Andifbothkindsofdreamsdooccur-thatis，dreamsthatmeritboththesejudgments-doesitnotseemidletoseekapsychologicalcharacterizationofthedream？Woulditnotsufficetostatethateverythingispossibleinthedream，fromthelowestdegradationofthepsychiclifetoitsflighttoheightsunknowninthewakingstate？Convenientassuchasolutionmightbe，ithasthisagainstit:thatbehindtheeffortsofalltheinvestigatorsofdreamsthereseemstolurktheassumptionthatthereisindreamssomecharacteristicwhichisuniversallyvalidinitsessentialfeatures，andwhichmusteliminateallthesecontradictions。

Itisunquestionablytruethatthementalcapacitiesofdreamsfoundreadierandwarmerrecognitionintheintellectualperiodnowlyingbehindus，whenphilosophyratherthanexactnaturalscienceruledthemoreintelligentminds。StatementslikethatofSchubert，totheeffectthatthedreamfreesthemindfromthepowerofexternalnature，thatitliberatesthesoulfromthechainsofsensorylife，togetherwithsimilaropinionsexpressedbytheyoungerFichte*andothers，whorepresentdreamsasasoaringofthemindtoahigherplane-alltheseseemhardlyconceivabletoustoday；

theyarerepeatedatpresentonlybymysticsanddevotees。*(2)Withtheadvanceofascientificmodeofthoughtareactiontookplaceintheestimationofdreams。Itisthemedicalwriterswhoaremostinclinedtounderratethepsychicactivityindreams，asbeinginsignificantandvalueless；whilephilosophersandunprofessionalobservers-amateurpsychologists-whosecontributionstothesubjectinespecialmustnotbeoverlooked，haveforthemostpart，inagreementwithpopularbelief，laidemphasisonthepsychologicalvalueofdreams。Thosewhoareinclinedtounderratethepsychicactivityofdreamsnaturallyshowapreferenceforthesomaticsourcesofexcitationintheaetiologyofthedream；thosewhoadmitthatthedreamingmindmayretainthegreaterpartofitswakingfacultiesnaturallyhavenomotivefordenyingtheexistenceofautonomousstimulations*Cf。HaffnerandSpitta。

*(2)Thatbrilliantmystic，DuPrel，oneofthefewwritersfortheomissionofwhosenameinearliereditionsofthisbookIshouldliketoapologize，hassaidthat，sofarasthehumanmindisconcerned，itisnotthewakingstatebutdreamswhicharethegatewaytometaphysics(PhilosophiederMystik，p。59)。

Amongthesuperioraccomplishmentswhichonemaybetempted，evenonasobercomparison，toascribetothedream-life，thatofmemoryisthemostimpressive。Wehavefullydiscussedthebynomeansrareexperienceswhichprovethissuperiority。Anotherprivilegeofthedream-life，oftenextolledbytheolderwriters-namely，thefactthatitcanoverstepthelimitationsoftimeandspace-iseasilyrecognizedasanillusion。Thisprivilege，asHildebrandtremarks，ismerelyillusory；dreamsdisregardtimeandspaceonlyasdoeswakingthought，andonlybecausedreamingisitselfaformofthinking。Dreamsaresupposedtoenjoyafurtheradvantageinrespectoftime-tobeindependentofthepassageoftimeinyetanothersense。DreamslikeMaury’sdreamofhisexecution(p。147above)seemtoshowthattheperceptualcontentwhichthedreamcancompressintoaveryshortspaceoftimefarexceedsthatwhichcanbemasteredbyourpsychicactivityinitswakingthoughts。Theseconclusionshave，however，beendisputed。TheessaysofLeLorrainandEggeronTheApparentDurationofDreamsgaverisetoalongandinterestingdiscussion，whichinallprobabilityhasnotyetfoundthefinalexplanationofthisprofoundanddelicateproblem。

*

*Forthefurtherliteratureofthesubject，andacriticaldiscussionoftheseproblems，thereaderisreferredtoTobowolska’sdissertation(Paris，1900)。

Thatdreamsareabletocontinuetheintellectualactivitiesofthedayandtocarrythemtoapointwhichcouldnotbearrivedatduringtheday，thattheymayresolvedoubtsandproblems，andthattheymaybethesourceoffreshinspirationinpoetsandcomposers，seems，inthelightofnumerousrecords，andofthecollectionofinstancescompiledbyChabaneix，tobeprovedbeyondquestion。Buteventhoughthefactsmaybebeyonddispute，theirinterpretationissubjecttomanydoubtsonwidergrounds。*

