfemales，thedaughtersofsomanyHindoos，aregiveninmarriagetoonebramhun{uwithinverted^

like殅，inordertomakethesefamiliessomethingmorerespectable，andthattheparentsmaybeabletosay，wearealliedbymarriagetothekooleens……

"Buttheawfulstateoffemalesocietyinthismiserablecountryappearsinnothingsomuchasindoomingthefemale，thewidow，tobeburntalivewiththeputridcarcaseofherhusband。TheHindoolegislatorshavesanctionedthisimmolation，showinghereinastudieddeterminationtoinsultanddegradewoman。Sheis，therefore，inthefirstinstance，deludedintothisactbythewritingsofthesebramhuns{uwithinverted^like殅；inwhichalsosheispromised，thatifshewillofferherself，forthebenefitofherhusband，onthefuneralpile，sheshall，bytheextraordinarymeritofthisaction，rescueherhusbandfrommisery，andtakehimandfourteengenerationsofhisandherfamilywithhertoheaven，wheresheshallenjoywiththemcelestialhappinessuntilfourteenkingsofthegodsshallhavesucceededtothethroneofheaven(thatis，millionsofyears！)Thusensnared，sheembracesthisdreadfuldeath。Ihaveseenthreewidows，atdifferenttimes，burntalive；

andhadrepeatedopportunitiesofbeingpresentatsimilarimmolations，butmycouragefailedme……

"Theburyingaliveofwidowsmanifests，ifthatwerepossible，astillmoreabominablestateoffeelingtowardswomenthantheburningthemalive。Theweaversburytheirdead。When，therefore，awidowofthistribeisdeludedintothedeterminationnottosurviveherhusband，sheisburiedalivewiththedeadbody。Inthiskindofimmolationthechildrenandrelationsdigthegrave。

Aftercertainceremonieshavebeenattendedto，thepoorwidowarrives，andisletdownintothepit。Shesitsinthecentre，takingthedeadbodyonherlapandencirclingitwithherarms。

Theserelationsnowbegintothrowinthesoil；andafterashortspace，twoofthemdescendintothegrave，andtreadtheearthfirmlyroundthebodyofthewidow。Shesitsacalmandunremonstratingspectatorofthehorridprocess。Sheseestheearthrisinghigherandhigheraroundher，withoutupbraidinghermurderers，ormakingtheleastefforttoariseandmakeherescape。

Atlengththeearthreachesherlips——coversherhead。Therestoftheearthisthenhastilythrownin，andthesechildrenandrelationsmountthegrave，andtreaddowntheearthupontheheadofthesuffocatingwidow——themother！"

BeforeCarey，whathadbeendonetoturnthemillionsofNorthIndiafromsuchdarknessasthat？Nothing，beyondthebriefandimpulsiveeffortsofThomas。TheredoesnotseemtohavebeenthereonegenuineconvertfromanyoftheAsiaticfaiths；therehadneverbeeneventhenucleusofanativechurch。

InSouthIndia，forthegreaterpartofthecentury，theCoastMission，asitwascalled，hadbeencarriedonfromTranquebarasacentrebytheLutheranswhom，fromZiegenbalgtoSchwartz，FranckehadtrainedatHalleandFriedrichIV。ofDenmarkhadsentforthtoitsEastIndiaCompany'ssettlement。Fromthebaptismofthefirstconvertin1707andtranslationoftheNewTestamentintoTamil，tothedeathin1798ofSchwartz，withwhomCareysoughttobeginacorrespondencethentakenupbyGuericke，thefoundationswerelaidaroundMadras，inTanjore，andinTinnevelliofanativechurchwhichnowincludesnearlyamillion。But，whenCareylanded，rationalisminGermanyandDenmark，andtheCarnaticwarsbetweentheEnglishandFrench，hadreducedtheCoastMissiontoastateofinanition。NorwasSouthernIndiathetrueorultimatebattlefieldagainstBrahmanism；thetriumphsofChristianitytherewereratheramongthedemon-worshippingtribesofDravidianoriginthanamongtheAryanracestillDr。W。MillerdevelopedtheChristianCollege。

