Adler’smostseriousdeviationsfromtherealityofobservationandhisdeepestconfusionofideashaveariseninhisattempttocorrelatethebasicprincipleofhistheorywiththepsychiclifeofthechild，anattemptwhichhasbecomeinevitableinpsychoanalysis。Thebiological，social，andphysiologicalmeaningof"masculine"and"feminine"haveherebecomemixedintoahopelesscomposition。Itisquiteimpossible，anditcaneasilybedisprovedbyobservation，thatthemasculineorfemininechildbuildsitsplanoflifeonanyoriginalundervaluationofthefemininesex；norisitconceivablethatachildcantakeastheguidinglinethewish："Iwillbearealman。"Inthebeginningnochildhasevenaninklingofthesignificanceofthedifferenceinsex，morelikelyitstartswiththeassumptionthatbothsexespossessthesame（male）genital。Itdoesnotbeginitssexualinvestigationwiththeproblemofsexdifferentiationandisfarfromentertainingthesocialundervaluation[p。47]ofthewoman。

Therearewomeninwhoseneurosisthewishtobeamanneverplayedanypart。Sofarasthe"masculineprotest"isconcerned，itcaneasilybetracedbacktoadisturbanceoftheoriginalnarcissismcausedbythethreatofcastration；thatis，tothefirsthindranceofsexualactivity。Alldisputeastothepsychogenesisoftheneurosesmustultimatelybedecidedinthesphereofthechildhoodneuroses。Thecarefulanalysisofaneurosisoftheearlyyearsofchildhoodputsanendtoallmistakesinregardtotheetiologyoftheneuroses，andalldoubtsastothepartplayedbythesexualimpulses。ThatiswhyAdlerinhiscriticismofJung’s"ConflictsoftheChild’sMind"wasobligedtoresorttotheimputationthatthematerialofthecasesurelymusthavefollowedauniformnewtendency"fromthefather。"[17]

IwillnotlingeranylongeroverthebiologicalsideofAdler’stheory，andwillnotexaminewhetherthepalpableinferiorityoforgansorthesubjectivefeelingofthesame（oneoftencannottellwhich）canpossiblybethebasisofAdler’ssystem。Onlypermitmetoremarkthatthiswouldmaketheneurosisaby—productofthegeneralstunting，whileobservationteachesthatanexcessivelylargenumberofhideous，misshapen，crippled，andwretchedcreatureshavefailedtoreacttotheirdeficienciesbydevelopinganeurosis。NorwillIconsidertheinterestinginformationthatthesenseofinferioritygoesbacktoinfantilefeelings。Itshowsusinwhatdisguisethedoctrineofinfantilism，somuchemphasizedinpsychoanalysis，returnsinAdler’sIndividualPsychology。Ontheotherhand，IamobligedtoemphasizehowallpsychologicalacquisitionsofpsychoanalysishavebeendisregardedbyAdler。Inhisbook"TheNervousCharacter，"theunconsciousstillappearsasapsychologicalpeculiarity，butwithoutanyrelationtohissystem。

Later，hedeclared，quitelogically，thatitwasamatterofindifferencetohimwhetheranyconceptionbeconsciousorunconscious。Fortheprincipleofrepressions，Adlerneverevincedanyunderstanding。WhilereviewingalecturebeforetheViennaSocietyin1911，he[p。48]said："OnthestrengthofacaseIwishtopointoutthatthepatienthadneverrepressedhislibido，againstwhichhecontinuallytriedtosecurehimself。"[18]SoonthereafteratadiscussioninViennaAdlersaid："Ifyouaskwhencecomestherepression，youaretold：fromculture。Butifyouaskwhencecomesculture，thereplyis：fromtherepression。Soyouseeitisonlyaquestionofaplayonwords。"AsmallfragmentofthesagacityusedbyAdlertodefendhis"nervouscharacter"mighthavesufficedtoshowhimthewayoutofthispettifoggingargument。Thereisnothingmysteriousaboutit，exceptthatculturedependsupontheactsofrepressionofformergenerations，andthateachnewgenerationisrequiredtoretainthisculturebycarryingoutthesamerepressions。Ihaveheardofachildthatconsidereditselffooledandbegantocry，becausetothequestion："Wheredoeggscomefrom？"

itreceivedtheanswer，"Eggscomefromhens，"andtothefurtherquestion：

"Wheredothehenscomefrom？"theinformationwas"Fromtheeggs，"andyetthiswasnotaplayuponwords。Thechildhadbeentoldwhatwastrue。

