ButIcouldhavelistenedtoSirWilliamLoganforthewholeday，iftimeallowed。Ifound，eveninthathour，thatsomeideasfoundtheirwaythroughtome，andIbegantofancythatevenIcouldbecomeageologistatMontreal。

OverandbeyondSirWilliamLogan，thereisatMontrealforstrangersthedriveroundthemountain，notveryexciting，andthereisthetubularbridgeovertheSt。Lawrence。This，itmustbeunderstood，isnotmadeinonetube，asisthatovertheMenaiStraits，butisdividedinto，Ithink，thirteentubes。Totheeyethereappeartobetwenty-fivetubes；buteachofthesixsidetubesissupportedbyapierinthemiddle。Agreatpartoftheexpenseofthebridgewasincurredinsinkingtheshaftsforthesepiers。

CHAPTERV。

UPPERCANADA。

OttawaisinUpperCanada，butcrossingthesuspensionbridgefromOttawaintoHull，thetravelerisinLowerCanada。Itisthereforeexactlyintheconfines，andhasbeenchosenasthesiteofthenewgovernmentcapitalverymuchforthisreason。Otherreasonshavenodoubthadashareinthedecision。AtthetimewhenthechoicewasmadeOttawawasnotlargeenoughtocreatethejealousyofthemorepopuloustowns。Thoughnotonthemainlineofrailway，itwasconnectedwithitbyabranchrailway，anditisalsoconnectedwiththeSt。Lawrencebywatercommunication。Andthenitstandsnoblyonamagnificentriver，withhigh，overhangingrock，andanaturalgrandeurofpositionwhichhasperhapsgonefarinrecommendingittothosewhosevoiceinthematterhasbeenpotential。HavingtheworldofCanadafromwhencetochoosethesiteofanewtown，thechoosershavecertainlychosenwell。Itisanotherquestionwhetherornoanewtownshouldhavebeendeemednecessary。

PerhapsitmaybewelltoexplainthecircumstancesunderwhichitwasthoughtexpedientthustoestablishanewCanadiancapital。In1841，whenLordSydenhamwasGovernor-Generaloftheprovinces，thetwoCanadas，separatetillthen，wereunitedunderonegovernment。

AtthattimethepeopleofLowerorFrenchCanada，andthepeopleofUpperorEnglishCanada，differedmuchmoreintheirhabitsandlanguagethantheydonow。IdonotknowthattheEnglishhavebecomeinanywayGallicized，buttheFrenchhavebeenverymateriallyAnglicized。Butwhilethishasbeeninprogressnationaljealousyhasbeenatwork，andevenyetthatnationaljealousyisnotatanend。Whilethetwoprovincesweredividedtherewere，ofcourse，twocapitals，andtwoseatsofgovernment。

ThesewereatQuebecforLowerCanada，andatTorontoforUpperCanada，bothwhichtownsarecentricallysituatedasregardstherespectiveprovinces。Whentheunionwaseffected，itwasdeemedexpedientthatthereshouldbebutonecapital；andthesmalltownofKingstownwasselected，whichissituatedonthelowerendofLakeOntario，intheupperprovince。ButKingstownwasfoundtobeinconvenient，lackingspaceandaccommodationforthosewhohadtofollowthegovernment，andtheGovernorremoveditandhimselftoMontreal。Montrealisinthelowerprovince，butisverycentraltoboththeprovinces；anditismoreoverthechieftowninCanada。

Thiswouldhavedoneverywellbutforanunforeseenmisfortune。

Itwillberememberedbymostreadersthatin1837tookplacetheMackenzie-Papineaurebellion，ofwhichthosewhowerethenoldenoughtobepoliticiansheardsomuchinEngland。Iamnotgoingbacktorecountthehistoryoftheperiod，otherwisethantosaythattheEnglishCanadiansatthattime，inwithstandingandcombatingtherebels，didconsiderableinjurytothepropertyofcertainFrenchCanadians，andthat，whentherebellionhadblownoverandthoseinfaulthadbeenpardoned，aquestionarosewhetherornothegovernmentshouldmakegoodthelossesofthoseFrenchCanadianswhohadbeeninjured。TheEnglishCanadiansprotestedthatitwouldbemonstrousthattheyshouldbetaxedtorepairdamagessufferedbyrebels，andmadenecessaryinthesuppressionofrebellion。TheFrenchCanadiansdeclaredthattherebellionhadbeenonlyajustassertionoftheirrights；thatiftherehadbeencrimeonthepartofthosewhotookuparms，thatcrimehadbeencondoned，andthatthedamageshadnotfallenexclusivelyorevenchieflyonthosewhohaddoneso。Iwillgivenoopiniononthemeritsofthequestion，butsimplysaythatbloodranveryhotwhenitwasdiscussed。AtlasttheHousesoftheProvincialParliament，thenassembledatMontreal，decreedthatthelossesshouldbemadegoodbythepublictreasury；andtheEnglishmobinMontreal，whenthisdecreebecameknown，wasrousedtogreatwrathbyadecisionwhichseemedtobecondemnatoryofEnglishloyalty。ItpeltedLordElgin，theGovernor-General，withrotteneggs，andburneddowntheParliamenthouse。Hencetherearose，notunnaturally，astrongfeelingofangeronthepartofthelocalgovernmentagainstMontreal；andmoreovertherewasnolongerahouseinwhichtheParliamentcouldbeheldinthattown。Fortheseconjointreasonsitwasdecidedtomovetheseatofgovernmentagain，anditwasresolvedthattheGovernorandtheParliamentshouldsitalternatelyatTorontoinUpperCanada，andatQuebecinLowerCanada，remainingfouryearsateachplace。TheywentatfirsttoTorontofortwoyearsonly，havingagreedthattheyshouldbethereonthisoccasiononlyfortheremainderofthetermofthethenParliament。AfterthattheywereatQuebecforfouryears；thenatTorontoforfour；andnowagainareatQuebec。Butthisarrangementhasbeenfoundveryinconvenient。Inthefirstplacethereisagreatnationalexpenditureincurredinmovingoldrecordsandinkeepingdoublerecords，inmovingthelibrary，and，asIhavebeeninformed，eventhepictures。Thegovernmentclerksalsoarecalledontomoveasthegovernmentmoves；andthoughanallowanceismadetothemfromthenationalpursetocovertheirloss，thearrangementhasneverthelessbeenfeltbythemtobeagrievance，asmaybewellunderstood。TheaccommodationalsofortheministersofthegovernmentandformembersofthetwoHouseshasbeeninsufficient。Hotels，lodgings，andfurnishedhousescouldnotbeprovidedtotheextentrequired，seeingthattheywouldbeleftnearlyemptyforeveryalternatespaceoffouryears。

Indeed，itneedsbutlittleargumenttoprovethattheplanadoptedmusthavebeenathoroughlyuncomfortableplan，andthewonderisthatitshouldhavebeenadopted。LowerCanadahadundertakentomakeallherleadingcitizenswretched，providingUpperCanadawouldtreatherswithequalseverity。Thishasnowgoneonforsometwelveyears，andasthesystemwasfoundtobeanunendurablenuisance，ithasbeenatlastadmittedthatsomestepsmustbetakentowardselectingonecapitalforthecountry。

Ishouldhere，injusticetotheCanadians，statearemarkmadetomeonthismatterbyoneofthepresentleadingpoliticiansofthecolony。Icannotthinkthatthemigratoryschemewasgoodbuthedefendedit，assertingthatithaddoneverymuchtoamalgamatethepeopleofthetwoprovinces；thatithadbroughtLowerCanadiansintoUpperCanada，andUpperCanadiansintoLowerCanada，teachingEnglishtothosewhospokeonlyFrenchbefore，andmakingeachpleasantlyacquaintedwiththeother。Ihavenodoubtthatsomething——perhapsmuch——hasbeendoneinthisway；butvaluableastheresultmayhavebeen，Icannotthinkitworththecostofthemeansemployed。Thebestanswertotheaboveargumentconsistsintheundoubtedfactthatamigratorygovernmentwouldneverhavebeenestablishedforsuchareason。ItwassoestablishedbecauseMontreal，thecentraltown，hadgivenoffense，andbecausethejealousyoftheprovincesagainsteachotherwouldnotadmitofthegovernmentbeingplacedentirelyatQuebec，orentirelyatToronto。

Butitwasnecessarythatsomestepshouldbetaken；andasitwasfoundtobeunlikelythatanyresolutionshouldbereachedbythejointprovincesthemselves，itwasloyallyandwiselydeterminedtoreferthemattertotheQueen。ThatHerMajestyhasconstitutionallythepowertocalltheParliamentofCanadaatanytownofCanadawhichshemayselect，admits，Iconceive，ofnodoubt。Itis，Iimagine，withinherprerogativetocalltheParliamentofEnglandwhereshemaypleasewithinthatrealm，thoughherliegeswouldbesomewhatstartledifitwerecalledotherwherethaninLondon。ItwasthereforewelldonetoaskHerMajestytoactasarbiterinthematter。ButtherearenotwantingthoseinCanadawhosaythatinreferringthemattertotheQueenitwasintruthreferringittothosebywhomverymanyoftheCanadianswereleastwillingtobeguidedinthematter；totheGovernor-Generalnamely，andtheColonialSecretary。ManyindeedinCanadanowdeclarethatthedecisionsimplyplacedthematterinthehandsoftheGovernor-General。

Bethatasitmay，Idonotthinkthatanyunbiasedtravelerwilldoubtthatthebestpossibleselectionhasbeenmade，presumingalways，aswemaypresumeinthediscussion，thatMontrealcouldnotbeselected。ItakeforgrantedthattherejectionofMontrealwasregardedasasinequanoninthedecision。Tomeitappearsgrievousthatthisshouldhavebeenso。Itisagreatthingforanycountrytohavealarge，leading，world-knowncity，andIthinkthatthegovernmentshouldcombinewiththecommerceofthecountryincarryingoutthisobject。Butcommercecandoagreatdealmoreforgovernmentthangovernmentcandoforcommerce。GovernmenthasselectedOttawaasthecapitalofCanada；butcommercehasalreadymadeMontrealthecapital，andMontrealwillbethechiefcityofCanada，letgovernmentdowhatitmaytofostertheothertown。

Theideaofspitingatownbecausetherehasbeenarowinitseemstometobepreposterous。TherowwasnottheworkofthosewhohavemadeMontrealrichandrespectable。MontrealismorecentricalthanOttawa——nay，itisasnearlycentricalasanytowncanbe。ItiseasiertogettoMontrealfromTorontothantoOttawa；andiffromToronto，thenfromallthatdistantportionofUpperCanadabackofToronto。ToallLowerCanadaMontrealis，asamatterofcourse，mucheasierofaccessthanOttawa。ButhavingsaidsomuchinfavorofMontreal，Iwillagainadmitthat，puttingasideMontreal，thebestpossibleselectionhasbeenmade。

