Inpsychoanalytictreatment，however，theassociation—experimentenablesonetomakeonlyapreliminary，qualitativeanalysisofthecase，itoffersnoessentialcontributiontothetechnique，andisreallynotindispensableintheworkofanalysis。Ofmoreimportance，however，wasanotherdiscoveryoftheZ&uuml；richSchool，orrather，ofitstwoleaders，BleulerandJung。

Theformerpointedoutthatagreatmanypurelypsychiatriccasescanbeexplainedbythesamepsychoanalyticprocessasthoseusedindreamsandintheneuroses（FreudscheMechanismen）。Jungemployedwithsuccesstheanalyticmethodofinterpretationinthestrangestandmostobscurephenomenaofdementiapr&aelig；cox，theoriginofwhichappearedquiteclearwhencorrelatedwiththelifeandinterestsofthepatient。Fromthattimeonitbecameimpossibleforthepsychiatriststoignorepsychoanalysis。Bleuler’sgreatworkonSchizophrenie[sic]（1911），inwhichthepsychoanalyticpointsofviewareplacedonanequalfootingwiththeclinical—systematicones，broughtthissuccesstocompletion。

Imustnotomittopointoutadivergencewhichwasthenalready[p。

21]distinctlynoticeableintheworkingtendenciesofthetwoschools。

Alreadyin1897Ihadpublishedtheanalysisofacaseofschizophrenia，whichshowed，however，paranoidtrends，sothatitssolutioncouldnothaveanticipatedtheimpressionofJung’sanalyses。Buttometheimportantelementhadnotbeentheinterpretationofthesymptoms，butratherthepsychicmechanismsofthedisease，andaboveall，theagreementofthismechanismwiththeonealreadyknowninhysteria。Nolighthadbeenthrownatthattimeonthedifferencebetweenthesetwomaladies。Iwasthenalreadyworkingtowardatheoryofthelibidointheneuroseswhichwastoexplainallneuroticaswellaspsychoticappearancesonthebasisofabnormaldriftsofthelibido。TheSwissinvestigatorslackedthispointofview。

SofarasIknowBleuler，eventoday，adherestoanorganiccausationfortheformsofDementiaPr&aelig；cox，andJung，whosebookonthismaladyappearedin1907，upheldthetoxictheoryofthesameattheCongressatSalzburgin1908，whichthoughnotexcludingit，goesfarbeyondthelibidotheory。Onthissamepointhecametogrieflater（1912），inthathenowusedtoomuchofthestuffwhichpreviouslyherefusedtoemployatall。

AthirdcontributionfromtheSwissSchool，whichistobeascribedprobablyentirelytoJung，Idonotvalueashighlyasdootherswhoarenotinasclosecontactwithit。Ispeakofthetheoryofthecomplexes，whichgrewoutofthe"DiagnostischeAssoziationsstudien"（1906—1910）。

Ititselfhasneitherresultedinapsychologicaltheorynorhasitaddedanunconstrainedinsertiontothecontextofthepsychoanalyticprinciples。

Ontheotherhand，theword"complex"hasgainedforitselftherightofcitizenshipinpsychoanalysis，asbeingaconvenientandoftenanindispensabletermfordescriptivesummariesofpsychologicfacts。Noneotheramongthenamesanddesignations，newlycoinedasaresultofpsychoanalyticneeds，hasattainedsuchwidespreadpopularity；butnoothertermhasbeensomisappliedtothedetrimentofclearthinking。Inpsychoanalyticdictiononeoftenspokeofthe"returnofthecomplex"when"thereturnoftherepression"wasintendedtobeconveyed，oronebecameaccustomedtosay"Ihaveacomplex[p。22]againsthim"whenmorecorrectlyheshouldhavesaid"aresistance。"

Intheyearsafter1907，whichfollowedtheunionoftheschoolsofViennaandZ&uuml；rich，psychoanalysisreceivedthatextraordinaryimpetusinwhichitstillfindsitselftoday。Thisispositivelyattestedbythespreadofpsychoanalyticliteratureandtheincreaseinthenumberofdoctorswhodesiretopracticeorlearnit，alsobythemassofattacksuponitbycongressesandlearnedsocieties。Ithaswanderedintothemostdistantcountries，iteverywhereshockedpsychiatrists，andhasgainedtheattentionoftheculturedlaityandworkersinotherscientificfields。HavelockEllis，whohasfolloweditsdevelopmentwithsympathywithoutevercallinghimselfitsadherent，wrote，in1911，inapaperfortheAustralasianMedicalCongress："Freud’spsychoanalysisisnowchampionedandcarriedoutnotonlyinAustriaandinSwitzerland，butintheUnitedStates，inEngland，India，Canada，and，Idoubtnot，inAustralasia。"[5]

AdoctorfromChile（probablyaGerman）appearedattheInternationalCongressinBuenosAyres[sic]，in1910，andspokeonbehalfoftheexistenceofinfantilesexualityandpraisedtheresultsofpsychoanalytictherapyinobsessions。"[6]AnEnglishneurologistinCentralIndiainformedmethroughadistinguishedcolleaguewhocametoEurope，thatthecasesofMohammedanIndiansonwhomhehadpracticedanalysisshowednootheretiologyoftheirneurosesthanourEuropeanpatients。

TheintroductionofpsychoanalysisintoNorthAmericatookplaceunderparticularlygloriousauspices。Intheautumnof1909，JungandmyselfwereinvitedbyPresidentStanleyHall，ofClarkUniversity，totakepartinthecelebrationofthetwentiethanniversaryoftheopeningofClarkUniversity，bygivingsomelecturesinGerman。Wefound，toourgreatastonishment，thattheunprejudicedmenofthatsmallbutrespectedpedagogic—philosophicaluniversityknewallthepsychoanalyticwritingsandhadhonoredthem[p。

23]intheirlecturestotheirstudents。ThuseveninprudishAmericaonecould，atleastinacademiccircles，discussfreelyandtreatscientificallyallthosethingsthatareregardedasoffensiveinlife。ThefivelecturesthatIimprovisedatWorcesterthenappearedinEnglishintheAmericanJournalofPsychology；laterontheywereprintedinGermanunderthetitle，"&Uuml；berPsychoanalyse。"Junglecturedondiagnosticassociationstudiesandon"conflictsinthepsychiclifeofthechild。"WewererewardedforitwiththehonorarydegreeofLL。D。DuringthisweekofcelebrationatWorcester，psychoanalysiswasrepresentedbyfivepersons。BesidesJungandmyselftherewereFerenczi，whohadjoinedmeastravelling—companion，ErnestJones，thenofTorontoUniversity（Canada），nowinLondon，andA。

A。Brill，whowasalreadypractisingpsychoanalysisinNewYork。

ThemostnoteworthypersonalrelationshipwhichresultedatWorcester，wasthatestablishedwithJamesJ。Putnam，teacherofneuropathologyatHarvardUniversity。Foryearshehadexpressedadisparagingopinionofpsychoanalysis，butnowhebefriendeditandrecommendedittohiscountrymenandhiscolleaguesinnumerouslectures，richincontentandfineofform。