JustasdeplorableanddevoidofsubstanceisallthatAdlerhassaidaboutthedream——thatshibbolethofpsychoanalysis。Atfirstheconsideredthedreamasaturningfromthemasculinetothefeminineline，whichsimplymeanstranslatingthetheoryofwish—fulfillmentindreamsintothelanguageofthe"masculineprotest。"Laterhefoundthattheessenceofthedreamliesinthefactthatitenablesmantorealizeunconsciouslywhatisdeniedhimconsciously。Adlershouldalsobecreditedwiththepriorityofconfoundingthedreamwiththelatentdream—thoughts，onthecognitionofwhichrestshisideaof"prospectivetendency。"Maederfollowedhiminthis，lateron。Indoingsohereadilyoverlooksthefactthateveryinterpretationofthedreamwhichreallytellsnothingcomprehensibleinitsmanifestappearancerestsuponthesamedream—interpretation，whoseassumptionsandconclusionsheisdisputing。ConcerningresistanceAdlerassertsthatitservestostrengthenthepatientagainstthephysician。Thisiscertainlycorrect。Itmeansasmuch[p。49]assayingthatitservestheresistance。

Butwhencethisresistanceoriginates，andhowithappensthatitsphenomenaservethepatient’sinterest，thesequestions，asifofnointerestfortheego，arenotfurtherdiscussedbyAdler。Thedetailedmechanismsofsymptomsandphenomena，themotivationofthevarietyofdiseasesandmorbidmanifestations，findnoconsiderationatallwithAdler，sinceeverythingisequallysubservienttothe"masculineprotest，"totheself—assertion，andtotheexaltationofthepersonality。Thesystemisfinished，attheexpenseofanextraordinarylaborofnewinterpretation，yetithasnotcontributedasinglenewobservation。IbelievethatIhavesucceededinshowingthathissystemhasnothingwhateverincommonwithpsychoanalysis。

ThepicturewhichonederivesfromAdler’ssystemisfoundedentirelyupontheimpulseofaggression。Ithasnoplaceatallforlove。Onemightwonderthatsuchacheerlessaspectoflifeshouldhavereceivedanynoticewhatever；butwemustnotforgetthathumanity，oppressedbyitssexualneeds，ispreparedtoacceptanything，ifonlythe"overcomingofsexuality"

isheldoutasbait。

ThesecessionofAdler’sfactionwasfinishedbeforetheCongressatWeimarwhichtookplacein1911，whiletheoneoftheSwissSchoolbeganafterthisdate。Strangelyenough，thefirstindicationsofitwerefoundinsomeremarksbyRiklininpopulararticlesprintedinSwissliterature，fromwhichthegeneralpubliclearned，evenbeforeRiklin’sclosestcolleagues，thatpsychoanalysishadsucceededinovercomingsomeregretablemistakeswhichdiscreditedit。In1912Jungboasted，inalettertomefromAmerica，thathismodificationsofpsychoanalysishadovercometheresistancestoitinmanypersons，whohithertowantedtoknownothingaboutit。Irepliedthatthiswasnothingtoboastabout，thatthemorehesacrificedofthehard—wontruthsofpsychoanalysis，thelessresistanceshewouldencounter。

ThismodificationfortheintroductionofwhichtheSwissaresoproud，againwasnothingmoreorlessthanthetheoreticalsuppressionofthesexualfactor。IadmitthatfromtheverybeginningIhaveregardedthis"progress"asatoo—far—reachingadaptationtothedemandsofactuality。