WhenOttawawasnamed，notimewaslostinsettingtoworktoprepareforthenewmigration。In1859theParliamentwasremovedtoQuebec，withtheunderstandingthatitshouldremaintheretillthenewbuildingsshouldbecompleted。ThesebuildingswereabsolutelycommencedinApril，1860，anditwas，andIbelievestillis，expectedthattheywillbecompletedin1863。Iamnowwritinginthewinterof1861；and，asisnecessaryinCanadianwinters，theworksaresuspended。ButunfortunatelytheyweresuspendedintheearlypartofOctober——onthefirstofOctober——

whereastheymighthavebeencontinued，asfarastheseasonisconcerned，uptotheendofNovember。WereachedOttawaonthethirdofOctober，andmorethanathousandmenhadthenbeenjustdismissed。Allthemoneyinhandhadbeenexpended，andthegovernment——soitwassaid——couldgivenomoremoneytillParliamentshouldmeetagain。Thiswasmostunfortunate。Inthefirstplacethesuspensionwasagainstthecontractasmadewiththecontractorsforthebuilding；inthenextplacetherewasthedelay；andthen，worstofall，thequestionagainbecameagitatedwhetherthecoloniallegislaturewerereallyinearnestwithreferencetoOttawa。Manymenofmarkinthecolonywerestillanxious——Ibelievearestillanxious——toputanendtotheOttawascheme，andthinkthattherestillexistsforthemachanceofsuccess。Andverymanymenwhoarenotofmarkarethusunited，andafeelingofdoubtonthesubjecthasbeencreated。Twohundredandtwenty-fivethousandpoundshavealreadybeenspentonthesebuildings，andIhavenodoubtmyselfthattheywillbedulycompletedanddulyused。

Wewentuptothenewtownbyboat，takingthecourseoftheRiverOttawa。WepassedSt。Ann's，butnooneatSt。Ann'sseemedtoknowanythingofthebrotherswhoweretorestthereontheirwearyoars。AtMaxwellstownIcouldhearnothingofAnnieLaurieorofhertrysting-placeonthebraes；andtheturnpikemanatTaracouldtellmenothingofthesiteofthehall，andhadneverevenheardoftheharp。WhenIgodownSouth，Ishallexpecttofindthatthenegromelodieshavenotyetreached“OldVirginie。“ThisboatconveyancefromMontrealtoOttawaisnotallthatcouldbewishedinconvenience，foritisalliedtoocloselywithrailwaytraveling。ThosewhouseitleaveMontrealbyarailway；afterninemiles，theyarechangedintoasteamboat。Thentheyencounteranotherrailway，andatlastreachOttawainasecondsteamboat。

Buttheriverisseen，andabetterideaofthecountryisobtainedthancanbehadsolelyfromtherailwaycars。Thesceneryisbynomeansgrand，norisitstrikinglypicturesque，butitisinitswayinteresting。Foralongportionoftherivertheoldprimevalforestscomedownclosetothewater'sedge，andinthefalloftheyearthebrilliantcoloringisverylovely。Itshouldnotbeimagined，asIthinkitoftenisimagined，thattheseforestsaremadeupofsplendidtrees，orthatsplendidtreesareevencommon。

Whentimbergrowsonundrainedground，andwhenitisuncaredfor，itdoesnotseemtoapproachnearertoitsperfectionthanwheatandgrassdoundersimilarcircumstances。Seenfromalittledistance，thecolorandeffectisgood；butthetreesthemselveshaveshallowroots，andgrowuptall，narrow，andshapeless。Itnecessarilyissowithalltimberthatisnotthinnedinitsgrowth。Whenfineforesttreesarefound，andareleftstandingalonebyanycultivatorwhomayhavetasteenoughtowishforsuchadornment，theyalmostinvariablydie。Theyarerobbedofthesicklyshelterbywhichtheyhavebeensurrounded；thehotsunstrikestheuncoveredfibersoftheroots，andthepoor，solitaryinvalidlanguishes，andatlastdies。

Asoneascendstheriver，whichbyitsbreadthformsitselfintolakes，oneisshownIndianvillagesclusteringdownuponthebank。

SomeyearsagotheseIndianswererich，forthepriceoffurs，inwhichtheydealt，washigh；butfurshavebecomecheaper，andthebeavers，withwhichtheyusedtotrade，arealmostvalueless。Thatachangeinthefashionofhatsshouldhaveassistedtopolishthesepoorfellowsoffthefaceofcreation，must，onemaysuppose，beveryunintelligibletothem；butneverthelessitisprobablyasubjectofdeepspeculation。Ifthereadingworldweretotaketosermonsagainandeschewtheirnovels，Messrs。Thackeray，Dickens，andsomeotherswouldlookaboutthemandinquireintothecausesofsuchachangewithconsiderableacuteness。Theymightnot，perhaps，hitthetruth，andtheseIndiansaremuchinthatpredicament。Itissaidthatveryfewpure-bloodedIndiansarenowtobefoundintheirvillages，butIdoubtwhetherthisisnoterroneous。ThechildrenoftheIndiansarenowfeduponbakedbreadandoncookedmeat，andarebroughtupinhouses。Theyarenursedsomewhatasthechildrenofthewhitemenarenursed；andthesepracticesnodoubthavedonemuchtowardalteringtheirappearance。ThenegroeswhohavebeenbredintheStates，andwhosefathershavebeensobredbeforethem，differbothincolorandformfromtheirbrotherswhohavebeenbornandnurturedinAfrica。

IsaidinthelastchapterthattheCityofOttawawasstilltobebuilt；butImustexplain，lestIshoulddrawdownonmyheadthewrathoftheOttawaites，thattheplacealreadycontainsapopulationof15，000inhabitants。As，however，itisbeingpreparedforfourtimesthatnumber——foreighttimesthatnumber，letushope——andasitstragglesoveravastextentofground，itgivesonetheideaofacityinanactivecourseofpreparation。

InEnglandweknownothingaboutunbuiltcities。Withusfourorfiveblocksofstreetstogetherneverassumethatugly，unfledgedappearancewhichbelongstothehalf-finishedcarcassofahouse，astheydosooftenontheothersideoftheAtlantic。Ottawaispreparingforitselfbroadstreetsandgrandthoroughfares。Thebuildingsalreadyextendoveralengthconsiderablyexceedingtwomiles；andhalfadozenhotelshavebeenopened，which，ifIwerewritingaguide-bookinacomplimentarytone，itwouldbemydutytodescribeasfirstrate。Butthehalfdozenfirst-ratehotels，thoughopen，asyetenjoybutamoderateamountofcustom。Allthisjustifiesme，Ithink，insayingthatthecityhasasyettogetitselfbuilt。ThemannerinwhichthisisbeingdonejustifiesmealsoinsayingthattheOttawaitesaregoingabouttheirtaskwithaworthyzeal。

TomeIconfessthatthenatureofthesituationhasgreatcharms，regardingitasthesiteforatown。Itisnotonaplain；andfromtheformoftherockoverhangingtheriver，andofthehillthatfallsfromthencedowntothewater，ithasbeenfoundimpracticabletolayouttheplaceinright-angledparallelograms。

Aright-angledparallelogramicalcity，suchasarePhiladelphiaandthenewportionofNewYork，isfromitsverynatureodioustome。

Iknowthatmuchmaybesaidinitsfavor——thatdrainageandgas-

pipescomeeasiertosuchashape，andthatgroundcanbebettereconomized。Nevertheless，Ipreferastreetthatisforcedtotwistitselfabout。IenjoythenarrownessofTempleBarandthemisshapencurvatureofPicketStreet。ThedisreputabledinginessofHollowellStreetisdeartome，andIlovetothreadmywayuptheOlympicintoCoventGarden。FifthAvenueinNewYorkisasgrandaspaintandglasscanmakeit；butIwouldnotliveinapalaceinFifthAvenueifthecorporationofthecitywouldpaymybaker'sandbutcher'sbills。

ThetownofOttawaliesbetweentwowaterfalls。Theupperone，orRideauFall，isformedbytheconfluenceofasmallriverwiththelargerone；andthelowerfall——designatedaslowerbecauseitisatthefootofthehill，thoughitishigheruptheOttawaRiver——

iscalledtheChaudiere，fromitsresemblancetoaboilingkettle。

ThisisontheOttawaRiveritself。TheRideauFallisdividedintotwobranches，thusforminganislandinthemiddle，asisthecaseatNiagara。Itisprettyenough，andworthvisitingevenwereitfartherfromthetownthanitis；butbythosewhohavehuntedoutmanycataractsintheirtravelsitwillnotbeconsideredveryremarkable。TheChaudiereFallIdidthinkveryremarkable。Itisoftriflingdepth，beingformedbyfracturesintherockybedoftheriver；butthewatershavesocuttherockastocreatebeautifulformsintherushwhichtheymakeintheirdescent。

Strangersaretoldtolookatthesefallsfromthesuspensionbridge；anditiswellthattheyshoulddoso。But，insolookingatthem，theyobtainbutaverysmallpartoftheireffect。OntheOttawasideofthebridgeisabrewery，whichbreweryissurroundedbyahugetimber-yard。ThistimberyardIfoundtobeverymuddy，andthepassingandrepassingthroughitisaworkoftrouble；butneverthelessletthetravelerbyallmeansmakehiswaythroughthemud，andscrambleoverthetimber，andcrosstheplankbridgeswhichtraversethestreamsofthesaw-mills，andthustakehimselftotheouteredgeofthewood-workoverthewater。Ifhewillthenseathimself，aboutthehourofsunset，hewillseetheChaudiereFallaright。

ButthegloryofOttawawillbe——and，indeed，alreadyis——thesetofpublicbuildingswhichisnowbeingerectedontherockwhichguards，asitwere，thetownfromtheriver。HowmuchoftheexcellenceofthesebuildingsmaybeduetothetasteofSirEdmundHead，thelategovernor，Idonotknow。Thathehasgreatlyinterestedhimselfinthesubject，iswellknown；and，asthestyleofthedifferentbuildingsissomuchalikeastomakeonewhole，thoughthedesignsofdifferentarchitectswereselectedandthesedifferentarchitectsemployed，Iimaginethatconsiderablealterationsmusthavebeenmadeintheoriginaldrawings。Therearethreebuildings，formingthreesidesofaquadrangle；buttheyarenotjoined，thevacantspacesatthecornerbeingofconsiderableextent。Thefourthsideofthequadrangleopensupononeoftheprincipalstreetsofthetown。ThecenterbuildingisintendedfortheHousesofParliament，andthetwosidebuildingsforthegovernmentoffices。OfthefirstMessrs。FullerandJonesarethearchitects，andofthelatterMessrs。StentandLaver。I

didnothavethepleasureofmeetinganyofthesegentlemen；butI

takeuponmyselftosaythat，asregardspurityofartandmanlinessofconception，theirjointworkisentitledtotheveryhighestpraise。Howfarthebuildingsmaybewellarrangedfortherequiredpurposes——howfartheymaybeeconomicalinconstructionorspeciallyadaptedtothesevereclimateofthecountry——Icannotsay；butIhavenohesitationinriskingmyreputationforjudgmentingivingmywarmestcommendationtothemasregardsbeautyofoutlineandtruthfulnobilityofdetail。