*CompareHavelockEllis’scriticisminTheWorldofDreams，p。268。

Finally，theallegeddivinatorypowerofthedreamhasbecomeasubjectofcontentioninwhichalmostinsuperableobjectionsareconfrontedbyobstinateandreiteratedassertions。Itis，ofcourse，rightthatweshouldrefrainfromdenyingthatthisviewhasanybasiswhateverinfact，sinceitisquitepossiblethatanumberofsuchcasesmaybeforelongbeexplainedonpurelynaturalpsychologicalgrounds。

OntoChapter1，SectionF

BacktoTheInterpretationofDreamsTableofContentsCHAPTER1，SectionFF。TheEthicalSenseinDreamsForreasonswhichwillbeintelligibleonlyafteraconsiderationofmyowninvestigationsofdreams，Ihaveisolatedfromthepsychologyofthedreamthesubsidiaryproblemastowhetherandtowhatextentthemoraldispositionsandfeelingsofwakinglifeextendintodream-life。Thesamecontradictionswhichweweresurprisedtoobserveinthedescriptionsbyvariousauthorsofalltheotherpsychicactivitieswillsurpriseusagainhere。Somewritersflatlyassertthatdreamsknownothingofmoralobligations；

othersasdecidedlydeclarethatthemoralnatureofmanpersistseveninhisdream-life。

Ourordinaryexperienceofdreamsseemstoconfirmbeyondalldoubtthecorrectnessofthefirstassertion。Jessensays(p。553):"Nordoesonebecomebetterormorevirtuousduringsleep；onthecontrary，itseemsthatconscienceissilentinourdreams，inasmuchasonefeelsnocompassionandcancommittheworstcrimes，suchastheft，murder，andhomicide，withperfectindifferenceandwithoutsubsequentremorse。"

Radestock(p。146)says:"Itistobenotedthatindreamsassociationsareeffectedandideascombinedwithoutbeinginanywayinfluencedbyreflection，reason，aesthetictaste，andmoraljudgment；thejudgmentisextremelyweak，andethicalindifferencereignssupreme。"

Volkelt(p。23)expresseshimselfasfollows:"Aseveryoneknows，dreamsareespeciallyunbridledinsexualmatters。Justasthedreamerhimselfisshamelessintheextreme，andwhollylackinginmoralfeelingandjudgment，solikewisedoesheseeothers，eventhemostrespectedpersons，doingthingswhich，eveninhisthoughts，hewouldblushtoassociatewiththeminhiswakingstate。"

UtteranceslikethoseofSchopenhauer，thatindreamseverymanactsandtalksincompleteaccordancewithhischaracter，areinsharpestcontradictiontothosementionedabove。R。Ph。Fischer*maintainsthatthesubjectivefeelingsanddesires，oraffectsandpassions，manifestthemselvesinthewilfulnessofthedream-life，andthatthemoralcharacteristicsofamanaremirroredinhisdreams。

*GrundzugedesSystemsderAnthropologie。Erlangen，1850(quotedbySpitta)。

Haffnersays(p。25):"Withrareexceptions……avirtuousmanwillbevirtuousalsoinhisdreams；hewillresisttemptation，andshownosympathyforhatred，envy，anger，andallothervices；whereasthesinfulmanwill，asarule，encounterinhisdreamstheimageswhichhehasbeforehiminthewakingstate。"

Scholz(p。36):"Indreamsthereistruth；despiteallcamouflageofnobilityordegradation，werecognizeourowntrueselves……Thehonestmandoesnotcommitadishonouringcrimeeveninhisdreams，or，ifhedoes，heisappalledbyitasbysomethingforeigntohisnature。TheRomanemperorwhoorderedoneofhissubjectstobeexecutedbecausehedreamedthathehadcutofftheemperor’sheadwasnotfarwronginjustifyinghisactiononthegroundthathewhohassuchdreamsmusthavesimilarthoughtswhileawake。Significantlyenough，wesayofthingsthatfindnoplaceeveninourintimatethoughts:’Iwouldneverevendreamofsuchathing。’"

Plato，ontheotherhand，considersthattheyarethebestmenwhoonlydreamthethingswhichothermendo。

Plaff，*varyingafamiliarproverb，says:"TellmeyourdreamsforatimeandIwilltellyouwhatyouarewithin。"