[p。50]

Thesetworetrogressivemovements，tendingawayfrompsychoanalysis，whichIwillnowcompare，alsoresembleeachotherinthefactthattheyareseekingtoobtainafavorableopinionbymeansofcertainloftypointsofview，assubspecie&aelig；ternitatis。InthecaseofAdler，thisr&ocirc；leisplayedbytherelativityofallknowledge，andbytherightsofthepersonalitytoconstrueartificiallyanypieceofknowledgetosuittheindividual；whileJunginsistsontheculturalhistoricalrightsofyouthtothrowoffanyfettersthattyrannicaloldagewithossifiedviewswouldforgeforit。Theseargumentsrequiresomerepudiation。Therelativityofallourknowledgeisaconsiderationwhichmaybeusedasanargumentagainstanyothersciencebesidespsychoanalysis。Thisideaoriginatesfromwell—knownreactionarystreamsofthepresentdayinimicaltoscience，andwishestogivetheappearanceofasuperioritytowhichwearenotentitled。Notoneofuscanguesswhatmaybetheultimatejudgmentofmankindaboutourtheoreticalefforts。Thereareexamplestoshowthatwhatwasrejectedbythenextthreegenerationswascorrectedbythefourthanditsrecognitionthusbroughtabout。Thereisnothingelsefortheindividualtodothantodefend，withallhisstrength，hisconvictionbasedonexperienceafterhehascarefullylistenedtohisowncriticismsandhasgivensomeattentiontothecriticismsofhisopponents。Lethimbecontenttoconducthisaffairhonestlyandnotassumetheofficeofjudge，whichisreservedforaremotefuture。Toaccentuatepersonalarbitrarinessinscientificmattersisbad；itevidentlywishestodenytopsychoanalysisthevalueofascience，which，tobesure，Adlerhasalreadydepreciatedbytheaforementionedremark。Anyonewhohighlyregardsscientificthinkingwillratherseekformeansandmethodsbywhichtorestrict，ifpossible，thefactorofpersonalandartificialarbitrarinesswhereveritstillplaystoolargeapart。Besidesonemustrememberthatallagitationindefendingisoutofplace。Adlerdoesnottaketheseargumentsseriously。Theyareonlyforuseagainsthisopponents，buttheyrespecthisowntheories。TheyhavenotpreventedAdler’sadherentsfromcelebratinghimastheMessiah，forwhoseappearancewaitinghumanityhadbeenprepared[p。51]bysomanyforerunners。TheMessiahissurelynolongeranythingrelative。

Jung’sargumentadcaptandambenevolentiamrestsontheall—too—optimisticassumptionthattheprogressofhumanity，ofcivilization，andofknowledgehasalwayscontinuedinanunbrokenline，asiftherehadneverbeenanyepigones，reactions，andrestorationsaftereveryrevolution，asiftherehadneverbeenraceswho，becauseofaretrogression，hadtorenouncethegainofformergenerations。Theapproachtothestandpointofthemasses，thegivingupofaninnovationthathasprovedunpopular，allthesemakeitaltogetherunlikelythatJung’scorrectionofpsychoanalysiscouldlayclaimtobeingaliberatingactofyouth。Finallyitisno：theyearsofthedoerthatdecideit，butthecharacterofthedeed。

Ofthetwomovementswehavehereconsidered，thatheadedbyAdlerisundoubtedlythemoreimportant。Thoughradicallyfalse，itis，nevertheless，characterizedbyconsistencyandcoherenceanditisstillfoundedonthetheoryoftheimpulse。Ontheotherhand，Jung’smodificationhaslessenedtheconnectionbetweenthephenomenaandtheimpulses：besides，asitscritics（Abraham，Ferenczi，Jones）havealreadypointedout，itissounintelligible，muddled，andconfused，thatitisnoteasytotakeanyattitudetowardsit。Whereveronetouchesit，onemustbepreparedtobetoldthatonehasmisunderstoodit，anditisimpossibletoknowhowonecanarriveatacorrectunderstandingofit。Itrepresentsitselfinapeculiarlyvacillatingmanner，sinceatonetimeitcallsitself"aquitetamedeviation，notworthyoftherowwhichhasarisenaboutit"（Jung），yet，atanothertime，itcallsitselfanewsalvationwithwhichanewepochshallbeginforpsychoanalysis，infact，anewaspectoftheuniverseforeverythingelse。