Ishallnotattempttodescribethem，forIshouldinterestnooneindoingso，andshouldcertainlyfailinmyattempttomakeanyreaderunderstandme。IknownomodernGothicpurerofitskindorlesssulliedwithfictitiousornamentation。OurownHousesofParliamentareveryfine，butitis，Ibelieve，generallyfeltthattheornamentationistoominute；and，moreover，itmaybequestionedwhetherperpendicularGothiciscapableofthehighestnobilitywhicharchitecturecanachieve。IdonotpretendtosaythattheseCanadianpublicbuildingswillreachthathighestnobility。Theymustbefinishedbeforeanyfinaljudgmentcanbepronounced；butIdofeelverycertainthatthatfinaljudgmentwillbegreatlyintheirfavor。Thetotalfrontageofthequadrangle，includingthesidebuildings，is1200feet；thatofthecenterbuildingsis475。AsIhavesaidbefore，225，000poundshavealreadybeenexpended；anditisestimatedthatthetotalcost，includingthearrangementanddecorationofthegroundbehindthebuildingandinthequadrangle，willbehalfamillion。

Thebuildingsfrontuponwhatwill，Isuppose，betheprincipalstreetofOttawa，andtheystanduponarocklookingimmediatelydownupontheriver。Inthiswaytheyareblessedwithasitepeculiarlyhappy。Indeed，Icannotatthismomentrememberanysomuchso。TheCastleofEdinburghstandsverywell；butthen，likemanyothercastles，itstandsonasummitbyitself，andcanonlybeapproachedbyasteepascent。ThesebuildingsatOttawa，thoughtheylookdownfromagrandeminenceimmediatelyontheriver，areapproachedfromthetownwithoutanyascent。Therock，thoughitfallsalmostprecipitouslydowntothewateriscoveredwithtreesandshrubs；andthentheriverthatrunsbeneathisrapid，bright，andpicturesqueintheirregularityofallitslines。Theviewfromthebackofthelibrary，uptotheChaudiereFallsandtothesaw-millsbywhichtheyaresurrounded，isverylovely。SothatI

willsayagainthatIknownositeforsuchasetofbuildingssohappyasregardsbothbeautyandgrandeur。Itisintendedthatthelibrary，ofwhichthewallswereonlytenfeetabovethegroundwhenIwasthere，shallbeanoctagonalbuilding，inshapeandoutwardcharacterlikethechapterhouseofacathedral。Thisstructurewill，Ipresume，besurroundedbygravelwalksandgreensward。Ofthelibrarythereisalargemodelshowingallthedetailsofthearchitecture；andifthatmodelbeultimatelyfollowed，thisbuildingalonewillbeworthyofavisitfromEnglishtourists。TomeitwasverywonderfultofindsuchanedificeinthecourseoferectiononthebanksofawildriveralmostatthebackofCanada。ButifeverIvisitCanadaagain，itwillbetoseethosebuildingswhencompleted。

Andnow，likeallfriendlycritics，havingbestowedmymodicumofpraise，Imustproceedtofindfault。Icannotbringmyselftoadministermysugar-plumwithoutaddingtoitsomebittermorselbywayofantidote。Thebuildingtotheleftofthequadrangleasitisenteredisdeficientinlength，andonthataccountappearsmeantotheeye。Thetwosidebuildingsarebroughtupclosetothestreet，sothateachhasafrontageimmediatelyonthestreet。

Suchbeingthecase，theyshouldbeofequallength，ornearlyso。

Hadthecenterofonefrontedthecenteroftheother，adifferenceoflengthmighthavebeenallowed；butinthiscasethesidefrontofthesmalleronewouldnothavereachedthestreet。Asitis，thespacebetweenthemainbuildingandthesmallerwingisdisproportionablylarge，andtheverydistanceatwhichitstandswill，Ifear，givetoitthatappearanceofmeannessofwhichI

havespoken。Theclerkoftheworks，whoexplainedtomewithmuchcourtesytheplanofthebuildings，statedthatthedesignofthiswingwascapableofelongation，andhadbeenexpresslypreparedwiththatobject。Ifthisbeso，Itrustthatthedefectwillberemedied。

ThegreattradeofCanadaislumbering；andlumberingconsistsincuttingdownpine-treesupinthefardistantforests，inhewingorsawingthemintoshapeformarket，andgettingthemdowntheriverstoQuebec，fromwhencetheyareexportedtoEurope，andchieflytoEngland。TimberinCanadaiscalledlumber；thoseengagedinthetradearecalledlumberers，andthebusinessitselfiscalledlumbering。Afteralapseoftimeitmustnodoubtbecomemonotonoustothoseengagedinit，andthenameisnotengaging；

butthereismuchaboutitthatisverypicturesque。Asaw-millworkedbywaterpowerisalmostalwaysaprettyobject；andstacksofnew-cuttimberarepleasanttothesmell，andgroupthemselvesnotamissonthewater'sedge。IfIhadthetime，andwereayearortwoyounger，Ishouldlovewelltogouplumberingintothewoods。Themenforthispurposearehiredinthefalloftheyear，andaresentuphundredsofmilesawaytothepineforestsinstronggangs。Everythingistherefoundforthem。Theymakeloghutsfortheirshelter，andfoodofthebestandthestrongestistakenupfortheirdiet。Butnostrongdrinkofanykindisallowed，norisanywithinreachofthemen。Therearenopublics，noshebeenhouses，nogrog-shops。Sobrietyisanenforcedvirtue；

andsomuchisthisconsideredbythemasters，andunderstoodbythemen，thatverylittlecontrabandworkisdoneinthewayoftakingupspiritstothesesettlements。Itmaybesaidthattheworkupintheforestsisdonewiththeassistanceofnostrongerdrinkthantea；anditisveryhardwork。Therecannotbemuchworkthatisharder；anditisdoneamidthesnowsandforestsofaCanadianwinter。AconvictinBermudacannotgetthroughhisdailyeighthoursoflightlaborwithoutanallowanceofrum；butaCanadianlumberercanmanagetodohisdailytaskonteawithoutmilk。Thesemen，however，arebynomeansteetotalers。Whentheycomebacktothetownstheybreakout，andrewardthemselvesfortheirlong-enforcedmoderation。ThewagesIfoundtobeveryvarious，runningfromthirteenorfourteendollarsamonthtotwenty-eightorthirty，accordingtothenatureofthework。Themenwhocutdownthetreesreceivemorethanthosewhohewthemwhendown，andtheseagainmorethantheunderclasswhomaketheroadsandcleartheground。Thesemoneywages，however，areinadditiontotheirdiet。Theoperationrequiringthemostskillisthatofmarkingthetreesfortheaxe。Thelargestonlyareworthcutting，andformandsoundnessmustalsobeconsidered。

ButifIwereabouttovisitapartyoflumberersintheforest，I

shouldnotbedisposedtopassawholewinterwiththem。Evenofaverygoodthingonemayhavetoomuch，Iwouldgoupinthespring，whentheraftsarebeingformedinthesmalltributarystreams，andIwouldcomedownupononeofthem，shootingtherapidsoftheriversassoonasthefirstfreshetshadleftthewayopen。A

freshetintheriversistherushofwatersoccasionedbymeltingsnowandice。Thefirstfreshetstakedownthewinterwatersofthenearerlakesandrivers。Thenthestreamsbecomeforatimenavigable，andtheraftsgodown。Afterthatcomesthesecondfreshet，occasionedbythemeltingoffar-offsnowandiceupinthegreatnorthernlakes，whicharelittleknown。Theseraftsareofimmenseconstruction，suchasthosewhichwehaveseenontheRhoneandRhine，andoftencontaintimbertothevalueoftwo，three，andfourthousandpounds。Attherapidsthelargeraftsare，asitwere，unyoked，anddividedintosmallportions，whichgodownseparately。Theexcitementandmotionofsuchtransitmust，I

shouldsay，beveryjoyous。IwastoldthatthePrinceofWalesdesiredtogodownarapidonaraft，butthatthemeninchargewouldnotundertaketosaythattherewasnopossibledanger；

whereuponthosewhoaccompaniedtheprincerequestedhisRoyalHighnesstoforbear。Ifearthat，inthesecarefuldays，crownedheadsandtheirheirsmustoftenfindthemselvesinthepositionofSanchoatthebanquet。Thesailorprince，whocameafterhisbrother，wasallowedtogodownarapid，andgot，asIwastold，ratheraroughbumpashedidso。

Ottawaisagreatplaceforthesetimberrafts。Indeed，itmay，I

think，becalledtheheadquartersoftimberfortheworld。Nearlyallthebestpine-woodcomesdowntheOttawaanditstributaries。

TheotherriversbywhichtimberisbroughtdowntotheSt。

LawrencearechieflytheSt。Maurice，theMadawaska，andtheSaguenay；buttheOttawaanditstributarieswater75，000squaremiles，whereastheotherthreerivers，withtheirtributaries，wateronly53，000。ThetimberfromtheOttawaandSt。MauricefindsitswaydowntheSt。LawrencetoQuebec，where，however，itlosesthewholeofitspicturesquecharacter。TheSaguenayandtheMadawaskafallintotheSt。LawrencebelowQuebec。

FromOttawawewentbyrailtoPrescott，whichissurelyoneofthemostwretchedlittleplacestobefoundinanycountry。

Immediatelyoppositetoit，ontheothersideoftheSt。Lawrence，isthethrivingtownofOgdensburg。ButOgdensburgisintheUnitedStates。HadwebeenabletolearnatOttawaanyfactsastothehoursoftheriversteamersandrailways，wemighthavesavedtimeandhaveavoidedPrescott；butthiswasoutofthequestion。