TherespectwhichheenjoysinAmerica，owingtohischaracter，hishighmoralstandardandhiskeenlovefortruth，wasveryhelpfultothecauseofpsychoanalysisandprotecteditagainstthedenunciationstowhichitmightotherwisehaveearlysuccumbed。YieldingtoomuchtothegreatethicalandphilosophicbentofhisnaturePutnamlaterrequiredofpsychoanalysiswhat，tome，seemsanimpossibledemand。Hewishedthatitshouldbepressedintotheserviceofacertainmoralphilosophicalconceptionoftheuniverse；

butPutnamhasremainedthechiefpropofthepsychoanalyticmovementinhisnativeland。

ForthediffusionofthismovementBrillandJonesdeservethegreatestcredit。Withaself—denyingindustrytheyconstantlybroughtunderthenoticeoftheircountrymen，throughtheirworks，theeasilyobservablefundamentalprinciplesofpsychoanalysisofeverydaylife，ofthedreamandoftheneuroses。Brillhasstrengthenedtheseinfluencesbyhismedicalactivitiesandhistranslationsof[p。24]mywritings：Jones，byilluminatinglecturesandcleverdiscussionsattheAmericanCongresses。[7]

ThelackofarootedscientifictraditionandthelesserrigidityofofficialauthorityhavebeenofdecidedadvantagetotheimpetusgiventopsychoanalysisinAmericabyStanleyHall。Itwascharacteristictherefromthebeginningthatprofessors，headsofinsaneasylums，aswellasindependentpractitioners，allshowedthemselvesequallyinterestedinpsychoanalysis。Butjustforthisveryreasonitisclearthatthefightforpsychoanalysismustbefoughttoadecisiveend，wherethegreaterresistancehasbeenmetwith，namely，inthecountriesoftheoldculturalcenters。

OftheEuropeancountries，Francehassofarshownherselftheleastreceptivetowardspsychoanalysis，althoughcreditablewritingsbytheZ&uuml；richphysician，A。Maeder，haveopenedupfortheFrenchreaderaneasypathtoitsprinciples。ThefirstindicationsofinterestcamefromprovincialFrance。Moricheau—Beauchant（Poitiers）wasthefirstFrenchmanwhoopenlyacceptedpsychoanalysis。R&eacute；gisandHesnard（Bordeaux）havelatelytried（1913）toovercometheprejudicesoftheircountrymenbyanexhaustiveandsensefulpresentationofthesubject，whichtakesexceptiononlytosymbolism。InParisitselftherestillappearstoreigntheconviction（givensuchoratoricalexpressionatLondonCongress1913byJanet）thateverythinggoodinpsychoanalysisonlyrepeats，withslightmodifications，theviewsofJanet——everythingelseinpsychoanalysisbeingbad。JanethimselfhadtostandatthisCongressanumberofcorrectionsfromErnestJones，whowasabletoreproachhimforhislackofknowledgeofthesubject。

Wecannot，however，forgetthecreditdueJanetforhisworksonthepsychologyoftheneuroses，althoughwemustrepudiatehisclaims。

Italy，aftermanypromisingstarts，ceasedtotakefurtherinterest。

OwingtopersonalconnectionspsychoanalysisgainedanearlyhearinginHolland：VanEmden，VanOphuijsen，VanRenterghem[p。25]（"Freudenzijnschool"）andthetwodoctorsSt&auml；rkearebusyinHollandparticularlyonthetheoreticalside。[8]TheinterestinpsychoanalysisinscientificcirclesinEnglanddevelopedveryslowly，buttheindicationsarethatjusthere，favoredbytheEnglishlikingforthepracticalandtheirpassionatechampionshipofjustice，aflourishingfutureawaitspsychoanalysis。

InSweden，P。Bjerre，successortoWetterstand，has，atleasttemporarily，givenuphypnoticsuggestioninfavorofanalytictreatment。A。Vogt（Christiania）

honoredpsychoanalysisalreadyin1907inhis"Psykiatriensgruntraek，"

sothatthefirsttext—bookonpsychiatrythattookanynoticeofpsychoanalysiswaswritteninNorwegian。InRussia，psychoanalysisisverygenerallyknownandwidespread；almostallmywritingsaswellasthoseofotheradvocatesofanalysisaretranslatedintoRussian。ButadeepergraspoftheanalyticteachinghasnotyetshownitselfinRussia。ThecontributionswrittenbyRussianphysiciansandpsychiatristsarenotatpresentnoteworthy。

OnlyOdessapossessesatrainedpsychoanalystinthepersonofM。Wulff。

TheintroductionofpsychoanalysisintothescienceandliteratureofPolandisduechieflytotheendeavorsofL。Jekels。Hungary，geographicallysoneartoAustria，scientificallysoforeigntoit，hasgiventopsychoanalysisonlyoneco—worker，S。Ferenczi，butsuchanoneasisworthawholesociety。

ThestandingofpsychoanalysisinGermanycanbedescribedinnootherwaythantostatethatitisthecynosureofallscientificdiscussion，andevokesfromphysiciansaswellasfromthelaity，opinionsofdecidedrejection，which，sofar，havenotcometoanend，butwhich，onthecontrary，areconstantlyrenewedandstrengthened。Noofficialseatoflearninghas，sofar，admittedpsychoanalysis。Successfulpractitionerswhoapplyitarefew。Onlyafewinstitutions，suchasthatofBinswanger’sinKreuzlingen（onSwisssoil）andMarcinowski’sinHolstein，haveopenedtheirdoorsto[p。26]psychoanalysis。InthecriticalcityofBerlin，wehaveK。Abraham，oneofthemostprominentrepresentativesofpsychoanalysis。HewasformerlyanassistantofBleuler。Onemightwonderthatthisstateofthingshasthuscontinuedforanumberofyearswithoutanychange，ifitwasnotknownthattheaboveaccountmerelydescribesthesuperficialappearances。

Onemustnotoverestimatethesignificanceoftherejectionofpsychoanalysisbytheofficialrepresentativesofscience，theheadsofinstitutions，aswellastheiryoungfollowing。Itiseasytounderstandwhytheopponentsloudlyraisetheirvoiceswhilstthefollowers，beingintimidated，keepsilent。Manyofthelatter，whosefirstcontributionstoanalysisraisedhighexpectations，laterwithdrewfromthemovementunderthepressureofcircumstances。Butthemovementitselfstridesaheadquietly。Itisalwaysgainingnewsupportersamongpsychiatristsandthelaity。Itconstantlyincreasesthenumberofreadersofpsychoanalyticliteratureandthusforcestheopponentstoamoreviolentattemptatdefense。InthecourseoftheseyearsIhaveread，perhapsadozentimes，inthereportsofthetransactionsofcertaincongressesandofmeetingsofscientificsocieties，orinreviewsofcertainpublications，thatpsychoanalysiswasnowdead，thatitwasfinallyovercomeandsettled。TheanswertoallthiswouldhavetoreadlikethetelegramfromMarkTwaintothenewspaperthatfalselyannouncedhisdeath："Thereportofmydeathisgrosslyexaggerated。"Aftereachofthesedeath—notices，psychoanalysishasgainednewfollowersandco—workersandhascreatedforitselfneworgans。Surelytobereporteddeadisanadvanceoverbeingtreatedwithdeadsilence!