WhenonethinksofthedisagreementsbetweentheindividualprivateandpublicexpressionsofJung’sutterancesoneisobligedtoasktowhatextentthisisduetohisownlackofclearnessandlackofsincerity。

Yet，itmustbeadmittedthattherepresentativesofthenewtheoryfindthemselvesinadifficultposition。Theyarenowdisputingthingswhichtheythemselvesformerlydefendedandwhat[p。52]ismore，thisdisputeisnotbasedonnewobservationswhichmighthavetaughtthemsomethingfresh，butratheronadifferentinterpretationwhichcausesthemtoseethingsinadifferentlightfromthatinwhichtheysawthembefore。Itisforthisreasonthattheywillnotgiveuptheirconnectionwithpsychoanalysisastherepresentativesofwhichtheyfirstbecameknownintheworld。Theyprefertoproclaimthatpsychoanalysishaschanged。AttheCongressofM&uuml；nichIwasobligedtoclearupthisconfusionanddidsobydeclaringthatIcouldnotrecognizetheinnovationoftheSwissSchoolasalegitimatecontinuationandfurtherdevelopmentofthePsychoanalysiswhichhadoriginatedwithme。Outsidecritics（likeFurtm&uuml；ller）hadalreadyrecognizedthisstateofaffairsandAbrahamsays，quiterightly，thatJungisinfullretreatawayfrompsychoanalysis。Iamnaturallyentirelywillingtoadmitthatanyonehastherighttothinkandtowritewhathewishes，buthehasnottherighttomakeitouttobesomethingdifferentfromwhatitreallyis。

JustasAdler’sresearchesbroughtsomethingnewintopsychoanalysis，apieceoftheego—psychology，andpaidonlytoodearlyforthisgiftbyrepudiatingallthefundamentalanalyticprinciples，inthesamewayJungandhisadherentshavebasedtheirfightagainstpsychoanalysisuponanewcontributiontothesame。Theyhavetracedindetail（whatPfisterdidbeforethem）howthematerialofthesexualideasoriginatinginthefamilycomplexandintheincestuousobjectselectioncanbeusedtorepresentthehighestethicalandreligiousinterestsofmankind，thatis，theyhaveexplainedaremarkablecaseofsublimationoftheeroticimpellingforcesandthetransformationofthesameintostrivingsthatcannolongerbecallederotic。Allthisharmonizedverywellwiththeassumptionsofpsychoanalysis，andwouldhaveagreedverywellwiththeconceptionthatinthedreamandintheneurosisoneseestheregressiveelucidationsoftheseandallothersublimations。Buttheworldwouldhaveexclaimedthatethicsandreligionhadbeensexualized。Icannothelpassuming"finally"thattheinvestigatorsfoundthemselvesquiteunequaltothestormtheyhadtoface。[p。53]Perhapsthestormbegantorageintheirownbosoms。TheprevioustheologicalhistoryofsomanyoftheSwissworkersisasimportantintheirattitudetopsychoanalysisasisthesocialisticrecordofAdlerforthedevelopmentofhis"psychology。"

OneisremindedofMarkTwain’sfamousstoryaboutthefateofhiswatchandtothespeculativeremarkwithwhichheclosedit："Andheusedtowonderwhatbecameofalltheunsuccessfultinkers，andgunsmiths，andshoemakers，andblacksmiths；butnobodycouldevertellhim。"