HadIaskedtheexacthouratwhichImightreachCalcuttabythequickestroute，anaccuratereplywouldnothavebeenmoreoutofthequestion。Iwasmuchstruck，atPrescott——and，indeed，allthroughCanada，thoughmoreintheupperthaninthelowerprovince——bythesturdyroughness，somewouldcallitinsolence，ofthoseofthelowerclassesofthepeoplewithwhomIwasbroughtintocontact。Ifthewords“lowerclasses“giveoffensetoanyreader，Ibegtoapologize——toapologize，andtoassertthatIamoneofthelastofmentoapplysuchaterminasenseofreproachtothosewhoearntheirbreadbythelaboroftheirhands。Butitishardtofindtermswhichwillbeunderstood；andthatterm，whetheritgiveoffenseorno，willbeunderstood。OfcoursesuchacomplaintasthatInowmakeisverycommonasmadeagainsttheStates。(MenintheStates，withhornedhandsandfustiancoats，areveryoftenmostunnecessarilyinsolentinassertingtheirindependence。WhatInowmeantosayisthatpreciselythesamefaultistobefoundinCanada。Iknowwellwhatthemenmeanwhentheyoffendinthismanner。AndwhenIthinkonthesubjectwithdeliberationatmyowndesk，Icannotonlyexcuse，butalmostapprovethem。Butwhenonepersonallyencountersthiscorduroybraggadocio；whenthemantowhoseservicesoneisentitledanswersonewithdeterminedinsolence；whenoneisbiddentofollow“thatyounglady，“meaningthechambermaid，ordesired，withatossofthehead，towaitforthe“gentlemanwhoiscoming，“meaningtheboots，theheartissickened，andtheEnglishtravelerpinesforthecivility——fortheservility，ifmyAmericanfriendschoosetocallitso——ofawell-orderedservant。Butthewholesceneiseasilyconstrued，andturnedintoEnglish。Amanisaskedbyastrangersomequestionabouthisemployment，andherepliesinatonewhichseemstoimplyanger，insolence，andadishonestintentiontoevadetheserviceforwhichheispaid。Or，iftherebenoquestionofserviceorpayment，theman'smannerwillbethesame，andthestrangerfeelsthatheisslappedinthefaceandinsulted。Thetranslationofitisthis:Themanquestioned，whoisawarethatasregardscoat，hat，boots，andoutwardcleanlinessheisbelowhimbywhomheisquestioned，unconsciouslyfeelshimselfcalledupontoasserthispoliticalequality。Itishisshibboleththatheispoliticallyequaltothebest，thatheisindependent，andthathislabor，thoughitearnhimbutadollaradaybyporterage，placeshimasacitizenonanequalrankwiththemostwealthyfellow-manthatmayemployoraccosthim。But，beingsoinferiorinthatcoat，hat，andbootsmatter，heisforcedtoasserthisequalitybysomeeffort。Asheimprovesinexternals，hewilldiminishtheroughnessofhisclaim。Aslongasthemanmakeshisclaimwithanyroughness，solongdoesheacknowledgewithinhimselfsomefeelingofexternalinferiority。Whenthathasgone——whentheAmericanhaspolishedhimselfupbyeducationandgeneralwell-beingtoafeelingofexternalequalitywithgentlemen，heshows，Ithink，nomoreofthatoutwardbraggadocioofindependencethanaFrenchman。

Buttheblowatthemomentofthestrokeisverygalling。I

confessthatIhaveoccasionallyallbutbrokendownbeneathit。

Butwhenitisthoughtofafterwarditadmitsoffullexcuse。Noeffortthatamancanmakeisbetterthanatrueeffortatindependence。Butthisinsolenceisafalseeffort，itwillbesaid。Itshouldratherbecalledafalseaccompanimenttoalife-

longtrueeffort。Themanprobablyisnotdishonest，doesnotdesiretoshirkanyservicewhichisduefromhim，isnoteveninclinedtoinsolence。Accepthisfirstdeclarationofequalityforthatwhichitisintendedtorepresent，andthemanafterwardwillbefoundobligingandcommunicative。Ifoccasionofferhewillsitdownintheroomwithyou，andwilltalkwithyouonanysubjectthathemaychoose；buthavingonceascertainedthatyoushownoresentmentforthisassertionofequality，hewilldoprettynearlyallthatisasked。HewillatanyratedoasmuchinthatwayasanEnglishman。Isaythusmuchonthissubjectnowespecially，becauseIwasquiteasmuchstruckbythefeelinginCanadaasIwaswithintheStates。

FromPrescottwewentonbytheGrandTrunkRailwaytoToronto，andstayedthereforafewdays。TorontoisthecapitaloftheprovinceofUpperCanada，andIpresumewillinsomedegreeremainso，inspiteofOttawaanditspretensions。Thatis，thelawcourtswillstillbeheldthere。Idonotknowthatitwillenjoyanyothersupremacyunlessitbethatoftradeandpopulation。

SomefewyearsagoTorontowasadvancingwithrapidstrides，andwasbiddingfairtorivalQuebec，orevenperhapsMontreal。

Hamiltonalso，anothertownofUpperCanada，wasgoingaheadinthetrueAmericanstyle；butthenreversescameintrade，andthetownswerecheckedforawhile。Toronto，withaneighboringsuburbwhichisapartofit，asSouthwarkisofLondon，containsnowover50，000inhabitants。Thestreetsareallparallelogramical，andthereisnotasinglecurvaturetoresttheeye。ItisbuiltdowncloseuponLakeOntario；andasitisalsoontheGrandTrunkRailway，ithasalltheaidwhichfacilityoftrafficcangiveit。

ThetwosightsofTorontoaretheOsgoodeHallandtheUniversity。

TheOsgoodeHallistoUpperCanadawhattheFourCourtsaretoIreland。Thelawcourtsareallheldthere。Exteriorly，littlecanbesaidforOsgoodeHall，whereastheexterioroftheFourCourtsinDublinisveryfine；butasaninterior，thetempleofThemisatTorontobeatshollowthatwhichthegoddessownsinDublin。InDublinthecourtsthemselvesareshabby，andthespaceunderthedomeisnotsofineastheexteriorseemstopromisethatitshouldbe。InTorontothecourtsthemselvesare，Ithink，themostcommodiousthatIeversaw，andthepassages，vestibules，andhallareveryhandsome。InUpperCanadathecommon-lawjudgesandthoseinchanceryaredividedastheyareinEngland；butitis，asIwastold，theopinionofCanadianlawyersthattheworkmaybethrowntogether。Appealisallowedincriminalcases；butasfarasIcouldlearnsuchpowerofappealisheldtobebothtroublesomeanduseless。InLowerCanadatheoldFrenchlawsarestilladministered。

ButtheUniversityisthegloryofToronto。ThisisaGothicbuilding，andwilltakerankafter，butnextto，thebuildingsatOttawa。ItwillbethesecondpieceofnoblearchitectureinCanada，andasfarasIknowontheAmericancontinent。Itis，I

believe，intendedtobepurelyNorman，thoughIdoubtwhetherthereceivedtypesofNormanarchitecturehavenotbeendepartedfrominmanyofthewindows。Bethisasitmay，thecollegeisamanly，noblestructure，freefromfalsedecoration，andinfinitelycreditabletothosewhoprojectedit。Iwasinformedbytheheadofthecollegethatithasbeenopenonlytwoyears；andherealsoIfancythatthecolonyhasbeenmuchindebtedtothetasteofthelateGovernor，SirEdmundHead。

Torontoasacityisnotgenerallyattractivetoatraveler。Thecountryarounditisflat；and，thoughitstandsonalake，thatlakehasnoattributesofbeauty。Largeinlandseas，suchasarethesegreatNorthernlakesofAmerica，neverhavesuchattributes。

Picturesquemountainsrisefromnarrowvalleys，suchasformthebedsoflakesinSwitzerland，Scotland，andNorthernItaly；butfromsuchbroadwatersasthoseofLakeOntario，LakeErie，andLakeMichigan，theshoresshelveverygradually，andhavenoneofthematerialsoflovelyscenery。

ThestreetsinTorontoareframedwithwood，orratherplanked，asarethoseofMontrealandQuebec；buttheyarekeptinbetterorder。IshouldsaythattheplanksarefirstusedatToronto，thensentdownbythelaketoMontreal，andwhenallbutrottedoutthere，areagainfloatedoffbytheSt。LawrencetobeusedinthethoroughfaresoftheoldFrenchcapital。ButifthestreetsofTorontoarebetterthanthoseoftheothertowns，theroadsarounditareworse。IhadthehonorofmeetingtwodistinguishedmembersoftheProvincialParliamentatdinnersomefewmilesoutoftown，and，returningbackashortwhileaftertheyhadleftourhost'shouse，wasgladtobeofuseinpickingthemupfromaditchintowhichtheircarriagehadbeenupset。Tomeitappearedallbutmiraculousthatanycarriageshouldmakeitswayoverthatroadwithoutsuchmisadventure。Imayperhapsbeallowedtohopethatthediscomfitureoftheseworthylegislatorsmayleadtosomeimprovementinthethoroughfare。

IhadonapreviousoccasiongonedowntheSt。Lawrence，throughtheThousandIslesandovertheRapids，inoneofthoselargesummersteamboatswhichplyuponthelakeandriver。IcannotsaythatIwasmuchstruckbythescenery，andthereforedidnotencroachuponmytimebymakingthejourneyagain。SuchanopinionwillberegardedasheresybymanywhothinkmuchoftheThousandIslands。Idonotbelievethattheywouldbeexpresslynotedbyanytravelerwhowasnotexpresslybiddentoadmirethem。

FromTorontowewentacrosstoNiagara，re-enteringtheStatesatLewiston，inNewYork。

CHAPTERVI。

THECONNECTIONOFTHECANADASWITHGREATBRITAIN。

WhentheAmericanwarbegantroopsweresentouttoCanada，andwhenIwasintheprovincesmoretroopswerethenexpected。Thematterwasmuchtalkedof，asamatterofcourse，inCanada，andithadbeendiscussedinEnglandbeforeIleft。IhadseenmuchsaidaboutitintheEnglishpaperssince，anditalsohadbecomethesubjectofveryhotquestionamongthepoliticiansoftheNorthernStates。ThemeasurehadatthattimegivenmoreumbragetotheNorththananythingelsedoneorsaidbyEnglandfromthebeginningofthewaruptothattime，exceptthedeclarationmadebyLordJohnRussellintheHouseofCommonsastotheneutralitytobepreservedbyEnglandbetweenthetwobelligerents。TheargumentusedbytheNorthernStateswasthis:ifFrancecollectsmenandmaterialofwarintheneighborhoodofEngland，Englandconsidersherselfinjured，callsforanexplanation，andtalksofinvasion。

Therefore，asEnglandisnowcollectingmenandmaterialofwarinourneighborhood，wewillconsiderourselvesinjured。Itdoesnotsuitustoaskforanexplanation，becauseitisnotourhabittointerferewithothernations。Wewillnotpretendtosaythatwethinkwearetobeinvaded。Butasweclearlyareinjured，wewillexpressourangeratthatinjury，andwhentheopportunityshallcomewilltakeadvantageofhavingthatnewgrievance。

Asweallknow，averylargeincreaseofforcewassentwhenwewerestillindoubtastotheterminationoftheTrentaffair，andimaginedthatwarwasimminent。ButthesendingofthatlargeforcedidnotangertheAmericansasthefirstdispatchoftroopstoCanadahadangeredthem。Thingshadsoturnedoutthatmeasuresofmilitaryprecautionwereacknowledgedbythemtobenecessary。

Icannot，however，butthinkthatMr。SewardmighthavesparedthatoffertosendBritishtroopsacrossMaine，andsoalsohaveallhiscountrymenthoughtbywhomIhaveheardthematterdiscussed。