Handinhandwithitsterritorialexpansionjustdescribedpsychoanalysisbecameenlargedwithregardtoitscontentsthroughitsencroachinguponfieldsofknowledgeoutsideofthestudyoftheneurosesandpsychiatry。

IwillnottreatindetailthedevelopmentofthispartofourbranchofsciencesincethiswasexcellentlydonebyRankandSachs（inL&ouml；wenfeld’s"Grenzfragen"）[9]whichpresents[p。27]exhaustivelyjusttheseachievementsintheworkofanalysis。Besides，hereeverythingisininchoateform，hardlyworkedout，mostlyonlypreliminaryandsometimesonlyinthestageofanintention。Everyhonestthinkerwillfindhereinnogroundsforreproach。Thereisatremendousamountofproblemsforasmallnumberofworkerswhosechiefactivitylieselsewhere，whoareobligedtoattackthespecialproblemsofthenewsciencewithonlyamateurishpreparation。Theseworkershailingfromthepsychoanalyticfieldmakenosecretoftheirdilettantism，theyonlydesiretobeguidesandtemporaryoccupantsoftheplacesofthosespecialiststowhomtheyrecommendtheanalytictechniqueandprinciplesuntilthelatterarereadytotakeupthisworkthemselves。Thattheresultsaimedatare，evennow，notatallinsignificant，isduepartlytothefruitfulnessofthepsychoanalyticmethod，andpartlytothecircumstancethatalreadythereareafewinvestigators，who，withoutbeingphysicians，havemadetheapplicationofpsychoanalysistothementalsciencestheirlifework。

Mostofthesepsychoanalyticapplicationscanbetraced，asiseasilyunderstood，totheimpetusgivenbymyearlyanalyticworks。Theanalyticexaminationsofnervouspatientsandneuroticmanifestationsofnormalpersonsdrovemetotheassumptionofpsychologicalrelationshipswhich，mostcertainly，couldnotbelimitedonlytothatfield。Thusanalysispresentedusnotonlywiththeexplanationofpathologicaloccurrences，butalsoshowedustheirconnectionwithnormalpsychiclifeanduncoveredundreamed—ofrelationsbetweenpsychiatryandavarietyofothersciencesdealingwithactivitiesofmind。Thuscertaintypicaldreamsfurnishedtheunderstandingofmanymythsandfairytales。RiklinandAbrahamfollowedthishintandbeganthoseinvestigationsaboutmythswhichhavefoundtheircompletionintheworksofRankonMythology，workswhichdofulljusticetoalltherequirementsofthespecialist。Theprosecutionofdream—symbologyledtotheveryheartoftheproblemsofmythology，folk—lore（Jones，Storfer）

andofreligiousabstraction。AtoneofthepsychoanalyticcongressestheaudiencewasdeeplyimpressedwhenastudentofJungpointedoutthesimilarity[p。28]ofthephantasy—formationofschizophrenicswiththecosmogoniesofprimitivetimesandpeoples。Inalaterelaboration，nolongerfreefromobjectionyetveryinteresting，Jungmadeuseofmythologicalmaterialinanattempttoharmonizetheneuroticwithreligiousandmythologicalphantasies。

Anotherpathledfromtheinvestigationofdreamstotheanalysisofpoeticcreations，andfinallytotheanalysisofauthorsandartiststhemselves。

Verysoonitwasdiscoveredthatthedreamsinventedbywritersstandinthesamerelationtoanalysisasdogenuinedreams。[10]

Theconceptionoftheunconsciouspsychicactivityenabledustogetthefirstglimpseintothenatureofthepoeticcreativeness。Thevaluationoftheemotionalfeelingswhichwewereforcedtorecognizewhilestudyingtheneurosesenabledustorecognizethesourcesofartisticproductionsandbroughtuptheproblemastohowtheartistreactstothosestimuliandwithwhatmeanshedisguiseshisreactions。[11]

Mostpsychoanalystswithwideinterestshavefurnishedcontributionsfromtheirworksforthetreatmentoftheseproblems，whichareamongthemostattractiveintheapplicationofpsychoanalysis。Naturallyherealsooppositionwasnotlackingfromthosewhoarenotacquaintedwithanalysis，andexpresseditselfwiththesamelackofunderstandingandpassionaterejectionasonthenativesoilofpsychoanalysis。Foritwastobeexpectedasamatterofcourse，thateverywherepsychoanalysispenetrates，itwouldhavetogothroughthesamestrugglewiththenatives。However，theseattemptedinvasionshavenotyetstirredupinterestinallfieldswhichwill，inthefuture，beopentothem。AmongthestrictlyscientificapplicationsofanalysistoliteraturethedeepworkofRankonthethemeofincesteasilyranksfirst。Itscontentiscertaintoevokethegreatestunpopularity。

Philologicalandhistoricalworksonthebasisofpsychoanalysisarefew，atpresent。Imyselfdaredtoventuretomakethefirstattempt[p。

29]intotheproblemsofthepsychologyofreligionin1910，whenIcomparedreligiousceremonialswithneuroticceremonials。Inhisworkonthe"pietyoftheCountofZinzendorf，"aswellasinothercontributions，theRev。

Dr。Pfister，ofZ&uuml；rich，hassucceededintracingbackreligiouszealotismtoperverseeroticism。IntherecentworksoftheZ&uuml；richSchooloneismorelikelytofindthatreligionbecomesinjectedintotheanalysisratherthanrationallyexplainedbyit。

Inmyfouressayson"TotemandTaboo"[12]Imadetheattempttodiscusstheproblemsofracepsychologybymeansofanalysis。

Thisshouldleadusdirectlytotheoriginsofthemostimportantinstitutionsofourcivilization，suchasstateregulations，morality，religion，aswellastotheoriginsoftheinterdictionofincestandofconscience。

Towhatextenttherelationsthusobtainedwillbeprooftocriticismcannotbedeterminedtoday。

MybookonWit[l3]furnishedthefirstexamplesoftheapplicationofanalyticthinkingtoestheticthemes。Everythingelseisstillwaitingforworkers，whocanexpectarichharvestinthisveryfield。Wearelackinghereinworkersfromtheserespectivespecialtiesandinordertoattractsuch，HansSachsfoundedin1912，thejournalImago，editedbyhimselfandRank。Hitschmannandv。Wintersteinmadeabeginningwiththepsychoanalyticelucidationofphilosophicalsystemsandpersonalities。

Thecontinuationanddeepertreatmentofthesameismuchtobedesired。

Therevolutionaryfindingsofpsychoanalysisconcerningthepsychiclifeofthechild，thepartplayedthereinbysexualimpulses（v。Hug—Helmuth）

andthefateofsuchparticipationofsexualitywhichbecomesuselessforthepurposeofpropagation，naturallydrewattentiontopedagogics，andinstigatedtheefforttopushtheanalyticalviewpointintotheforegroundofthissphere。RecognitionisduetotheRev。Pfisterforhavingbegunthisapplicationofanalysiswithhonestenthusiasm，andforhavingbroughtittothe[p。30]noticeofministersandeducators。[14]

HesucceededinwinningoveranumberofSwisspedagoguesassympathizersinthiswork。Itissaidthatsomepreferredtoremaincircumspectlyinthebackground。AportionoftheViennaanalystsseemtohavelandedintheirretreatfrompsychoanalysisonasortofmedicalpedagogy。（AdlerandFurtm&uuml；ller，"HeilenandBilden，"1913&middot；）

Ihaveattemptedintheseincompletesuggestionstoindicatethe，asyet，hardlyvisiblewealthofassociationswhichhavesprungupbetweenmedicalpsychoanalysisandotherfieldsofscience。ThereismaterialfortheworkofawholegenerationofinvestigatorsandIdoubtnotthatthisworkwillbedonewhenoncetheresistancetopsychoanalysisassuchhasbeenovercome。[15]