*DasTraumlebenundseineDeutung，1868(citedbySpitta，p。192)。

ThelittleessayofHildebrandt’sfromwhichIhavealreadytakensomanyquotations(thebest-expressedandmostsuggestivecontributiontotheliteratureofthedream-problemwhichIhavehithertodiscovered)，takesforitscentralthemetheproblemofmoralityindreams。ForHildebrandt，too，itisanestablishedrulethatthepurerthelife，thepurerthedream；

theimpurerthelife，theimpurerthedream。

Themoralnatureofmanpersistsevenindreams。"Butwhilewearenotoffendedormadesuspiciousbyanarithmeticalerror，nomatterhowobvious，byareversalofscientificfact，nomatterhowromantic，orbyananachronism，nomatterhowridiculous，weneverthelessdonotlosesightofthedifferencebetweengoodandevil，rightandwrong，virtueandvice。Nomatterhowmuchofthatwhichaccompaniesusduringthedaymayvanishinourhoursofsleep，Kant’scategoricalimperativedogsourstepsasaninseparablecompanion，ofwhomwecannotridourselveseveninourslumber……Thiscanbeexplainedonlybythefactthatthefundamentalelementofhumannature，themoralessence，istoofirmlyfixedtobesubjectedtothekaleidoscopicshaking-uptowhichphantasy，reason，memory，andotherfacultiesofthesameordersuccumbinourdreams"(p。45，etc。)。

Inthefurtherdiscussionofthesubjectwefindinboththesegroupsofauthorsremarkableevasionsandinconsequences。Strictlyspeaking，allinterestinimmoraldreamsshouldbeatanendforthosewhoassertthatthemoralpersonalityoftheindividualfallstopiecesinhisdreams。

Theycouldascoollyrejectallattemptstoholdthedreamerresponsibleforhisdreams，ortoinferfromtheimmoralityofhisdreamsthatthereisanimmoralstraininhisnature，astheyhaverejectedtheapparentlyanalogousattempttoprovefromtheabsurdityofhisdreamstheworthlessnessofhisintellectuallifeinthewakingstate。Theothers，accordingtowhomthecategoricalimperativeextendsevenintothedream，oughttoacceptintotothenotionoffullresponsibilityforimmoraldreams；andwecanonlyhopethattheirownreprehensibledreamsdonotleadthemtoabandontheirotherwisefirmbeliefintheirownmoralworth。

Asamatteroffact，however，itwouldseemthatalthoughnooneispositivelycertainjusthowgoodorhowbadheis，hecanhardlydenythathecanrecollectimmoraldreamsofhisown。Thattherearesuchdreamsnoonedenies；theonlyquestionis:howdotheyoriginate？Sothat，inspiteoftheirconflictingjudgmentsofdream-morality，bothgroupsofauthorsareatpainstoexplainthegenesisoftheimmoraldream；andhereanewconflictarises，astowhetheritsoriginistobesoughtinthenormalfunctionsofthepsychiclife，orinthesomaticallyconditionedencroachmentsuponthislife。Thenatureofthefactscompelsboththosewhoargueforandthosewhoargueagainstmoralresponsibilityindream-lifetoagreeinrecognizingaspecialpsychicsourcefortheimmoralityofdreams。

Thosewhomaintainthatmoralitycontinuestofunctioninourdream-lifeneverthelessrefrainfromassumingfullresponsibilityfortheirdreams。

Haffnersays(p。24):"Wearenotresponsibleforourdreams，becausethatbasiswhichalonegivesourlifetruthandrealityiswithdrawnfromourthoughtsandourwill。Hencethewishesandactionsofourdreamscannotbevirtuousorsinful。"Yetthedreamerisresponsibleforthesinfuldreaminsofarasindirectlyhebringsitabout。Thus，asinwakinglife，itishisduty，justbeforegoingtosleep，morallytocleansehismind。

TheanalysisofthisadmixtureofdenialandrecognitionofresponsibilityforthemoralcontentofdreamsiscarriedmuchfurtherbyHildebrandt。

Afterarguingthatthedramaticmethodofrepresentationcharacteristicofdreams，thecondensationofthemostcomplicatedprocessesofreflectionintothebriefestperiodsoftime，andthedebasementandconfusionoftheimaginativeelementsofdreams，whichevenheadmitsmustbeallowedforinrespectoftheimmoralappearanceofdreams，heneverthelessconfessesthattherearethemostseriousobjectionstoflatlydenyingallresponsibilityforthelapsesandoffensesofwhichweareguiltyinourdreams。

(p。49):"Ifwewishtorepudiateverydecisivelyanysortofunjustaccusation，andespeciallyonewhichhasreferencetoourintentionsandconvictions，weusetheexpression:’Weshouldneverhavedreamtofsuchathing。’Bythis，itistrue，wemeanontheonehandthatweconsidertheregionofdreamsthelastandremotestplaceinwhichwecouldbeheldresponsibleforourthoughts，becausetherethesethoughtsaresolooselyandincoherentlyconnectedwithourrealbeingthatwecan，afterall，hardlyregardthemasourown；butinasmuchaswefeelimpelledexpresslytodenytheexistenceofsuchthoughtseveninthisregion，weareatthesametimeindirectlyadmittingthatourjustificationwouldnotbecompleteunlessitextendedeventhusfar。AndIbelievethathere，althoughunconsciously，wearespeakingthelanguageoftruth。"