AstoanyattemptatinvasionofCanadabytheAmericans，orideaofpunishingtheallegedinjuriessufferedbytheStatesfromGreatBritainbytheannexationofthoseprovinces，Idonotbelievethatanysane-mindedcitizensoftheStatesbelieveinthepossibilityofsuchretaliation。SomeyearssincetheAmericansthoughtthatCanadamightshineintheUnionfirmamentasanewstar；butthatdelusionis，Ithink，over。Suchannexation，ifevermade，musthavebeenmadenotonlyagainstthearmsofEngland，butmustalsohavebeenmadeinaccordancewiththewishesofthepeoplesoannexed。ItwasthenbelievedthattheCanadianswerenotaversetosuchachange，andtheremaypossiblyhavethenbeenamongthemtheremnantofsuchawish。Thereiscertainlynosuchdesirenow，notevenaremnantofsuchadesire；andthetruthonthismatteris，Ithink，generallyacknowledged。ThefeelinginCanadaisoneofstrongaversiontotheUnitedStatesgovernmentandofpredilectionforself-governmentundertheEnglishCrown。A

faineantgovernorandtheprestigeofBritishpowerisnowthepoliticalaspirationoftheCanadiansingeneral；andIthinkthatthisisunderstoodintheStates。Moreover，theStateshaveajobofworkonhandwhich，astheythemselvesarewellaware，istaxingalltheirenergies。Suchbeingthecase，IdonotthinkthatEnglandneedstofearanyinvasionofCanadaauthorizedbytheStatesgovernment。

ThisfeelingofagrievanceonthepartoftheStateswasamanifestabsurdity。ThenewreinforcementofthegarrisonsinCanadadidnot，whenIwasinCanada，amount，asIbelieve，tomorethan2000men。Buthaditamountedto20，000，theStateswouldhavehadnojustgroundforcomplaint。Ofallnationalitiesthatinmoderndayshaverisentopower，they，aboveallothers，haveshownthattheywoulddowhattheylikedwiththeirown，indifferenttoforeigncounselsanddeaftoforeignremonstrance。

“Doyougoyourway，andletusgoours。Wewilltroubleyouwithnoquestion，nordoyoutroubleus。“Suchhasbeentheirnationalpolicy，andithasobtainedforthemgreatrespect。Theyhaveresistedthetemptationofputtingtheirfingersintothecaldronofforeignpolicy；andforeignpoliticians，acknowledgingtheirreserveinthisrespect，havenotbeenoffendedatthebristleswithwhichtheirNolimetangerehasbeenproclaimed。Theirintelligencehasbeenappreciated，andtheirconducthasbeenrespected。Butifthishasbeentheirlineofpolicy，theymustbeentirelyoutofcourtinraisinganyquestionastothepositionofBritishtroopsonBritishsoil。

“Itshowsusthatyoudoubtus，“anAmericansays，withanairofinjuredhonor——ordidsay，beforethatTrentaffair。“AnditisdonetoexpresssympathywiththeSouth。TheSouthernersunderstandit，andweunderstanditalso。Weknowwhereyourheartsare——nay，yourverysouls。Theyareamongtheslave-

begottencottonbalesoftherebelSouth。“ThencomesthewholeofthelongargumentinwhichitseemssoeasytoanEnglishmantoprovethatEngland，inthewholeofthissadmatter，hasbeentrueandloyaltoherfriend。Shecouldnotinterferewhenthehusbandandwifewouldquarrel。Shecouldonlygrieve，andwishthatthingsmightcomerightandsmoothforbothparties。Buttheargument，thoughsoeasy，isnevereffectual。

ItseemstomefoolishinanAmericantoquarrelwithEnglandforsendingsoldierstoCanada；butIcannotsaythatIthoughtitwaswelldonetosendthematthebeginningofthewar。TheEnglishgovernmentdidnot，Ipresume，takethisstepwithreferencetoanypossibleinvasionofCanadabythegovernmentoftheStates。WearefortifyingPortsmouth，andPortland，andPlymouth，becausewewouldfainbesafeagainsttheFrencharmyactingunderaFrenchEmperor。Butwesent2000troopstoCanada，ifIunderstandthematterrightly，toguardourprovincesagainstthefilibusteringenergiesofamassofunemployedAmericansoldiers，whenthosesoldiersshouldcometobedisbanded。Whenthiswarshallbeover——

awarduringwhichnotmuch，ifany，underamillionofAmericancitizenswillhavebeenunderarms——itwillnotbeeasyforallwhosurvivetoreturntotheiroldhomesandoldoccupations。Nordoesadisbandedsoldieralwaysmakeagoodhusbandman，notwithstandingthegreatexamplesofCincinnatusandBird-o'-freedomSawin。Itmaybethataconsiderableamountoffilibusteringenergywillbeafloat，andthatthethengovernmentofthosewhoneighborusinCanadawillhaveothermattersinhandmoreimportanttothemthanthecontrollingoftheseunrulyspirits。That，asItakeit，wastheevilagainstwhichweofGreatBritainandofCanadadesiredtoguardourselves。

ButIdoubtwhether2000or10，000Britishsoldierswouldbeanyeffectiveguardagainstsuchinroads，andIdoubtmorestronglywhetheranysuchexternalguardingwillbenecessary。IftheCanadianswerepreparedtofraternizewithfilibustersfromtheStates，neitherthreenortenthousandsoldierswouldavailagainstsuchafeelingoverafrontierstretchingfromtheStateofMainetotheshoresofLakeHuronandLakeErie。Ifsuchafeelingdidexist——iftheCanadianswishedthechange——inGod'snameletthemgo。Itisfortheirsakes，andnotforourown，thatwewouldhavethemboundtous。ButtheCanadiansareaversetosuchachangewithadegreeoffeelingthatamountstonationalintensity。TheirsympathiesarewiththeSouthernStates，notbecausetheycareforcotton，notbecausetheyareanti-abolitionists，notbecausetheyadmiretheheartypluckofthosewhoareendeavoringtoworkoutforthemselvesanewrevolution。TheysympathizewiththeSouthfromstrongdisliketotheaggression，thebraggadocio，andtheinsolencetheyhavefeltupontheirownborders。TheydislikeMr。

Seward'sweakandvulgarjokewiththeDukeofNewcastle。TheydislikeMr。Everett'sflatteringhintstohiscountrymenastotheonenationthatistooccupythewholecontinent。TheydisliketheMonroedoctrine。TheywonderatthemeeknesswithwhichEnglandhasenduredthevauntingsoftheNorthernStates，andareenduedwithnosuchmeeknessoftheirown。Theywould，Ibelieve，bewellpreparedtomeetandgiveanaccountofanyfilibusterswhomightvisitthem；andIamnotsurethatitiswiselydoneonourparttoshowanyintentionoftakingtheworkoutoftheirhands。

ButIamledtothisopinioninnodegreebyafeelingthatGreatBritainoughttogrudgethecostofthesoldiers。IfCanadawillbesaferwiththem，inHeaven'snameletherhavethem。Ithasbeenarguedinmanyplaces，notonlywithregardtoCanada，butastoallourself-governedcolonies，thatmilitaryserviceshouldnotbegivenatBritishexpenseandwithBritishmentoanycolonywhichhasitsownrepresentativegovernmentandwhichleviesitsowntaxes。“WhileGreatBritainabsolutelyheldthereinsofgovernment，anddidasitpleasedwiththeaffairsofitsdependencies，“suchpoliticianssay，“itwasjustandrightthatsheshouldpaythebill。Aslongashergovernmentofacolonywaspaternal，solongwasitrightthatthemothercountryshouldputherselfintheplaceofafather，andenjoyafather'sundoubtedprerogativeofputtinghishandintohisbreechespockettoprovideforallthewantsofhischild。Butwhentheadultsonsetupforhimselfinbusiness——havingreceivededucationfromtheparent，andhavinghadhisapprenticefeesdulypaid——thenthatsonshouldsettlehisownbills，andlooknolongertothepaternalpocket。“

Suchisthelawoftheworldallover，fromlittlebirds，whoseyoungflyawaywhenfledged，upwardtomenandnations。Letthefatherworkforthechildwhileheisachild；butwhenthechildhasbecomeaman，lethimleannolongeronhisfather'sstaff。

Theargumentis，Ithink，verygood；butitprovesnotthatwearerelievedfromthenecessityofassistingourcolonieswithpaymentsmadeoutofBritishtaxes，butthatwearestillboundtogivesuchassistance，andthatweshallcontinuetobesoboundaslongasweallowthesecoloniestoadheretousorastheyallowustoadheretothem。Infact，theyoungbirdisnotyetfullyfledged。Thatillustrationofthefatherandthechildisajustone，butinordertomakeitjustitshouldbefollowedthroughout。Whenthesonisinfactestablishedonhisownbottom，thenthefatherexpectsthathewilllivewithoutassistance。Butwhenthesondoessolive，heisfreedfromallpaternalcontrol。Thefather，whileheexpectstobeobeyed，continuestofillthepaternalofficeofpaymaster——ofpaymaster，atanyrate，tosomeextent。

Andso，Ithink，itmustbewithourcolonies。TheCanadasatpresentarenotindependent，andhavenotpoliticalpoweroftheirownapartfromthepoliticalpowerofGreatBritain。EnglandhasdeclaredherselfneutralasregardstheNorthernandSouthernStates，andbythatneutralitytheCanadasarebound；andyettheCanadaswerenotconsultedinthematter。ShouldEnglandgotowarwithFrance，CanadamustcloseherportsagainstFrenchvessels。

IfEnglandchoosestosendhertroopstoCanadianbarracks，Canadacannotrefusetoacceptthem。IfEnglandshouldsendtoCanadaanunpopulargovernor，Canadahasnopowertorejecthisservices。AslongasCanadaisacolonysocalled，shecannotbeindependent，andshouldnotbeexpectedtowalkalone。ItisexactlythesamewiththecoloniesofAustralia，withNewZealand，withtheCapeofGoodHope，andwithJamaica。WhileEnglandenjoystheprestigeofhercolonies，whilesheboaststhatsuchlargeandnowpopulousterritoriesareherdependencies，shemustandshouldbecontenttopaysomeportionofthebill。SurelyitisabsurdonourparttoquarrelwithCaffrewarfare，withNewZealandfighting，andtherestofit。Suchcomplaintsremindoneofanancientpaterfamiliaswhoinsistsonhavinghischildrenandhisgrandchildrenundertheoldpaternalroof，andthengrumblesbecausethebutcher'sbillishigh。Thosewhowillkeeplargehouseholdsandbountifultablesshouldnotbeafraidoffacingthebutcher'sbillorunhappyatthetonnageofthecoal。Itisagrandthing，thatpowerofkeepingalargetable；butitceasestobegrandwhentheitemsheapeduponitcauseinwardgroansandoutwardmoodiness。