Towritethehistoryoftheresistances，Iconsider，atpresent，bothfruitlessandinopportune。Itwouldnotbeverygloriousforthescientificmenofourday。ButIwilladdatoncethatithasneveroccurredtometorailagainsttheopponentsofpsychoanalysismerelybecausetheywereopponents，notcountingafewunworthyindividuals，fortunehuntersandplundererssuchasintimeofwararealwaysfoundonbothsides。ForI

knewhowtoaccountforthebehavioroftheseopponentsandhadbesidesdiscoveredthatpsychoanalysisbringstolighttheworstineveryman。

ButIdecidednottoanswermyopponentsand，sofarasIhadinfluence，tokeepothersfrompolemics。Thevalueofpublicorliterarydiscussionsseemedtomeverydoubtfulundertheparticularconditionsinwhichthefightoverpsychoanalysistookplace。Thevalueofmajoritiesatcongressesorsocietymeetingswascertainlydoubtful，andmyconfidenceinthehonestyanddistinctionofmyopponentswasalwaysslight。Observationshowsthatonlyveryfewpersonsarecapableofremainingpolite，nottospeakofobjective，inanyscientificdispute，andtheimpressiongainedfromascientificquarrelwasalwaysahorrortome。Perhapsthisattitudeofminehasbeenmisunderstood，[p。31]perhapsIhavebeenconsideredasgood—naturedorsointimidatedthatitwassupposednofurtherconsiderationneedbeshownme。

Thisisamistake。Icanrevileandraveaswellasanyother，butI

amnotabletorenderintoliteraryformtheexpressionsoftheunderlyingaffectsandthereforeIprefertoabstainentirely。PerhapsinmanyrespectsitmighthavebeenbetterhadIpermittedfreeventtomyownpassionsandtothoseaboutme。WehaveallheardtheinterestingattemptatanexplanationoftheoriginofpsychoanalysisfromitsViennesemilieu。Janetdidnotscorntomakeuseofitaslateas1913，although，nodoubt，heisproudofbeingaParisian。Thisapere&ccedil；usaysthatpsychoanalysis，especiallytheassertionthattheneurosescanbetracedbacktodisturbancesinthesexuallife，couldonlyhaveoriginatedinacitylikeVienna，inanatmosphereofsensualityandimmoralitynottobefoundinothercities，andthatitthusrepresentsonlyareflection，thetheoreticalprojectionasitwere，oftheseparticularVienneseconditions。Well，Icertainlyamnolocalpatriot，butthistheoryhasalwaysseemedtobeespeciallynonsensical，sononsensicalthatsometimesIwasinclinedtoassumethatthereproachingoftheViennaspiritwasonlyaeuphemisticsubstitutionforanotheronewhichonedidnotcaretobringuppublicly。Iftheassumptionshadbeenoftheoppositekind，wemightbeinclinedtolisten。Butevenifweassumethattheremightbeacitywhoseinhabitantshaveimposeduponthemselvesspecialsexualrestrictionsandatthesametimeshowapeculiartendencytosevereneuroticmaladies，thensuchatownmightwellfurnishthesoilonwhichsomeobservermightgettheideaofconnectingthesetwofactsandofdeductingtheonefromtheother。ButneitherassumptionfitsVienna。TheVienneseareneithermoreabstemiousnoryetmorenervousthandwellersinanyothermetropolis。Sexmattersarealittlefreer，prudishnessislessthaninthecitiesofwesternandnorthernEuropethataresoproudoftheirchastity。Oursupposedobserverwould，morelikely，beledastraybytheparticularconditionsprevailinginViennathanbeenlightenedastothecauseoftheneuroses。[p。32]

ButViennahasdoneeverythingpossibletodenyhershareintheoriginofpsychoanalysis。Nowhereelseistheinimicalindifferenceofthelearnedandculturedcirclessoclearlyevidenttothepsychoanalyst。

PerhapsIamsomewhattoblameforthisbymypolicyofavoidingwidespreadpublicity。IfIhadcausedpsychoanalysistooccupythemedicalsocietiesofViennawithnoisysessions，withanunloadingofallpassions，whereinallreproachesandinvectivescarriedonthetongueorinthemindwouldhavebeenexpressed，thenperhapsthebanagainstpsychoanalysismight，bynow，havebeenremovedanditsstandingnolongermighthavebeenthatofastrangerinitsnativecity。Asitis，thepoetmayberightwhenhemakesWallensteinsay："YetthistheViennesewillnotforgiveme，ThatIdidthemoutofaspectacle。"ThetasktowhichIamunequal，namely，thatofreproachingtheopponents"suaviterinmodo"fortheirinjusticeandarbitrariness，wastakenupbyBleulerin1911andcarriedoutinmosthonorablefashioninhiswork，"Freud’sPsychoanalysis：aDefenseandaCriticism。"Itwouldbesoentirelynaturalformetopraisethiswork，criticalintwodirections，thatI

hastentotellwhatthereisinitIobjectto。Thisworkappearstometobestillverypartisan，toolenienttothemistakesofouropponents，andaltogethertooseveretotheshortcomingsofourfollowers。Thischaracterizationofitmayexplainwhytheopinionofapsychiatristofsuchhighstanding，ofsuchindubitableabilityandindependence，hasnothadgreaterinfluenceonhiscolleagues。Theauthorof"Affectivity"（1906）mustnotbesurprisediftheinfluenceofaworkisnotdeterminedbythevalueofitsargumentbutbythetoneofitsaffect。Anotherpartofthisinfluence——theoneonthefollowersofpsychoanalysis——Bleulerhimselfdestroyedlateronbybringingintoprominencein1913，inhis"CriticismoftheFreudianSchool，"theobversesideofhisattitudetopsychoanalysis。Thereinhetakesawaysomuchfromthestructureofthepsychoanalyticprinciplesthatouropponentsmaywellbesatisfiedwiththeassistanceofthisdefender。

[p。33]ItwasnotnewargumentsorbetterobservationsthatservedBleulerasaguidancefortheseverdicts，butonlythereferencetoownknowledge，theinadequacyofwhichtheauthornolongeradmitsasinhisearlierwritings。

Hereanalmostirreparablelossseemedtothreatenpsychoanalysis。However，inhislastutterance（"DieKritikenderSchizophrenie，"1914）ontheoccasionoftheattacksmadeuponhimowingtohisintroductionofpsychoanalysisintohisbookon"Schizophrenie，"Bleulerrisestowhathehimselftermsa"haughtypresumption：""ButnowIwillassumeahaughtypresumption，Iconsiderthatthemanypsychologiestodatehavecontributedmightylittletotheexplanationoftheconnectionbetweenpsychogeneticsymptomsanddiseases，butthatthedeeperpsychology（tiefenpsychologie）furnishesusapartofthepsychologystilltobecreated，whichthephysicianneedsinordertounderstandhispatientsandtohealthemrationally；andI

evenbelievethatinmy’Schizophrenie’Ihavetakenaverysmallsteptowardsthis。"Thefirsttwoassertionsaresurelycorrect，thelattermaybeanerror。