Iwillencroachupontherealmofparablesandwillassumethatinacertainsocietytherelivedaparvenuwhoboastedofdescentfromaverynoblefamilynotlocallyknown。Butitsohappenedthatitwasprovedtohimthathisparentswerelivingsomewhereintheneighborhoodandwereverysimplepeople，indeed。Onlyonewayoutremainedtohimandheseizeduponit。Hecouldnolongerdenyhisparents，butheassertedthattheywereveryaristocraticbyoriginbutmuchcomedownintheworld，andsecuredforthematsomeobligingofficeadocumentshowingtheirdescent。ItseemstomethattheSwissworkershadbeenobligedtoactinasimilarmanner。

Ifethicsandreligioncouldnotbesexualized，butmustberegardedassomething"higher"fromtheverybeginning，andastheiroriginfromthefamilyandOedipuscomplexesseemedundeniable，thentherewasonlyonewayout；namely，thatthesecomplexesthemselves，fromthebeginning，couldnothavethesignificancewhichtheyappearedtoexpress，butmusthavethathigher"anagogic"sense（touseSilberer’snomenclature）withwhichtheyadaptthemselvesforproperuseintheabstractstreamsofthoughtofethicsandreligiousmysticism。

IamquitepreparedtobetoldoncemorethatIhavemisunderstoodthecontentsandobjectofthetheoryoftheNew—Z&uuml；richSchool，butherewishtoprotestagainstbeingheldresponsibleforthosecontradictionstomytheoriesthathavearisenasaresultofthepublicationsofthisschoolTheburdenofresponsibilityrestsonthem，notonme。InnootherwaycanImakecomprehensibletomyselftheensembleofJung’sinnovationsorgraspthemintheirassociations。AllthechangeswhichJunghasperpetratedupon[p。54]psychoanalysisoriginatedintheintentionofsettingasideallthatisobjectionableinthefamilycomplexes，inorderthattheseobjectionablefeaturesmaynotbefoundagaininreligionandethics。Thesexuallibidowasreplacedbyanabstractidea，ofwhichitmaybesaidthatitremainedequallymysteriousandincomprehensiblealiketofoolsandtothewise。TheOedipus—complex，wearetold，hasonlya"symbolical"

sense，themotherthereinrepresentingtheunattainablewhichmustberenouncedintheinterestsofculturaldevelopment。ThefatherwhoiskilledintheOedipusmythrepresentsthe"inner"fatherfromwhoseinfluencewemustfreeourselvesinordertobecomeindependent。Nodoubtotherportionsofthematerialofsexualconceptionswill，intime，receivesimilarlynewinterpretations。Inplaceoftheconflictbetweeneroticstrivingsadversetotheegoandtheself—assertion，wearegiventheconflictbetweenthe"life—task"andthe"psychic—laziness。’’Theneuroticguiltyconsciencecorrespondswiththereproachofnothavingputtogoodaccountone’slife—task。

Thusanewreligio—ethicalsystemwasfoundedwhich，exactlylikeAdler’s，wasobligedtogivenewinterpretations，todistortorsetasidetheactualresultsofanalysis。Asamatteroffacttheyhavecaughtafewculturalhighernotesfromthesymphonyoftheworld’sby—gones，butonceagainhavefailedtohearthepowerfulmelodyoftheimpulses。