Whyshouldthecoloniesremaintruetousaschildrenaretruetotheirparents，ifwegrudgethemtheassistancewhichisduetoachild？Theyraisetheirowntaxes，itissaid，andadministerthem。True；anditiswellthatthegrowingsonshoulddosomethingforhimself。Whilethefatherdoesallforhim，theson'slaborbelongstothefather。Thencomesamiddlestateinwhichthesondoesmuchforhimself，butnotall。Inthatmiddlestatenowstandourprosperouscolonies。Thencomesthetimewhenthesonshallstandalonebyhisownstrength；andtothatperiodofmanly，self-respectedstrengthletusallhopethatthosecoloniesareadvancing。Itisveryhardforamothercountrytoknowwhensuchatimehascome；andhardalsoforthechild-colonytorecognizejustlytheperiodofitsownmaturity。Whetherornosuchseverancemayevertakeplacewithoutaquarrel，withoutweaknessononesideandprideontheother，isaproblemintheworld'shistoryyettobesolved。Themostsuccessfulchildthateveryethasgoneofffromasuccessfulparent，andtakenitsownpathintotheworld，iswithoutdoubtthenationoftheUnitedStates。Theirpresenttroublesaretheresultandtheproofsoftheirsuccess。Thepeoplethatweretoogreattobedependentonanynationhavenowspreadtilltheyarethemselvestoogreatforasinglenationality。Noonenowthinksthatthatdaughtershouldhaveremainedlongersubjecttohermother。Buttheseverancewasnotmadeinamity，andtheshrillnotesoftheoldfamilyquarrelarestillsometimesheardacrossthewaters。

FromallthisthequestionariseswhetherthatproblemmayeverbesolvedwithreferencetotheCanadas。ThatitwillneverbetheirdestinytojointhemselvestotheStatesoftheUnion，Ifeelfullyconvinced。InthefirstplaceitisbecomingevidentfromthepresentcircumstancesoftheUnion，ifithadneverbeenmadeevidentbyhistorybefore，thatdifferentpeoplewithdifferenthabits，livingatlongdistancesfromeachother，cannotwellbebroughttogetheronequaltermsunderonegovernment。ThatnobleambitionoftheAmericansthatallthecontinentnorthoftheisthmusshouldbeunitedunderoneflag，hasalreadybeenthrownfromitssaddle。TheNorthandSoutharevirtuallyseparated，andthedaywillcomeinwhichtheWestalsowillsecede。Aspopulationincreasesandtradesarisepeculiartothosedifferentclimates，theinterestsofthepeoplewilldiffer，andanewsecessionwilltakeplacebeneficialaliketobothparties。Ifthisbeso，ifeventherebeanytendencythisway，itaffordsthestrongestargumentagainsttheprobabilityofanyfutureannexationoftheCanadas。Andthen，inthesecondplace，thefeelingofCanadaisnotAmerican，butBritish。IfevershebeseparatedfromGreatBritain，shewillbeseparatedastheStateswereseparated。

Shewilldesiretostandalone，andtoenterherselfasoneamongthenationsoftheearth。

Shewilldesiretostandalone；alone，thatiswithoutdependenceeitheronEnglandorontheStates。ButsheissocircumstancedgeographicallythatshecanneverstandalonewithoutamalgamationwithourotherNorthAmericanprovinces。ShehasanoutlettotheseaattheGulfofSt。Lawrence，butitisonlyasummeroutlet。

HerwinteroutletisbyrailwaythroughtheStates，andnootherwinteroutletispossibleforherexceptthroughthesisterprovinces。BeforeCanadacanbenationallygreat，thelineofrailwaywhichnowrunsforsomehundredmilesbelowQuebectoRiviereduLoupmustbecontinuedonthroughNewBrunswickandNovaScotiatotheportofHalifax。

WhenIwasinCanadaIheardthequestiondiscussedofafederalgovernmentbetweentheprovincesofthetwoCanadas，NewBrunswick，andNovaScotia。Tothesewereadded，ornotadded，accordingtotheopinionofthosewhospoke，thesmalleroutlyingcoloniesofNewfoundlandandPrinceEdward'sIsland。IfaschemeforsuchagovernmentwereprojectedinDowningStreet，allwouldnodoubtbeincluded，andacleansweepwouldbemadewithoutdifficulty。Buttheprojectasmadeinthecoloniesappearsindifferentguises，asitcomeseitherfromCanadaorfromoneoftheotherprovinces。

TheCanadianideawouldbethatthetwoCanadasshouldformtwoStatesofsuchaconfederation，andtheotherprovincesathirdState。ButthisslightparticipationinpowerwouldhardlysuittheviewsofNewBrunswickandNovaScotia。Inspeakingofsuchafederalgovernmentasthis，IshallofcoursebeunderstoodasmeaningaconfederationactinginconnectionwithaBritishgovernor，anddependentuponGreatBritainasfarasthedifferentcoloniesarenowdependent。

IcannotbutthinkthatsuchaconfederationmightbeformedwithgreatadvantagetoallthecoloniesandtoGreatBritain。AtpresenttheCanadasareineffectalmostmoredistantfromNovaScotiaandNewBrunswickthantheyarefromEngland。Theintercoursebetweenthemisveryslight——soslightthatitmayalmostbesaidthatthereisnointercourse。Afewmenofscienceorofpoliticalimportancemayfromtimetotimemaketheirwayfromonecolonyintotheother，buteventhisisnotcommon。

Beyondthattheyseldomseeeachother。ThoughNewBrunswickbordersbothwithLowerCanadaandwithNovaScotia，thusmakingonewholeofthethreecolonies，thereisneitherrailroadnorstageconveyancerunningfromonetotheother。Andyettheirinterestsshouldbesimilar。Fromgeographicalpositiontheirmodesoflifemustbealike，andacloseconjunctionbetweenthemisessentiallynecessarytogiveBritishNorthAmericaanypoliticalimportanceintheworld。Therecanbenosuchconjunction，noamalgamationofinterests，untilarailwayshallhavebeenmadejoiningtheCanadaGrandTrunkLinewiththetwooutlyingcolonies。UpperCanadacanfeedallEnglandwithwheat，andcoulddosowithoutanyaidofrailwaythroughtheStates，ifarailwayweremadefromQuebectoHalifax。Butthencomesthequestionofthecost。TheCanadaGrandTrunkisatthepresentmomentatthelowestebbofcommercialmisfortune，andwithsuchafactpatenttotheworld，whatcompanywillcomeforwardwithfundsformakingfourorfivehundredmilesofrailway，throughadistrictofwhichone-halfisnotyetpreparedforpopulation？Itwouldbe，Iimagine，outofthequestionthatsuchaspeculationshouldformanyyearsgiveanyfaircommercialinterestonthemoneytobeexpended。Butneverthelesstothecolonies——thatis，totheenormousregionsofBritishNorthAmerica——sucharailroadwouldbeinvaluable。UndersuchcircumstancesitisfortheHomeGovernmentandthecoloniesbetweenthemtoseehowsuchameasuremaybecarriedout。Asanationalexpenditure，tobedefrayedinthecourseofyearsbytheterritoriesinterested，thesumofmoneyrequiredwouldbeverysmall。

ButhowwouldthisaffectEngland？AndhowwouldEnglandbeaffectedbyaunionoftheBritishNorthAmericancoloniesunderonefederalgovernment？Beforethisquestioncanbeanswered，hewhopreparestoansweritmustconsiderwhatinterestEnglandhasinhercolonies，andforwhatpurposesheholdsthem。Doessheholdthemforprofit，orforglory，orforpower；ordoessheholdtheminorderthatshemaycarryoutthedutywhichhasdevolveduponherofextendingcivilization，freedom，andwell-beingthroughthenewuprisingnationsoftheworld？Doessheholdthem，infact，forherownbenefit，ordoessheholdthemfortheirs？I

knownothingoftheethicsoftheColonialOffice，andnotmuchperhapsofthoseoftheHouseofCommons；butlookingatwhatGreatBritainhashithertodoneinthewayofcolonization，Icannotbutthinkthatthenationalambitionlookstothewelfareofthecolonists，andnottohomeaggrandizement。Thatthetwomayruntogetherismostprobable。Indeed，therecanbenoglorytoapeoplesogreatorsoreadilyrecognizedbymankindatlargeasthatofspreadingcivilizationfromeasttowestandfromnorthtosouth。Buttheoneobjectshouldbetheprosperityofthecolonists，andnotprofit，norglory，norevenpower，totheparentcountry。

Thereisnovirtueofwhichmorehasbeensaidandsungthanpatriotism，andnonewhich，whenpureandtrue，hasledtofinerresults。Dulceetdecorumestpropatriamori。Toliveforone'scountryalsoisaverybeautifulandproperthing。Butifweexaminecloselymuchpatriotism，thatissocalled，weshallfinditgoinghandinhandwithagooddealthatisselfish，andwithnotalittlethatisdevilish。ItwassomefinefuryofpatrioticfeelingwhichenabledthenationalpoettoputintothemouthofeveryEnglishmanthathorribleprayerwithregardtoourenemieswhichwesingwhenwewishtodohonortooursovereign。Itdidnotseemtohimthatitmightbewelltopraythattheirheartsshouldbesoftened，andourownheartssoftenedalso。Nationalsuccesswasallthatapatrioticpoetcoulddesire，andthereforeinournationalhymnhavewegoneonimploringtheLordtoariseandscatterourenemies；toconfoundtheirpolitics，whethertheybegoodorill；andtoexposetheirknavishtricks——suchknavishtricksbeingtakenforgranted。Andthen，withasteadyconfidence，weusedtodeclarehowcertainwewerethatweshouldachieveallthatwasdesirable，notexactlybytrustingtoourprayertoheaven，butbyrelyingalmostexclusivelyonGeorgetheThirdorGeorgetheFourth。NowIhavealwaysthoughtthatthatwasratherapoorpatriotism。Luckilyforus，ournationalconducthasnotsquareditselfwithournationalanthem。Anypatriotismmustbepoorwhichdesiresglory，orevenprofit，forafewattheexpenseofthemany，eventhoughthefewbebrothersandthemanyaliens。Asarule，patriotismisavirtueonlybecauseman'saptitudeforgoodissofinitethathecannotseeandcomprehendawiderhumanity。HecanhardlybringhimselftounderstandthatsalvationshouldbeextendedtoJewandGentilealike。Thewordphilanthropyhasbecomeodious，andIwouldfainnotuseit；butthethingitselfisasmuchhigherthanpatriotismasheavenisabovetheearth。