Sincebythe"deeperpsychology"psychoanalysisaloneistobeunderstood，wemay，forthepresent，remainsatisfiedwiththisadmission。[p。34]III"Cutitshort，Ondoomsday’twon’tbeworthafarthing!"Goethe。TwoyearsafterthefirstcongressthesecondprivatecongressofpsychoanalyststookplaceatNuremberg，March，1910。&middot；Duringtheinterval，whilstIwasstillundertheimpressionofthefavorablereceptioninAmerica，thegrowinghostilityinGermanyandtheunexpectedsupportthroughtheacquisitionoftheZ&uuml；richSchool，IhadconceivedaprojectwhichIwasabletocarryout，atthissecondcongress，withthehelpofmyfriendS。Ferenczi。Ihadinmindtoorganizethepsychoanalyticmovement，totransferitscentertoZ&uuml；rich，andplaceitunderaheadwhowouldtakecareofitsfuture。Asthisfoundmuchoppositionamongtheadherentsofpsychoanalysis，Iwillexplainmymotivesmorefully。ThusIhopetojustifymyself，evenifitturnsoutthatmyactionwasnotaverywiseone。

IjudgedthattheassociationwithViennawasnorecommendation，butratheranobstacleforthenewmovement。AplacelikeZ&uuml；rich，intheheartofEurope，whereanacademicteacherhadopenedhisinstitutiontopsychoanalysis，seemedtomemuchmorepromising。Moreover，Iassumedthatmyownpersonwasasecondobstacle。Theestimateputuponmypersonalitywasutterlyconfusedbythefavorordislikefromdifferentfactions。I

waseithercomparedtoDarwinandKeplerorreviledasaparalytic。I，therefore，desiredtopushintothebackgroundnotonlythecitywhencepsychoanalysisemanated，butalsomyownpersonality。Furthermore，Iwasnolongeryoung，IsawalongroadbeforemeandIfeltoppressedbytheideathatithadfallentomylottobecomealeaderinmyadvancedage。

YetIfeltthattheremustbealeader。Iknewonlytoowellwhatmistakeslayinwaitforhimwhowouldundertakethepracticeofpsychoanalysis，andhopedthatmanyofthesemightbeavoidedifwehadanauthoritywhowaspreparedto[p。35]guideandadmonish。Suchauthoritynaturallydevolveduponmeinviewoftheindisputableadvantageoffifteenyears’experience。

Itwasnowmydesiretotransferthisauthoritytoayoungermanwhowould，quitenaturally，takemyplaceonmydeath。IfeltthatthispersoncouldbeonlyC。G。Jung，forBleulerwasofmyownage。InfavorofJungwashisconspicuoustalents，thecontributionshehadalreadymadetoanalysis，hisindependentposition，andtheimpressionofenergywhichhispersonalityalwaysmade。Healsoseemedpreparedtoenterintofriendlyrelationswithme，andtogiveup，formysake，certainrace—prejudiceswhichhehadsofarpermittedhimselftoindulge。Ihadnonotionthenthatinspiteoftheadvantagesenumerated，thiswasaveryunfortunatechoice；thatitconcernedapersonwho，incapableoftoleratingtheauthorityofanother，wasstilllessfittedtobehimselfanauthority，onewhoseenergywasdevotedtotheunscrupulouspursuitofhisowninterests。

TheformationofanofficialorganizationIconsiderednecessarybecauseIfearedtheabusestowhichpsychoanalysiswouldbesubjected，onceitshouldachievepopularity。Ifeltthatthereshouldbeaplacethatcouldgivethedictum："Withallthisnonsense，analysishasnothingtodo；thisisnotpsychoanalysis。"Itwasdecidedthatatthemeetingofthelocalgroupswhichtogetherformedtheinternationalorganization，instructionshouldbegivenhowpsychoanalysisshouldbepractised，thatphysiciansshouldbetrainedthereandthatthelocalsocietyshould，inaway，standsponsorforthem。Italsoappearedtomedesirablethattheadherentsofpsychoanalysisshouldmeetforfriendlyintercourseandmutualsupport，inasmuchasofficialsciencehadpronounceditsgreatbanandboycottagainstphysiciansandinstitutionspractisingpsychoanalysis。ThisandnothingelseIwishedtoattainbythefoundingofthe"InternationalPsychoanalyticAssociation。"Perhapsitwasmorethancouldpossiblybeattained。Justasmyopponentslearnedthatitwasnotpossibletostemthenewmovement，soIhadtolearn，byexperience，thatitwouldnotpermititselftobeledalongtheparticularpathwhichIhadlaidoutforit。Themotionmadeby[p。36]FerencziatNurembergwasseconded。Jungwaselectedpresident，andRiklinwaschosenassecretary。Itwasalsodecidedtopublishacorrespondingjournalthroughwhichthecentralassociationwas"tofosterandfurtherthescienceofpsychoanalysisasfoundedbyFreudbothaspurepsychology，aswellasinitsapplicationtomedicineandthementalsciences，andtopromoteassistanceamongthemembersinalltheireffortstoacquireandtospreadpsychoanalyticknowledge。"ThemembersoftheViennagroupalonefirmlyopposedtheprojectswithapassionateexcitement。Adlerexpressedhisfearthat"acensorshipandlimitationofscientificfreedom"wasintended。

TheViennesefinallygavein，afterhavinggainedtheirpointthatZ&uuml；richshouldnotberaisedtothecenteroftheassociation，butthatthecentershouldbethehomecityofthepresident，whowastobeelectedfortwoyears。

Atthiscongressthreelocalgroupswereconstituted：oneinBerlinunderthechairmanshipofAbraham，oneinZ&uuml；rich，whosechairmanbecamethepresidentofthecentralassociation，andoneinVienna，thechairmanshipofwhichIrelinquishedtoAdler。Afourthgroup，inBudapest，couldnotbeformeduntillater。OnaccountofillnessBleulerhadbeenabsentfromthecongress。Laterbeevincedconsiderablehesitationaboutenteringtheassociationandalthoughhelethimselfbepersuadedtodosobymypersonalrepresentations，heresignedashorttimeafterwardsowingtodisagreementsatZ&uuml；rich。ThisseveredtheconnectionbetweentheZ&uuml；richgroupandtheBurgh&ouml；lzliinstitution。

AnotherresultoftheNurembergCongresswasthefoundingoftheZentralblattf&uuml；rPsychoanalyse，whichcausedareconciliationbetweenAdlerandStekel。IthadoriginallybeenintendedasanopposingtendencyandwastowinbackforViennathehegemonythreatenedbytheelectionofJung。

Butwhenthetwofoundersofthejournal，underpressureofthedifficultyoffindingapublisher，assuredmeoftheirfriendlyintentionsandasguaranteeoftheirattitudegavemetherighttoveto，Iacceptedtheeditorshipandworkedvigorouslyforthisneworgan，thefirstnumberofwhichappearedinSeptember，1910。[p。37]

IwillnotcontinuethehistoryofthePsychoanalyticCongress。ThethirdonetookplaceatWeimar，September，1911，andevensurpassedthepreviousonesinspiritandscientificinterest。J。J。Putnam，whowaspresentatthismeeting，laterexpressedinAmericahissatisfactionandhisrespectforthe"mentalattitude"ofthosepresentandquotedwordswhichIwassupposedtohaveusedinreferencetothelatter："Theyhavelearnedtoendureabitoftruth。"AsamatteroffactanyonewhohasattendedscientificcongressesmusthavereceivedalastingimpressioninfavorofthePsychoanalyticAssociation。Imyselfhadpresidedovertwoformercongresses。Ithoughtitbesttogiveeverylecturerampletimeforhispaperandleftthediscussionsoftheselecturestotakeplacelaterasasortofprivateexchangeofideas。Jung，whopresidedovertheWeimarmeeting，re&euml；stablishedthediscussionsaftereachlecture，whichhadnot，however，proveddisturbingatthattime。