Inordertoholdthissystemtogetheritwasnecessarytodrawawayentirelyfromtheobservationsandtechniqueofpsychoanalysis。Nowandthentheenthusiasmforthehighercauseevenpermitsatotaldisregardforscientificlogic，asforinstance，whenJungmaintainsthattheOedipuscomplexisnot"specific"enoughfortheetiologyoftheneuroses，andascribedthisspecificitytolaziness，thatis，tothemostuniversalqualityofanimateandinanimatebodies!Moreover，itistoberemarkedthatthe"Oedipuscomplex"onlyrepresentsacapacityonwhichthepsychicforcesoftheindividualmeasurethemselves，andisnotinitselfaforce，likethe"psychiclaziness。"Thestudyoftheindividualmanhasshownandalwayswillshowthatthesexualcomplexesarealiveinhimintheiroriginalsense。Thatiswhythestudyoftheindividualwas[p。55]pushedbackbyJungandreplacedbythejudgmentoftheessentialfactsfromthestudyoftheraces。Asthestudyoftheearlychildhoodofeverymanexposedonetothedangerofstrikingagainsttheoriginalandundisguisedmeaningofthesemisinterpretedcomplexes，itwas，therefore，thoughtbesttomakeitaruletotarryaslittleaspossibleatthispastandtoplacethegreatestemphasisonthereturntotheconflict。Here，moreover，theessentialthingsarenotatalltheincidentalandpersonal，butratherthegeneral，thatistosay，the"non—fulfilmentofthelife—task。"Nevertheless，weknowthattheactualconflictoftheneuroticbecomescomprehensibleandsolvableonlyifitcanbetracedbackintothepatient’spasthistory，onlybyfollowingalongthewaythathislibidotookwhenhismaladybegan。

HowtheNewZ&uuml；richtherapyhasshapeditselfundersuchtendenciesIcanconveybymeansofreportsofapatientwhowashimselfobligedtoexperienceit。

"Nottheslightesteffortwasmadetoconsiderthepastorthetransferences。

WheneverIthoughtthatthelatterweretouched，theywereexplainedasameresymbolofthelibido。ThemoralinstructionswereverybeautifulandIfollowedthemfaithfully，butIdidnotadvanceonestep。Thiswasmoredistressingtomethantothephysician，buthowcouldIhelpit？

——Insteadoffreeingmeanalytically，eachsessionmadenewandtremendousdemandsonme，onthefulfilmentofwhichtheovercomingoftheneurosiswassupposedtodepend。Someofthesedemandswere：innerconcentrationbymeansofintroversion，religiousmeditation，livingtogetherwithmywifeinlovingdevotion，etc。Itwasalmostbeyondmypower，sinceitreallyamountedtoaradicaltransformationofthewholespiritualman。Ilefttheanalysisasapoorsinnerwiththestrongestfeelingsofcontritionandtheverybestresolutions，butatthesametimewiththedeepestdiscouragement。

Allthatthisphysicianrecommendedanypastorwouldhaveadvised，butwherewasItogetthestrength？"

Itistruethatthepatienthadalsoheardthatananalysisofthepastandofthetransferenceshouldprecedetheprocess。He，however，wastoldthathehadenoughofit。Butasithadnothelped[p。56]him，itseemstomethatitisjusttoconcludethatthepatienthadnothadenoughofthisfirstsortofanalysis。Notinanycasehasthesuperimposedtreatmentwhichnolongerhastheslightestclaimtocallitselfpsychoanalysis，helped。ItisamatterofwonderthatthemenofZ&uuml；richhadneedtomakethelongdetourviaViennatoreachBern，soclosetothem，whereDuboiscuresneurosesbyethicalencouragementinthemostindulgentfashion。[19]

Theutterdisagreementofthisnewmovementwithpsychoanalysisnaturallyshowsitselfalsoinitsattitudetowardsrepression，whichishardlymentionedanymoreinthewritingsofJung；intheuttermisconstructionofthedreamwhichAdler，ignoringthedream—psychology，confuseswiththelatentdream—thoughts，andalsointhelackofunderstandingoftheunconscious。Infactthisdisagreementcanbeseeninalltheessentialpointsofpsychoanalysis。

WhenJungtellsusthattheincest—complexisonly"symbolic，"thatithas"norealexistence，"thatthesavagefeelsnodesiretowardstheoldhagbutprefersayoungandprettywoman，thenoneistemptedtoassumeinordertodisposeofapparentcontradictionthat"symbolic"and"norealexistence"onlysignifywhatisdesignatedas"existingunconsciously。"