AwishthatBritishNorthAmericashouldeverbeseveredfromEngland，orthattheAustraliancoloniesshouldeverbesosevered，willbymanyEnglishmenbedeemedunpatriotic。ButIthinkthatsuchseveranceistobewishedifitbethecasethatthecoloniesstandingalonewouldbecomemoreprosperousthantheyareunderBritishrule。WehavebeforeusanexampleintheUnitedStatesoftheprosperitywhichhasattendedsucharuptureofoldties。I

willnotnowcontestthepointwiththosewhosaythatthepresentmomentofanAmericancivilwarisillchosenforvauntingthatprosperity。Therestandthecitieswhichthepeoplehavebuilt，andtheirpowerisattestedbytheworld-wideimportanceoftheirpresentcontest。AndiftheStateshavesorisensincetheylefttheirparent'sapron-string，whyshouldnotBritishNorthAmericariseashigh？ThatthetimehasasyetcomeforsuchrisingIdonotthink；butthatitwillsooncomeIdomostheartilyhope。ThemakingoftherailwayofwhichIhavespoken，andtheamalgamationoftheprovinceswouldgreatlytendtosuchanevent。Iftherefore，Englanddesirestokeepthesecoloniesinastateofdependency；ifitbemoreessentialtohertomaintainherownpowerwithregardtothemthantoincreasetheirinfluence；ifhermainobjectbetokeepthecoloniesandnottoimprovethecolonies，thenIshouldsaythatanamalgamationoftheCanadaswithNovaScotiaandNewBrunswickshouldnotberegardedwithfavorbystatesmeninDowningStreet。Butif，asIwouldfainhope，anddopartlybelieve，suchideasofnationalpowerasthesearenowoutofvoguewithBritishstatesmen，thenIthinkthatsuchanamalgamationshouldreceiveallthesupportwhichDowningStreetcangiveit。

TheUnitedStatesseveredthemselvesfromGreatBritainwithagreatstruggle，andafterheart-burningsandbloodshed。WhetherGreatBritainwilleverallowanycolonyofherstodepartfromoutofhernest，tosecedeandstartforherself，withoutanystruggleorheart-burnings，withallfurtheranceforsuchpurposewhichanoldandpowerfulcountrycangivetoanewnationalitythenfirsttakingitsownplaceintheworld'sarena，isaproblemyettobesolved。Thereis，Ithink，nomorebeautifulsightthanthatofamother，stillinallthegloryofwomanhood，preparingtheweddingtrousseauforherdaughter。Thechildhithertohasbeenobedientandsubmissive。Shehasbeenoneofahouseholdinwhichshehasheldnocommand。Shehassatattableasachild，fittingherselfinallthingstothebehestsofothers。Butthedayofherpowerandherglory，andalsoofhercaresandsolicitude，isathand。

Sheistogoforth，anddoasshebestmayintheworldunderthatteachingwhichheroldhomehasgivenher。Thehourofseparationhascome；andthemother，smilingthroughhertears，sendsherforthdeckedwithabounteoushand，andfurnishedwithfullstores，sothatallmaybewellwithherassheentersonhernewduties。

SoisitthatEnglandshouldsendforthherdaughters。Theyshouldnotescapefromherarmswithshrillscreamsandbleedingwounds，withill-omenedwordswhichlivesolong，thoughthespeakersofthemliecoldintheirgraves。

Butthissendingforthofachild-nationtotakeitsownpoliticalstatusintheworldhasneveryetbeendonebyGreatBritain。I

cannotrememberthatsuchhaseverbeendonebyanygreatpowerwithreferencetoitsdependency；byanypowerthatwaspowerfulenoughtokeepsuchdependencywithinitsgrasp。Butamanthinkingonthesematterscannotbuthopethatatimewillcomewhensuchamicableseverancemaybeeffected。GreatBritaincannotthinkthatthroughallcomingagessheistobethemistressofthevastcontinentofAustralia，lyingontheothersideoftheglobe'ssurface；thatsheistobethemistressofallSouthAfrica，ascivilizationshallextendnorthward；thattheenormousterritoriesofBritishNorthAmericaaretobesubjectforevertoavetofromDowningStreet。Ifthehistoryofpastempiresdoesnotteachherthatthismaynotbeso，atleastthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesmightsoteachher。“ButwehavelearnedalessonfromthoseUnitedStates，“thepatriotwillarguewhodarestohopethatthegloryandextentoftheBritishempiremayremainunimpairedinsaeculasaeculorum。“Sincethatdaywehavegivenpoliticalrightstoourcolonies，andhavesatisfiedthepoliticallongingsoftheirinhabitants。Wedonottaxtheirteaandstamps，butleaveittothemtotaxthemselvesastheymayplease。“True。Butinpoliticalaspirationsthegivingofaninchhasevercreatedthedesireforanell。IftheAustraliancoloniesevennow，withtheirscantypopulationandstillyoungcivilization，chafeagainstimperialinterference，willtheysubmittoitwhentheyfeelwithintheirveinsallthefullbloodofpoliticalmanhood？WhatisthecryevenoftheCanadians——oftheCanadianswhoarethoroughlyloyaltoEngland？Sendusafaineantgovernor，aKingLog，whowillnotpresumetointerferewithus；agovernorwhowillspendhismoneyandlivelikeagentleman，andcarelittleornothingforpolitics。ThatistheCanadianbeauidealofagovernor。Theyaretogovernthemselves；andhewhocomestothemfromEnglandistositamongthemasthesilentrepresentativeofEngland'sprotection。Ifthatbetrue——andIdonotthinkthatanywhoknowtheCanadaswilldenyit——mustitnotbepresumedthattheywillsoonalsodesireafaineantministerinDowningStreet？Ofcoursetheywillsodesire。Mendonotbecomemilderintheiraspirationsforpoliticalpowerthemorethatpoliticalpowerisextendedtothem。Norwoulditbewellthattheyshouldbesohumbleintheirdesires。Nationsdevoidofpoliticalpowerhaveneverrisenhighintheworld'sesteem。Evenwhentheyhavebeencommerciallysuccessful，commercehasnotbroughttothemthegreatnesswhichithasalwaysgivenwhenjoinedwithastrongpoliticalexistence。

TheGreeksarecommerciallyrichandactive；but“Greece“and“Greek“arebywordsnowforallthatismean。Cubaisacolony，andputtingasidethecitiesoftheStates，theHavanaistherichesttownontheothersideoftheAtlantic，andcommerciallythegreatest；butthepoliticalvillainyofCuba，herdailyimportationofslaves，herbreachesoftreaty，andthebriberyofherallbutroyalgovernor，areknowntoallmen。ButCanadaisnotdishonest；Canadaisnobywordforanythingevil；Canadaeatsherownbreadinthesweatofherbrow，andfearsabadwordfromnoman。True。ButwhydoesNewYork，withitssuburbsboastamillionofinhabitants，whileMontrealhas85，000？Whyhasthatbabeinyears，Chicago，120，000，whileTorontohasnothalfthenumber？IdonotsaythatMontrealandTorontoshouldhavegoneaheadabreastwithNewYorkandChicago。Insuchracesonemustbefirst，andonelast。ButIdosaythattheCanadiantownswillhavenoequalchancetilltheyareactuatedbythatfeelingofpoliticalindependencewhichhascreatedthegrowthofthetownsintheUnitedStates。

IdonotthinkthatthetimehasyetcomeinwhichGreatBritainshoulddesiretheCanadianstostartforthemselves。Thereisthemakingofthatrailroadtobeeffected，andsomethingdonetowardtheunionofthoseprovinces。CanadacouldnomorestandalonewithoutNewBrunswickandNovaScotia，thancouldthoselattercolonieswithoutCanada。ButIthinkitwouldbewelltobepreparedforsuchacomingday；andthatitwouldatanyratebewelltobringhometoourselvesandrealizetheideaofsuchsecessiononthepartofourcolonies，whenthetimeshallhavecomeatwhichsuchsecessionmaybecarriedoutwithprofitandsecuritytothem。GreatBritain，shouldsheeversendforthherchildaloneintotheworld，mustofcourseguaranteehersecurity。

Suchguaranteesaregivenbytreaties；and，inthewordingofthem，itispresumedthatsuchtreatieswilllastforever。ItwillbearguedthatinstartingBritishNorthAmericaasapoliticalpoweronitsownbottom，weshouldbindourselftoalltheexpenseofitsdefense，whileweshouldgiveupallrighttoanyinterferenceinitsconcerns；andthat，fromastateofthingssounprofitableasthis，therewouldbenoprospectofadeliverance。Butsuchtreaties，letthembewordedhowtheywill，donotlastforever。

Foratime，nodoubt，GreatBritainwouldbesohampered——ifindeedshewouldfeelherselfhamperedbyextendinghernameandprestigetoacountryboundtoherbytiessuchasthosewhichwouldthenexistbetweenherandthisnewnation。Suchtreatiesarenoteverlasting，norcantheybemadetolastevenforages。Thosewhowordthemseemtothinkthatpowersanddynastieswillneverpassaway。Buttheydopassaway，andthebalanceofpowerwillnotkeepitselffixedforeveronthesamepivot。Thetimemaycome——

thatitmaynotcomesoonwewillalldesire——butthetimemaycomewhenthenameandprestigeofwhatwecallBritishNorthAmericawillbeasserviceabletoGreatBritainasthoseofGreatBritainarenowserviceabletohercolonies。

Butwhatshallbethenewformofgovernmentforthenewkingdom？

Thatisaspeculationveryinterestingtoapolitician，thoughonewhichtofollowoutatgreatlengthintheseearlydayswouldberatherpremature。Thatitshouldbeakingdom——thatthepoliticalarrangementshouldbeoneofwhichacrownedhereditarykingshouldformpart——nineteenoutofeverytwentyEnglishmenwoulddesire；

and，asIfancy，sowouldalsonineteenoutofeverytwentyCanadians。AkingfortheUnitedStates，whentheyfirstestablishedthemselves，wasimpossible。AtotalrupturefromtheOldWorldandallitshabitswasnecessaryforthem。Thenameofaking，ormonarch，orsovereignhadbecomehorribletotheirears。

Eventothisdaytheyhavenotlearnedthedifferencebetweenarbitrarypowerretainedinthehandofoneman，suchasthatnowheldbytheEmperorovertheFrench，andsuchhereditaryheadshipintheStateasthatwhichbelongstotheCrowninGreatBritain。

Andthiswasnecessary，seeingthattheirdivisionfromuswaseffectedbystrife，andcarriedoutwithwarandbitteranimosities。Inthosedaysalsotherewasaremnant，thoughbutasmallremnant，ofthepoweroftyrannyleftwithinthescopeoftheBritishCrown。Thatsmallremnanthasbeenremoved；andtomeitseemsthatnoformofexistinggovernment，noformofgovernmentthateverdidexist，givesorhasgivensolargeameasureofindividualfreedomtoallwholiveunderitasaconstitutionalmonarchyinwhichtheCrownisdivestedofdirectpoliticalpower。

Iwillventurethentosuggestakingforthisnewnation；and，seeingthatwearerichinprinces，thereneedbenodifficultyintheselection。Woulditnotbebeautifultoseeanewnationestablishedundersuchauspices，andtoestablishapeopletowhomtheirindependencehadbeengiven，towhomithadbeenfreelysurrenderedassoonastheywerecapableofholdingthepositionassignedtothem！