Twoyearslater，inSeptember，1913，quiteanotherpicturewaspresentedbythecongressatMunichwhichisstillvividlyrecalledbythosewhowerepresent。ItwaspresidedoverbyJunginanunamiableandincorrectfashion：thelecturerswerelimitedastotime，andthediscussiondwarfedthelectures。ThroughamaliciousmoodofchancetheevilgeniusofHochehadtakenuphisresidenceinthesamehouseinwhichtheanalystsheldtheirmeetings。Hochecouldeasilyhaveconvincedhimselfthathischaracterizationofthesepsychoanalysts，asasect，blindlyandmeeklyfollowingtheirleader，wastrueadabsurdum。Thefatiguingandunedifyingproceedingsendedinthere&euml；lectionofJungaspresidentoftheInternationalPsychoanalyticAssociation，whichfactJungaccepted，althoughtwofifthsofthosepresentrefusedhimtheirsupport。Wetookleavefromoneanotherwithoutfeelingtheneedtomeetagain!

AboutthetimeofthisthirdCongresstheconditionoftheInternationalPsychoanalyticAssociationwasasfollows：ThelocalgroupsatVienna，Berlin，andZurichhadconstitutedthemselvesalreadyatthecongressatNurembergin1910。InMay，1911，agroup，underthechairmanshipofDr。

L。Seif，wasaddedatMunich。InthesameyearthefirstAmericanlocalgroupwasformedunderthechairmanship[p。38]ofA。A。Brillunderthenameof"TheNewYorkPsychoanalyticSociety。"AttheWeimarCongress，thefoundingofasecondAmericangroupwasauthorized。Thiscameintoexistenceduringthenextyearas"TheAmericanPsychoanalyticAssociation。"

ItincludedmembersfromCanadaandallAmerica；Putnamwaselectedpresident，andErnestJoneswasmadesecretary。JustbeforethecongressatM&uuml；nichin1913，alocalgroupwasfoundedatBudapestundertheleadershipofS。Ferenczi。SoonafterwardsJones，whosettledinLondon，foundedthefirstEnglishgroup。Thenumberofmembersoftheeightgroupstheninexistencecouldnot，ofcourse，furnishanystandardforthecomputationofthenon—organizedstudentsandadherentsofpsychoanalysis。

Thedevelopmentoftheperiodicalliteratureofpsychoanalysisisalsoworthyofabriefmention。ThefirstperiodicalpublicationsservingtheinterestsofanalysisweretheSchriftenzurangewandtenSeelenkundenwhichhaveappearedirregularlysince1907andhavereachedthefifteenthvolume。[15a]

TheypublishedwritingsbyFreud，Riklin，Jung，Abraham，Rank，Sadger，Pfister，M。Graf，Jones，StorferandHug—Hellmuth。ThefoundingoftheImago，tobementionedlater，hassomewhatloweredthevalueofthisformofpublication。AfterthemeetingatSalzburg，1908theJahrbuchf&uuml；rpsychoanalytischeundpsychopathologischeForschungenwasfounded，whichappearedunderJung’seditorshipforfiveyears，andithasnowreappearedunderneweditorshipandundertheslightlychangedtitleofJahrbuchderPsychoanalyse。Itnolongerwishestobeasinformeryears，merelyanarchiveforcollectingworksofpsychoanalyticmerit，butitwishestojustifyitseditorialtaskbytakingduenoticeofalloccurrencesandallendeavorsinthefieldofpsychoanalysis。AsmentionedbeforeDasZentralblattf&uuml；rPsychoanalysestartedbyAdlerandStekelafterthefoundingofthe"InternationalAssociation"（Nuremberg，1910）wentthroughinashorttimeaveryvariedcareer。Alreadyinthetenthissueofthefirstvolumetherewasanannouncementthatinviewofscientificdifferenceofopinionwith[p。39]theeditors，Dr。Adlerhaddecidedvoluntarilytowithdrawhiscollaboration。ThisplacedtheentireeditorshipinthehandsofDr。

Stekel（summerof1911）。AttheWeimarcongresstheZentralblattwasraisedtotheofficialorganofthe"InternationalAssociation"andbyraisingtheannualduesitwasmadeaccessibletoallmembers。Beginningwiththethirdnumberofthesecondyear（winter1912）Stekelalonebecameresponsibleforthecontentsofthejournal。Hisbehavior，whichisdifficulttoexplaininpublic，forcedmetoseverallmyconnectionswiththisjournalandtogivepsychoanalysisinallhasteaneworgan，theInternationalJournalforMedicalPsychoanalysis（InternationaleZeitschriftf&uuml；r&Auml；rztlichePsychoanalyse）。Withthehelpofalmostallmycollaboratorsandthenewpublisher，H。Heller，thefirstnumberofthisnewjournalwasabletoappearinJanuary，19q3，totaketheplaceoftheZentralblattastheofficialorganofthe"InternationalPsychoanalyticAssociation。"

MeanwhileDr。HannsSachsandDr。OttoRankfoundedearlyin1912anewjournal，Imago（publishedbyHeller），whoseonlyaimistheapplicationofpsychoanalysistomentalsciences。Imagohasnowreachedthemiddleofitsthirdyear，andenjoystheincreasinginterestofreaderswhoarenotmedicallyinterestedinpsychoanalysis。

Apartfromthesefourperiodicalpublications（Schriftenz。Angew。Seelenkunde，Jahrbuch，Intern。Zeitschrift，andImago）otherGermanandforeignjournalshavecontributedworksthatcanclaimaplaceinpsychoanalyticliterature。

TheJournalofAbnormalPsychology，publishedbyMortonPrince，asarule，containsmanygoodanalyticalcontributions。Inthewinterof1913Dr。

WhiteandDr。Jelliffestartedajournalexclusivelydevotedtopsychoanalysis，THEPSYCHOANALYTICREVIEW，whichtakesintoaccountthefactthatmostphysiciansinAmericainterestedinpsychoanalysisdonotmastertheGermanlanguage。

Iamnowobligedtospeakoftwosecessionswhichhavetakenplaceamongthefollowersofpsychoanalysis。Thefirstofthesetookplaceintheintervalbetweenthefoundingoftheassociation[p。40]in1910andthecongressatWeimar，1911，thesecondtookplaceafterthis，andcametolightinM&uuml；nichin1913&middot；Thedisappointmentwhichtheycausedmemighthavebeenavoidedifmoreattentionhadbeenpaidtothemechanismsofthosewhoundergoanalyticaltreatment。Iwaswellawarethatanyonemighttakeflightonfirstapproachtotheunlovelytruthsofanalysis；Imyselfhadalwaysassertedthatanyone’sunderstandingmaybesuspendedbyone’sownrepressions（throughtheresistanceswhichsustainthem）sothatinhisrelationtopsychoanalysishecannotgetbeyondacertainpoint。ButIhadnotexpectedthatanyonewhohadmasteredanalysistoacertaindepthcouldrenouncethisunderstandingandloseit。Andyetdailyexperiencewithpatientshadshownthatthetotalrejectionofallknowledgegainedthroughanalysismaybebroughtaboutbyanydeeperstratumofparticularlystrongresistance。Evenifwesucceedthroughlaboriousworkincausingsuchapatienttograsppartsofanalyticknowledgeandhandletheseashisownpossessions，itmaywellhappenthatunderthedominationofthenextresistancehewillthrowtothewindsallhehaslearnedandwilldefendhimselfasinhisfirstdaysoftreatment。Ihadtolearnthatthiscanhappenamongpsychoanalystsjustasamongpatientsduringtreatment。