Ifonemaintainsthatthedreamissomethingdifferentfromthelatentdream—thoughts，whichitelaborates，onewillnotwonderthatthepatientsdreamofthosethingswithwhichtheirmindhasbeenfilledduringthetreatment，whetheritbethe"life—task"orbeing"above"or"below。"Certainlythedreamsofthoseanalyzedareguidableinasimilarmannerasdreamscanbeinfluencedbytheapplicationofexperimentalstimuli。Onemaydetermineapartofthematerialthatoccursinthedream，butthischangesnothinginthenatureandmechanismofthedream。NordoIbelievethattheso—called"biographical"dreamoccursoutsideoftheanalysis。On[p。57]theotherhand，ifweanalyzedreamsthatoccurredbeforethetreatmentbegan，orifattentionispaidtowhatthedreameraddstothestimulisuppliedtohimduringthetreatment，orifweavoidgivinghimanysuchtask，thenwecanconvinceourselveshowfarthedreamisfromofferingtentativesolutionsofthelife—task。Forthedreamisonlyanotherformofthinking；

theunderstandingofthisformcanneverbegainedfromthecontentofitsthoughts，onlytheconsiderationofthedream—workwillleadtoit。

TheeffectiverefutationofJung’smisconceptionsofpsychoanalysisandhisdeviationsfromitisnotdifficult。Anyanalysiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththerules，especiallyanyanalysisofachild，strengthenstheconvictionsonwhichthetheoryofpsychoanalysisrests，andrepudiatesthenewinterpretationsofAdler’sandJung’ssystems。Junghimself，beforehebecameenlightened，carriedoutsuchananalysisofachildandpublishedit。[20]Itremainstobeseenifhewillundertakeanewinterpretationofthiscasewiththehelpofanother"uniformnewtendencyofthefacts，"togiveAdler’sexpressionusedinthisconnection。

Theopinionthatthesexualrepresentationof"higher"ideasinthedreamandintheneurosisisnothingbutanarchaicmannerofexpression，isnaturallyirreconcilablewiththefactthatthesesexualcomplexesprovetobeintheneurosisthecarriersofthosequantitiesoflibidowhichhavebeenwithdrawnfromthereallife。Ifitwereonlyaquestionofsexualjargon，nothingcouldtherebybealteredintheeconomyofthelibidoitself。

Junghimselfadmitsthisinhis"DarstellungderpsychoanalytischenTheorie，"

andformulates，asatherapeutictask，thatthelibidoinvestingthecomplexesshouldbewithdrawnfromthem。Butthiscanneverbeaccomplishedbyrejectingthecomplexesandforcingthemtowardssublimation，butonlybythemostexhaustiveoccupationwiththem，andbymakingthemfullyconscious。Thefirstbitofrealitywithwhichthepatienthastodealishismaladyitself。

Anyefforttosparehimthistaskpointstoanincapacityofthephysiciantohelp[p。58]himinovercominghisresistances，ortoafearonthepartofthephysicianastotheresultsofthiswork。

IwouldliketosayinconclusionthatJung，byhis"modifications"

hasfurnishedpsychoanalysiswithacounterparttothefamousknifeofLichtenbergHehaschangedthehilt，hasinsertedintoitanewblade，andbecausethesametrademarkisengravedonitherequiresofusthatweregardtheinstrumentastheformerone。

Onthecontrary，IbelieveIhaveshownthatthenewtheorywhichdesirestosubstitutepsychoanalysissignifiesanabandonmentofanalysisandasecessionfromit。Somemaybeinclinedtofearthatthisdefectionmaybemoreunfortunateforthefateofpsychoanalysisthananyotherbecauseitemanatesfrompersonswhoonceplayedsogreatapartinthepsychoanalyticmovementanddidsomuchtofurtherit。Idonotsharethisapprehension。

Menarestrongsolongastheyrepresentastrongidea。Theybecomepowerlesswhentheyopposeit。Psychoanalysiswillbeabletobearthislossandwillgainnewadherentsforthoselost。

Icanonlyconcludewiththewishthatthefatesmayprepareeasyascensionforthosewhofoundtheirsojournintheunderworldofpsychoanalysisuncomfortable。