CHAPTERVII。

NIAGARA。

Ofallthesightsonthisearthofourswhichtouriststraveltosee——atleastofallthosewhichIhaveseen——IaminclinedtogivethepalmtotheFallsofNiagara。InthecatalogueofsuchsightsIintendtoincludeallbuildings，pictures，statues，andwondersofartmadebymen'shands，andalsoallbeautiesofnaturepreparedbytheCreatorforthedelightofhiscreatures。Thisisalongword；but，asfarasmytasteandjudgmentgo，itisjustified。Iknownootheronethingsobeautiful，soglorious，andsopowerful。IwouldnotbythisbeunderstoodassayingthatatravelerwishingtodothebestwithhistimeshouldfirstofallplacesseekNiagara。InvisitingFlorencehemaylearnalmostallthatmodernartcanteach。AtRomehewillbebroughttounderstandthecoldhearts，correcteyes，andcruelambitionoftheoldLatinrace。InSwitzerlandhewillsurroundhimselfwithafloodofgrandeurandloveliness，andfillhimself，ifhebecapableofsuchfilling，withafloodofromance。Thetropicswillunfoldtohimallthatvegetationinitsgreatestrichnesscanproduce。InParishewillfindthesupremeofpolish，theneplusultraofvarnishaccordingtotheworld'scapabilityofvarnishing。

AndinLondonhewillfindthesupremeofpower，theneplusultraofworkaccordingtotheworld'scapabilityofworking。Anyoneofsuchjourneysmaybemorevaluabletoaman——nay，anyonesuchjourneymustbemorevaluabletoaman——thanavisittoNiagara。

AtNiagarathereisthatfallofwatersalone。ButthatfallismoregracefulthanGiotto'stower，morenoblethantheApollo。ThepeaksoftheAlpsarenotsoastoundingintheirsolitude。ThevalleysoftheBlueMountainsinJamaicaarelessgreen。ThefinishedglazeoflifeinParisislessinvariable；andthefulltideoftraderoundtheBankofEnglandisnotsoinexorablypowerful。

IcameacrossanartistatNiagarawhowasattemptingtodrawthesprayofthewaters。“Youhaveadifficultsubject，“saidI。“Allsubjectsaredifficult，“hereplied，“toamanwhodesirestodowell。““Butyours，Ifearisimpossible，“Isaid。“YouhavenorighttosaysotillIhavefinishedmypicture，“hereplied。I

acknowledgedthejusticeofhisrebuke，regrettedthatIcouldnotremaintillthecompletionofhisworkshouldenablemetorevokemywords，andpassedon。ThenIbegantoreflectwhetherIdidnotintendtotryataskasdifficultindescribingthefalls，andwhetherIfeltanyofthatproudself-confidencewhichkepthimhappyatanyratewhilehistaskwasinhand。Iwillnotsaythatitisasdifficulttodescribearightthatrushofwatersasitistopaintitwell。ButIdoubtwhetheritisnotquiteasdifficulttowriteadescriptionthatshallinterestthereaderasitistopaintapictureofthemthatshallbepleasanttothebeholder。Myfriendtheartistwasatanyratenotafraidtomaketheattempt，andIalsowilltrymyhand。

ThatthewatersofLakeEriehavecomedownintheircoursesfromthebroadbasinsofLakeMichigan，LakeSuperior，andLakeHuron；

thatthesewatersfallintoLakeOntariobytheshortandrapidriverofNiagara；andthatthefallsofNiagaraaremadebyasuddenbreakinthelevelofthisrapidriver，isprobablyknowntoallwhowillreadthisbook。Allthewatersofthesehugenortherninlandseasrunoverthatbreachintherockybottomofthestream；

andthenceitcomesthattheflowisunceasinginitsgrandeur，andthatnoeyecanperceiveadifferenceintheweight，orsound，orviolenceofthefallwhetheritbevisitedinthedroughtofautumn，amidthestormsofwinter，orafterthemeltingoftheupperworldsoficeinthedaysoftheearlysummer。Howmanycataractsdoesthehabitualtouristvisitatwhichthewatersfailhim！ButatNiagarathewatersneverfail。Thereitthundersoveritsledgeinavolumethatneverceasesandisneverdiminished——asithasdonefromtimesprevioustothelifeofman，andasitwilldotilltensofthousandsofyearsshallseetherockybedoftheriverwornawaybacktotheupperlake。

ThisstreamdividesCanadafromtheStates——thewesternorfarthermostbankbelongingtotheBritishCrown，andtheeasternornearerbankbeingintheStateofNewYork。InvisitingNiagara，italwaysbecomesaquestiononwhichsidethevisitorshalltakeuphisquarters。OntheCanadasidethereisnotown；butthereisalargehotelbeautifullyplacedimmediatelyoppositetothefallsandthisisgenerallythoughttobethebestlocalityfortourists。

IntheStateofNewYorkisthetowncalledNiagaraFalls；andheretherearetwolargehotels，which，astotheirimmediatesite，arenotsowellplacedasthatinCanada。IfirstvisitedNiagarasomethreeyearssince。IstayedthenattheCliftonHouse，ontheCanadaside，andhavesinceswornbythatposition。ButtheCliftonHousewasclosedfortheseasonwhenIwaslastthere，andonthataccountwewenttotheCataractHouse，inthetownontheotherside。InowthinkthatIshouldsetupmystaffontheAmericanside，ifIwentagain。MyadviceonthesubjecttoanypartystartingforNiagarawoulddependupontheirhabitsorontheirnationality。IwouldsendAmericanstotheCanadianside，becausetheydislikewalking；butEnglishpeopleIwouldlocateontheAmericanside，seeingthattheyaregenerallyaccustomedtothefrequentuseoftheirownlegs。Thetwosidesarenotveryeasilyapproachedonefromtheother。Immediatelybelowthefallsthereisaferry，whichmaybetraversedattheexpenseofashilling；

butthelaborofgettingupanddownfromtheferryisconsiderable，andthepassagebecomeswearisome。Thereisalsoabridge；butitistwomilesdowntheriver，makingawalkordriveoffourmilesnecessary，andthetollforpassingisfourshillings，oradollar，inacarriage，andoneshillingonfoot。

AsthegreatervarietyofprospectcanbehadontheAmericanside，astheislandbetweenthetwofallsisapproachablefromtheAmericansideandnotfromtheCanadian，andasitisinthisislandthatvisitorswillbestlovetolinger，andlearntomeasureintheirmindsthevasttriumphofwatersbeforethem，Irecommendsuchofmyreadersascantrustalittle——itneedbebutalittle——

totheirownlegstoselecttheirhotelatNiagaraFallstown。

Ithasbeensaidthatitmattersmuchfromwhatpointthefallsarefirstseen，buttothisIdemur。Itmatters，Ithink，verylittle，ornotatall。Letthevisitorfirstseeitall，andlearnthewhereaboutsofeverypoint，soastounderstandhisownpositionandthatofthewaters；andthen，havingdonethatinthewayofbusiness，lethimproceedtoenjoyment。Idoubtwhetheritbenotthebesttodothiswithallsight-seeing。Iamquitesurethatitisthewayinwhichacquaintancemaybebestandmostpleasantlymadewithanewpicture。

Thefalls，asIhavesaid，aremadebyasuddenbreachintheleveloftheriver。Allcataractsare，Ipresume，madebysuchbreaches；

butgenerallythewatersdonotfallprecipitouslyastheydoatNiagara，andneverelsewhere，asfarastheworldyetknows，hasabreachsosuddenbeenmadeinarivercarryinginitschannelsuchoranyapproachtosuchabodyofwater。Upabovethefallsformorethanamilethewatersleapandburstoverrapids，asthoughconsciousofthedestinythatawaitsthem。Heretheriverisverybroadandcomparativelyshallow；butfromshoretoshoreitfretsitselfintolittletorrents，andbeginstoassumethemajestyofitspower。Lookingatitevenhere，intheexpansewhichformsitselfoverthegreaterfall，onefeelssurethatnostrongestswimmercouldhaveachanceofsavinghimselfiffatehadcasthiminevenamongthosepettywhirlpools。Thewatersthoughsobrokenintheirdescent，aredeliciouslygreen。Thiscolor，asseenearlyinthemorningorjustasthesunhasset，issobrightastogivetotheplaceoneofitschiefestcharms。

Thiswillbebestseenfromthefartherendoftheisland——GoatIslandasitiscalled——which，asthereaderwillunderstand，dividestheriverimmediatelyabovethefalls。Indeed，theislandisapartofthatprecipitously-brokenledgeoverwhichtherivertumbles，andnodoubtinprocessoftimewillbewornawayandcoveredwithwater。Thetime，however，willbeverylong。Inthemeanwhile，itisperhapsamileround，andiscoveredthicklywithtimber。Attheupperendoftheislandthewatersaredivided，and，comingdownintwocourseseachoveritsownrapids，formtwoseparatefalls。Thebridgebywhichtheislandisenteredisahundredyardsormoreabovethesmallerfall。Thewatersherehavebeenturnedbytheisland，andmaketheirleapintothebodyoftheriverbelowatarightanglewithit——abouttwohundredyardsbelowthegreaterfall。Takenalone，thissmallercataractwould，I

imagine，betheheaviestfallofwaterknown；buttakeninconjunctionwiththeother，itisterriblyshornofitsmajesty。

Thewatersherearenotgreenastheyareatthelargercataract；

and，thoughtheledgehasbeenhollowedandbowedbythemsoastoformacurve，thatcurvedoesnotdeepenitselfintoavastabyssasitdoesatthehorseshoeupabove。Thissmallerfallisagaindivided；andthevisitor，passingdownaflightofstepsandoverafrailwoodenbridge，findshimselfonasmallerislandinthemidstofit。

Butwewillgoatonceontotheglory，andthethunder，andthemajesty，andthewrathofthatupperhellofwaters。Wearestill，letthereaderremember，onGoatIsland——stillintheStates——andonwhatiscalledtheAmericansideofthemainbodyoftheriver。

Advancingbeyondthepathleadingdowntothelesserfall，wecometothatpointoftheislandatwhichthewatersofthemainriverbegintodescend。FromhenceacrosstotheCanadiansidethecataractcontinuesitselfinoneunabatedline。Butthelineisveryfarfrombeingdirectorstraight。Afterstretchingforsomelittlewayfromtheshoretoapointintheriverwhichisreachedbyawoodenbridgeattheendofwhichstandsatowerupontherock，——afterstretchingtothis，thelineoftheledgebendsinwardagainsttheflood——in，andin，andin——tilloneisledtothinkthatthedepthofthathorseshoeisimmeasurable。Ithasbeencutwithnostintinghand。Amonstrouscantlehasbeenwornbackoutofthecenteroftherock，sothatthefuryofthewatersconverges；andthespectator，ashegazesintothehollowwithwishfuleyes，fanciesthathecanhardlytraceoutthecenteroftheabyss。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读