Itisnoenviabletasktowritethehistoryofthesetwosecessions，partlybecauseIamnotimpelledtoitbystrongpersonalmotives——I

hadnotexpectedgratitudenoramItoanyactivedegreerevengeful——

andpartlybecauseIknowthatIherebylaymyselfopentotheinvectivesofopponentsmanifestingbutlittleconsideration，andatthesametimeIregaletheenemiesofpsychoanalysiswiththelongwished—forspectacleofseeingthepsychoanalyststearingeachothertopieces。Ihadtoexercisemuchcontroltokeepmyselffromfightingwiththeopponentsofpsychoanalysis，andnowIfeelconstrainedtotakeupthefightwithformerfollowersorsuchasstillwishtobecalledso。Ihavenochoice；tokeepsilentwouldbecomfortableorcowardly，butitwouldhurtthesubjectmorethanthefrankuncoveringoftheexistingevils。Anyonewhohasfollowedthegrowthofscientificmovementswillknowthatquitesimilardisturbances[p。41]

anddissensionstookplaceinallofthem。Itmaybethatelsewheretheyaremorecarefullyconcealed。However，psychoanalysis，whichdeniesmanyconventionalideals，isalsomorehonestinthesethings。

AnotherverypalpableinconvenienceliesinthefactthatIcannotaltogetheravoidgoingintoananalyticelucidation。Analysisisnot，however，suitableforpolemicaluse；italwayspresupposestheconsentoftheoneanalyzedandthesituationofasuperiorandsubordinate。Thereforehewhowishestouseanalysiswithpolemicintentmustoffernoobjectionifthepersonsoanalyzedwill，inhisturn，useanalysisagainsthim，andifthediscussionmergesintoastateinwhichtheawakeningofaconvictioninanimpartialthirdpartyisentirelyexcluded。Ishall，therefore，makeherethesmallestpossibleuseofanalysis，therebylimitingmyindiscretionandaggressionagainstmyopponents，andIwillalsoaddthatIbasenoscientificcriticismonthismeans。IhavenothingtodowiththepossiblesubstanceoftruthsinthetheoriestoberejectednoramIseekingtorefutethesame。Thistaskmaybelefttootherableworkersinthefieldofpsychoanalysis，andsomeofithasalreadybeendone。Ionlydesiretoshowthatthesetheoriesdenythebasicprinciplesofanalysis——Iwillshowinwhatpoints——andforthisreasonshouldnotbeknownunderthisname。Ishall，therefore，useanalysisonlytomakeclearhowthesedeviationsfromanalysiscouldtakeplaceamonganalysts。AtthepartingplacesIam，ofcourse，obligedtodefendthejustrightsofpsychoanalysiswithpurelycriticalremarks。

Psychoanalysishasfoundasitsfirsttasktheexplanationoftheneuroses；

ithastakenthetwofactsofresistanceandtransferenceasstartingpoints，andbybearinginmindthethirdfactofamnesiainthetheoriesofrepression，ithasgivenjustificationtothesexualmotiveforcesoftheneurosesandoftheunconscious。Psychoanalysishasneverclaimedtogiveaperfecttheoryofthehumanpsychiclife，buthasonlydemandedthatitsdiscoveriesshouldbeusedforthecompletionandcorrectionofknowledgewehavegainedelsewhere。ButAlfredAdler’stheorygoesfarbeyondthisgoal。Itpretendstoexplainwithonestrokethebehaviorandcharacter[p。42]ofmenaswellastheirneuroticandpsychoticmaladies。Asamatteroffact，Adler’stheoryismoreadequatetoanyotherfieldthantothatoftheneuroses，whichhestillputsinthefirstplacebecauseofthehistoryofitsorigin。

IhadtheopportunityofstudyingDr。Adlermanyyearsandhaveneverdeniedhimthetestimonialofhavingasuperiormind，especiallyendowedspeculatively。

Asproofofthe"persecution"whichheclaimstohavesufferedatmyhands，IcanonlysaythataftertheformationoftheAssociationIhandedovertohimtheleadershipoftheViennagroup。ItwasonlyafterurgentrequestsfromallthemembersofthesocietythatIcouldbeprevailedupontoresumethepresidencyatthescientificproceedings。WhenIhadrecognizedDr。

Adler’sslighttalentfortheestimationoftheunconsciousmaterial，I

expectedthathewouldknowhowtodiscovertheconnectionsbetweenpsychoanalysisandpsychologyandthebiologicalbasesoftheimpulses，adiscoverytowhichhewasentitled，inacertainsense，throughhisvaluablestudiesabouttheinferiorityoforgans。Hereallydidbringoutsomething，buthisworkmakestheimpressionasif——tospeakinhisownjargon——itwereintendedtoprovethatpsychoanalysiswaswrongineverythingandthatthesignificanceofthesexualimpellingforcescouldonlybeduetogullibilityabouttheassertionsofneurotics。OfthepersonalmotiveofhisworkImayalsospeakpublicly，sincehehimselfrevealeditinthepresenceofasmallcircleofmembersoftheViennagroup。"Doyoubelieve，"heremarked，"thatitissuchagreatpleasureformetostandinyourshadowmywholelife？"TobesureIseenothingobjectionableinthefactthatayoungermanshouldfranklyadmitanambitionwhichonemight，inanycase，suspectasoneoftheincentivesofhiswork。Butevenunderthedominationofsuchamotiveamanshouldknowhowtoavoidbeing"unfair"asdesignatedbytheEnglishwiththeirfinesocialtact。WeGermanshaveonlyamuchcoarserwordatourdisposaltoconveythisidea。HowlittleAdlerhassucceededinnotbeingunfairisshownbythegreatnumberofmeanoutburstsofangerwhichdistorthiswritings，andbythefeelingofanungovernablemaniaforprioritywhichpervades[p。43]hiswork。

AttheViennaPsychoanalyticSocietyweonceheardhimclaimforhimselfthepriorityfortheviewpointsofthe"unityoftheneuroses"andthe"dynamicconception"ofthesame。ThiswasagreatsurpriseformeasI

hadalwaysbelievedthatIhadrepresentedthesetwoprinciplesbeforeIhadeverknownAdler。[15b]

ThisstrivingofAdlerforaplaceinthesunhasbroughtabout，however，oneresult，whichmustbeconsideredbeneficialtopsychoanalysis。WhenIwasobligedtobringaboutAdler’sresignationfromtheeditorialstaffoftheZentralblatt，aftertheappearanceofhisirreconcilablescientificantagonisms，AdleralsolefttheViennagroupandfoundedanewsocietytowhichhefirstgavethetastefulname"SocietyforFreePsychoanalysis。"