ButthewayfortheharvestnowbeingreapedbytheEvangelicalsandAnglicansoftheChurchofEngland，bytheIndependentsoftheLondonMissionarySociety，theWesleyans，andthePresbyteriansofScotlandandAmerica，waspreparedbytheGermanZiegenbalgandSchwartzunderDanishprotection。TheEnglishPropagationandChristianKnowledgeSocietiessentthemoccasionalaid，thefirsttwoGeorgesundertheinfluenceoftheirGermanchaplainswrotetothemencouragingletters，andtheEastIndiaCompanyevengavethemafreepassageinitsships，andemployedthesculptorBacontopreparethenoblegroupofmarblewhich，inSt。Mary'sChurch，Madras，expressesitsgratitudetoSchwartzforhispoliticalservices。

ItwasClivehimselfwhobroughttoCalcuttathefirstmissionary，KiernandertheSwede，buthewasratherachaplain，oramissionarytothePortuguese，whowerenominalChristiansofthelowestRomanisttype。TheFrenchhadclosedtheDanishmissionatCuddalore，andin1758CalcuttawaswithoutaProtestantclergymantoburythedeadorbaptiseormarrytheliving。TwoyearsbeforeoneofthetwochaplainshadperishedinthetragedyoftheBlackHole，wherehewasfoundlyinghandinhandwithhisson，ayounglieutenant。Theotherhadescapeddowntheriveronlytodieoffeveralongwithmanymore。ThevictoryofPlasseyandthelargecompensationpaidforthedestructionofOldCalcuttaanditschurchinducedthousandsofnativestoflocktothenewcapital，whilethenumberoftheEuropeantroopsandofficialswasabout2000。Whenchaplainsweresentout，theGovernor-GeneralofficiallywroteofthemtotheCourtofDirectorssolateas1795：——"OurclergyinBengal，withsomeexceptions，arenotrespectablecharacters。"Fromthegeneralrelaxationofmorals，headded，"ablackcoatisnosecurity。"Theyweresobadlypaid——from？0to？30ayear，increasedby？20tomeetthecostoflivinginCalcuttaafter1764——thattheytraded。Preachingwastheleastofthechaplains'

duties；buryingwasthemostonerous。Anglo-Indiansociety，cutofffromLondon，itselfnotmuchbetter，byasixmonths'voyage，wascorrupt。WarrenHastingsandPhilipFrancis，hishostilecolleagueinCouncil，livedinopenadultery。Themajorityoftheofficialshadnativewomen，andtheincreaseoftheirchildren，wholivedinastateworsethanthatoftheheathen，becamesoalarmingthatthecompensationpaidbytheMohammedanGovernmentofMoorshedabadforthedestructionofthechurchwasappliedtothefoundationoftheusefulcharitystillknownastheFreeSchool。ThefathersnotinfrequentlyadoptedtheHindoopantheonalongwiththezanana。Thepollution，springingfromEnglandoriginally，wasrolledbackintoitinanincreasingvolume，whenthesurvivorsretiredasnabobswithfortunes，tocorruptsocialandpoliticallife，tillPittcriedout；anditbecamepossibleforBurkealmosttosucceedinhiseighteenyears'impeachmentofHastings。TheliteratureofthecloseoftheeighteenthcenturyisfullofalarmlesttheEnglishcharactershouldbecorrupted，andlestthebalanceoftheconstitutionshouldbeupset。

Kiernanderissaidtohavebeenthemeansofconverting209heathensand380Romanists，ofwhomthreewerepriests，duringthetwenty-eightyearsofhisCalcuttacareer。ClaudiusBuchanandeclaresthatChristiantractshadbeentranslatedintoBengali——onewrittenbytheBishopofSodorandMan——andthatinthetimeofWarrenHastingsHindooChristianshadpreachedtotheircountrymeninthecity。The"heathen"wereprobablyPortuguesedescendants，inwhoselanguageKiernanderpreachedasthelinguafrancaofthetime。

HecouldnotevenconverseinBengaliorHindostani，andwhenCharlesGrantwenttohimforinformationastothewayofasinner'ssalvationthishappened——"MyanxiousinquiriesastowhatI