Mayitbevouchsafedtotheotherstobringtoahappyconclusiontheirworksinthedeep。Footnotes[1]"OnPsychoanalysis。"FivelecturesgivenontheoccasionofthetwentiethanniversaryofClarkUniversity，Worcester，Mass。，dedicatedtoStanleyHall。Secondedition，1912。PublishedsimultaneouslyinEnglishintheAmericanJournalofPsychology，March，1910；translatedintoDutch，Hungarian，PolishandRussian。

[2]BreuerandFreud，"Studien&uuml；berHysterie，"

p。15，Deuticke，1895。

[3]Zentralblattf&uuml；rPsychoanalyse，1911，Vol。

I，p。69。

[4]TheClinicofPsychiatry，Z&uuml；rich。

[5]HavelockEllis，"TheDoctrinesoftheFreudianSchool。"

[6]G。Greve，"SobrePsicologiayPsicoterapiadeciertosEstadosangustiosos。"SeeZentralblattf&uuml；rPsychoanalyse，Vol。I，p。594&middot；

[7]Thecollectedpublicationsofthesetwoauthorshaveappearedinbookform：Brill，"Psychoanalysis，itsTheoriesandPracticalApplications，"1912，2dedition，1914，Saunders，Philadelphia，andE。Jones’s"PapersonPsychoanalysis，"1913，WoodandCompany，NewYork。

[8]ThefirstofficialrecognitionthatpsychoanalysisanddreaminterpretationreceivedwasextendedtothembythePsychiatristJelgersma，rectoroftheUniversityofLeyden，inhisrectorshipaddressFebruary1，1914。

[9]AnEnglishtranslationhasjustappearedintheNervousandMentalDiseaseMonographSeries，No。23。

[10]Cf。"DerWahnunddieTr&auml；ume"inW。Jensen’s"Gradiva。"

[11]Rank，"DerK&uuml；nstler，"analysesofpoetsbySadger，Reik，andothers，mylittlemonographonaKindheitserinnerungdesLeonardodaVinci；alsoAbraham’s"AnalysesvonSegantini。"

[12]Atranslationisinpreparation。

[13]WitandItsRelationtotheUnconscious，translatedbyA。A。Brill，Moffat，Yard&amp；Co。，NewYork。

[14]"DiePsychoanalytischeMethode，"1913，Vol。I

ofthePedagogium，MeumannandMessner。EnglishTranslationbyDr。C。R。

Payne。Moffat，Yard&amp；Co。，N。Y。

[15]Cf。mytwoessaysinScientia，Vol。XIV，1913，"DasInteresseanderPsychoanalyse。"

[15a]DreamsandMyths，Wish—fulfillmentandFairyTales，MythoftheBirthoftheHero，inthisseriesaretranslatedintheMonographSeries。

[15b]Adler’sInferiorityofOrgans，translatedbyJelliffe，appearsasMonograph24。His，"NervousCharacter，"translatedbyGlueckandLind，publishedbyMoffat，Yard&amp；Co。，N。Y。

[16]Cf。TheInterpretationofDreams，p。389，translatedbyA。A。Brill，TheMacmillanCo。，NewYork，andAlien，London。

[17]Zentalbl。，Vol。I，p。122。See"AnalyticalPsychology，"

Moffat，Yard&amp；Co。，N。Y。

[18]Korrespondenzbl。，No。5，Zurich，April，1911。

[19]Iknowtheobjectionswhichstandinthewayofusingapatient’sstatements，andI，therefore，expresslystatethatmyinformantisasworthyofcredenceasheiscapableofjudgingthismatter。Hegavemethisinformationwithoutmyrequest，andImakeuseofhiscommunicationwithoutaskinghisconsent，becauseIcannotadmitthatanypsychoanalyticaltechniqueshouldlayclaimtotheprotectionofdiscretion。

[20]ExperiencesConcerningthePsychicLifeoftheChild，translatedbyA。A。Brill，AmericanJournalofPsychology，April，1910。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读