Buttheoutsidepublic，unacquaintedwithanalysis，isevidentlyaslittleskilledinrecognizingthedifferencebetweentheviewsoftwopsychoanalysts，asareEuropeansinrecognizingthetintsbetweentwoChinesefaces。The"free"psychoanalysisremainedintheshadowofthe"official"and"orthodox"

one，andwastreatedonlyasanappendageofthelatter。ThenAdlertookthestepforwhichwearethankful。Heseveredallconnectionwithpsychoanalysisandnamedhisteachings"TheIndividualPsychology。"ThereismuchspaceonGod’searth，andanyonewhocanissurelyjustifiedintumblingaboutuponituninhibited；butitisnotdesirabletocontinuelivingunderoneroofwhenpeoplenolongerunderstandoneanotherandnolongergetontogether。Adler’s"IndividualPsychology"isnowoneofthemanypsychologicalmovementsopposedtopsychoanalysis，anditsfurtherdevelopmentliesoutsideourinterests。

Adler’stheorywas，fromtheverybeginning，a"system，"whichpsychoanalysiswascarefulnottobecome。Itisalsoanexcellentexampleofa"secondaryelaboration"asseen，forexample，intheprocesswhichthewakingthoughtproducesindreammaterial。[16]

Inthiscaseinsteadofdreammaterialthereisthematerialnewly[p。

44]acquiredfromtheviewpointoftheegoandbroughtunderthefamiliarcategoriesofthesame。Itisthentranslated，changed，andasthoroughlymisunderstoodashappensinthecaseofdream—formation。Adler’stheoryisthuscharacterizedlessbywhatitassertsthanbywhatitdenies。Itconsequentlyconsistsofthreeelementsofquitedissimilarvalue；first，goodcontributionstothepsychologyoftheego，whicharesuperfluousbutadmissible；secondly，translationsofanalyticalfactsintothenewjargon，and，thirdly，distortionsandperversionsofthesefactswhentheydonotfitintotheegopresuppositions。Theelementsofthefirstkindhaveneverbeenignoredbypsychoanalysis，althoughitowednospecialattentiontothem。Psychoanalysishadagreaterinterestinshowingthatallegostrivingsaremixedwithlibidinouscomponents。Adler’stheoryemphasizesthecounterparttoit；namely，thatalllibidinousfeelingcontainsanadmixtureofegotism。ThiswouldhavebeenapalpablegainifAdlerhadnotmadeuseofthisassertiontodeny，everytime，thelibidinousfeelingsinfavoroftheimpellingegocomponents。Histheorythusdoesexactlywhatallpatientsdo，andwhatourconsciousthinkingalwaysdoes，itrationalizes，asJoneswouldsay，inordertoconcealtheunconsciousmotives。Adlerissoconsistentinthis，thatheconsiderstheobjectofevincingdominationoverthewoman，tobeonthetop，asthemainspringofthesexualact。Idonotknowifhehasupheldthismonstrousideainhiswritings。

Psychoanalysisearlyrecognizedthateveryneuroticsymptomowesthepossibilityofitsexistencetosomecompromise。Itmust，therefore，alsoputtosomegoodaccountthedemandsoftheegowhichmanagestherepression，itmustofferitsomeadvantagesbyfindingforitsomeusefulemployment，otherwiseitwouldsufferthesamefateastheoriginallydefendedimpulses。

Theterm"morbidgain"expressesthisstateofaffairs。Onemightevenhavebeenjustifiedindifferentiatingtheprimarygainfortheegowhichmusthavebeenactiveattheorigin，froma"secondary"gainwhichappearsinconnectionwithotherintentionsoftheego，whenthesymptomisabouttoassertitself。Ithasalsolongbeenknowntoanalysisthatthewithdrawalofthismorbidgain，orthecessationofthesame[p。45]inconsequenceofsomerealchange，isoneofthemechanismsinthecureofthesymptom。

Ontheserelationshipswhichcanbeverifiedandunderstoodwithoutdifficulty，Adler’stheoryputsthegreatestemphasis。Itentirelyoverlooksthefactthatinnumerabletimestheegomakesavirtueoutofnecessityinsubmittingtothemostundesiredsymptomforceduponit，becauseoftheuseitcanmakeofit，e。g。，whentheegoacceptsanxietyasameansofsecurity。

HeretheegoplaystheabsurdpartofthePierotinthecircus，who，throughhisgestures，wishestoconveytothespectatorstheimpressionthatallchangesinthemenagearetakingplaceathiscommand。Butonlytheyoungestamongthespectatorsbelievehim。

ForthesecondpartofAdler’stheorypsychoanalysismuststandsecurityasforitsownpossessions。Foritisnothingbutpsychoanalyticknowledgewhichtheauthorhadfromallthesourcesopenedtohimduringtenyearsofourjointwork，butwhichhelatermarkedashisownafterchangingthenomenclature。Forinstance，Imyselfconsider"security"abetterwordthan"protectivemeasure，"whichIused；butcannotfindinitanynewmeaning。SimilarlyonewillfindinAdler’sstatementsagreatmanylong—knownfeaturesifonewillreplacetheexpressions"feigned"（fingiert）fictiveandfiction，bytheoriginalwords"tofancy"and"phantasy。"Thisidentitywouldbeemphasizedbypsychoanalysis，eveniftheauthorhadnotformanyyearsparticipatedinourcommonwork。

ThethirdpartofAdler’stheory，whichconsistsingivingnewinterpretationsto，andindistortingthedisagreeablefactsofpsychoanalysis，containsthatwhichdefinitelyseverstheactual"IndividualPsychology"frompsychoanalysis。

AsisknowntheprincipleofAdler’ssystemstatesthatitistheobjectoftheself—assertionoftheindividual，his"willtopower"intheformofthe"masculineprotest，"tomanifestitselfdomineeringlyintheconductoflife，incharacterformationandintheneurosis。This"masculineprotest，"

theAdlerismmotor，isnothingelse，however，thantherepressionsetfreefromitspsychologicalmechanism，andwhatismore，itissexualizedandthushardlyinkeepingwiththevauntedexpulsionofsexuality[p46]fromitsplaceinthepsychiclife。The"masculineprotest"certainlyexists，butinconstitutingitasthemotorofthepsychiclife，observationhasonlyplayedthepartofthespringboardwhichoneleavesinordertoupliftone’sself。Letusconsideroneofthemostfundamentalsituationsoftheinfantiledesire；namely，theobservationofthesexualactbetweenadultsbythechild。Whenthelife—historyofsuchpersonsislatersubjectedtoanalysisbyaphysician，itisfoundthatatthismomenttheminorspectatorwasseizedbytwofeelings；one，inthecaseofaboy，toputhimselfintheplaceoftheactiveman，andtheother，theopposingfeeling，toidentifyhimselfwiththesufferingwoman。Bothstrivingsconjointlyexhaustthepleasurethatmighthaveresultedfromthissituation。Onlythefirstfeelingcancomeundertheheadofthe"masculineprotest"ifthisideaistoretainanymeaningatall。Thesecondfeeling，whosefateAdlereitherignoresordoesnotknow，isreallytheonewhichassumesgreatersignificanceinthelaterneurosis。Adlerhasplacedhimselfsoentirelyintothejealousconfinementoftheego，thatheonlyaccountsforsuchemotionalfeelingsasareagreeabletotheegoandfurtheredbyit；butthecaseoftheneurosis，whichopposesthesestrivings，liesbeyondhishorizon。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读