shoulddotobesavedappearedtoembarrassandconfusehimexceedingly。Hecouldnotanswermyquestions，buthegavemesomegoodinstructivebooks。"OnKiernander'sbankruptcy，causedbyhissonwhenthefatherwasblind，the"MissionChurch"wasboughtbyGrant，whowrotethatitslabours"havebeenconfinedtothedescendantsofEuropeans，andhavehardlyeverembracedasingleheathen，sothatamissiontotheHindoosandMohammedanswouldbeanewthing。"TheRev。DavidBrown，whohadbeensentouttheyearafterasmasterandchaplainoftheMilitaryOrphanSociety，fortheeducationofthechildrenofofficersandsoldiers，andwastobecomeoneoftheSeramporecircleoffriends，preachedtoEuropeansonlyintheMissionChurch。CareycouldfindnotraceofKiernander'sworkamongthenativessixyearsafterhisdeath。8TheonlyconvertedHindooknownofinNorthernIndiauptothattimewasGuneshanDass，ofDelhi，whowhenaboyjoinedClive'sarmy，whowasthefirstmanofcastetovisitEngland，andwho，onhisreturnwiththeCalcuttaSupremeCourtJudgesin1774asPersianinterpreterandtranslator，wasbaptisedbyKiernander，Mr。justiceChambersbeingsponsor。

WilliamCareyhadnopredecessorinIndiaasthefirstordainedEnglishmanwhowassenttoitasamissionary；hehadnopredecessorinBengalandHindostanproperasthefirstmissionaryfromanylandtothepeople。EventheMoravians，whoin1777hadsenttwobrethrentoSerampore，Calcutta，andPatna，hadsoonwithdrawnthem，andoneofthembecametheCompany'sbotanistinMadras——Dr。Heyne。

Careypracticallystoodaloneatthefirst，whileheunconsciouslysetinmotionthedoublerevolution，whichwastoconverttheAnglo-IndianinfluenceonEnglandfromcorruptingheathenismtoaggressivemissionaryzeal，andtochangetheBengalofCornwallisintotheIndiaofBentinck，withallthepossibilitiesthathavemadeitgrow，thusfar，intotheIndiaoftheLawrences。

CHAPTERIV

SIXYEARSINNORTHBENGAL——MISSIONARYANDINDIGOPLANTER

1794-1799

Carey'stwomissionaryprinciples——DestituteinCalcutta——BandelandNuddea——Appliesinvaintobeunder-superintendentoftheBotanicGarden——Housedbyanativeusurer——TranslationandpreachingworkinCalcutta——SecuresagrantofwastelandatHasnabad——EstimateoftheBengalilanguage，andappealtotheSocietytoworkinAsiaandAfricaratherthaninAmerica——TheUdnyfamily——Carey'ssummaryofhisfirstyear'sexperience——SuperintendstheindigofactoryofMudnabati——IndigoandtheEastIndiaCompany'smonopolies——Carey'sfirstnearlyfatalsickness——Deathofhischildandchronicmadnessofhiswife——FormationoffirstBaptistchurchinIndia——EarlyprogressofBibletranslation——Sanskritstudies；theMahabarata——Thewoodenprinting-presssetupatMudnabati——Hiseducationalideal；

school-work——Themedicalmission——LordWellesley——CareyseeksamissioncentreamongtheBhooteas——DescribeshisfirstsightofaSati——ProjectsamissionsettlementatKidderpore。

Careywasinhisthirty-thirdyearwhenhelandedinBengal。Twoprinciplesregulatedtheconception，thefoundation，andthewholecourseofthemissionwhichhenowbegan。HehadbeenledtothesebytheverygeniusofChristianityitself，bytheexampleandteachingofChristandofPaul，andbytheexperienceoftheMoravianbrethren。HehadlaidthemdowninhisEnquiry，andeverymonth'sresidenceduringfortyyearsinIndiaconfirmedhiminhisadhesiontothem。Theseprinciplesarethat(1)amissionarymustbeoneofthecompanionsandequalsofthepeopletowhomheissent；and(2)amissionarymustassoonaspossiblebecomeindigenous，self-supporting，self-propagating，alikebythelaboursofthemissionandoftheconverts。Himselfamanofthepeopleyetascholar，ashoemakerandaschoolmasteryetapreacherandpastortowhomthegreatRobertHallgloriedinbeingasuccessor，CareyhadledthetwolivesasPaulhaddone。NowthathewasfairlyinCalcuttaheresumedthedivinetoil，andceaseditnottillheenteredontheeternalrest。HepreparedtogoupcountrytoMaldatotillthegroundamongthenativesoftherichdistrictaroundtheruinedcapitalofGour。HeengagedashispunditandinterpreterRamBasu，oneoftheprofessinginquirerswhomThomashadattractedinformerdays。Experiencesoontaughthimthat，howevercorrecthisprinciple，Maldaisnotalandwherethewhitemancanbeafarmer。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读