(p。52):"Nodream-actioncanbeimaginedwhosefirstbeginningshavenotinsomeshapealreadypassedthroughthemindduringourwakinghours，intheformofwish，desire，orimpulse。"Concerningthisoriginalimpulsewemustsay:Thedreamhasnotdiscoveredit-ithasonlyimitatedandextendedit；ithasonlyelaboratedintodramaticformascrapofhistoricalmaterialwhichitfoundalreadyexistingwithinus；itbringstoourmindthewordsoftheApostlethathewhohateshisbrotherisamurderer。Andthough，afterwewake，beingconsciousofourmoralstrength，wemaysmileatthewholewidelyelaboratedstructureofthedepraveddream，yettheoriginalmaterialoutofwhichweformeditcannotbelaughedaway。Onefeelsresponsibleforthetransgressionsofone’sdreamingself；notforthewholesumofthem，butyetforacertainpercentage。"Inshort，ifinthissense，whichcanhardlybeimpugned，weunderstandthewordsofChrist，thatoutoftheheartcomeevilthoughts，thenwecanhardlyhelpbeingconvincedthateverysincommittedinourdreamsbringswithitatleastavagueminimumofguilt。"

ThusHildebrandtfindsthesourceoftheimmoralityofdreamsinthegermsandhintsofevilimpulseswhichpassthroughourmindsduringthedayasmentaltemptations，andhedoesnothesitatetoincludetheseimmoralelementsintheethicalevaluationofthepersonality。Thesesamethoughts，andthesameevaluationofthesethoughts，have，asweknow，causeddevoutandholymenofallagestolamentthattheywerewickedsinners。*

*ItisnotuninterestingtoconsidertheattitudeoftheInquisitiontothisproblem。IntheTractatusdeOfficiosanctissimaeInquisitionisofThomasCarena(Lyonsedit。，1659)onefindsthefollowingpassage:"Shouldanyoneutterheresiesinhisdreams，theinquisitorsshallconsiderthisareasonforinvestigatinghisconductinlife，forthatiswonttoreturninsleepwhichoccupiesamanduringtheday"(Dr。Ehniger，St。Urban，Switzerland)。

Thegeneraloccurrenceofthesecontrastingthoughtsinthemajorityofmen，andeveninotherregionsthantheethical，isofcourseestablishedbeyondadoubt。Theyhavesometimesbeenjudgedinalessseriousspirit。

SpittaquotesarelevantpassagefromA。Zeller(Article"Irre，"intheAllgemeineEncyklopadiederWissenschaften，ErschandGruber，p。144):

"Anintellectisrarelysohappilyorganizedastobeinfullcommandofitselfatalltimesandseasons，andnevertobedisturbedinthelucidandconstantprocessesofthoughtbyideasnotmerelyunessential，butabsolutelygrotesqueandnonsensical；indeed，thegreatestthinkershavehadcausetocomplainofthisdream-like，tormentinganddistressingrabbleofideas，whichdisturbstheirprofoundestcontemplationsandtheirmostpiousandearnestmeditations。"

AclearerlightisthrownonthepsychologicalmeaningofthesecontrastingthoughtsbyafurtherobservationofHildebrandt’s，totheeffectthatdreamspermitusanoccasionalglimpseofthedeepestandinnermostrecessesofourbeing，whicharegenerallyclosedtousinourwakingstate(p。

55)。ArecognitionofthisfactisbetrayedbyKantinhisAnthropology，whenhestatesthatourdreamsmayperhapsbeintendedtorevealtousnotwhatwearebutwhatwemighthavebeenifwehadhadanotherupbringing；

andbyRadestock(p。84)，whosuggeststhatdreamsdisclosetouswhatwedonotwishtoadmittoourselves，andthatwethereforeunjustlycondemnthemaslyinganddeceptive。J。E。Erdmannasserts:"AdreamhasnevertoldmewhatIoughttothinkofaperson，but，tomygreatsurprise，adreamhasmorethanoncetaughtmewhatIdoreallythinkofhimandfeelabouthim。"AndJ。H。Fichteexpresseshimselfinalikemanner:"Thecharacterofourdreamsgivesafartruerreflectionofourgeneraldispositionthananythingthatwecanlearnbyself-observationinthewakingstate。"SuchremarksasthisofBenini’scallourattentiontothefactthattheemergenceofimpulseswhichareforeigntoourethicalconsciousnessismerelyanalogoustothemanner，alreadyfamiliartous，inwhichthedreamdisposesofotherrepresentativematerial:"Certenostreinclinazionichesicredevanosoffocateespentedaunpezzo，siridestano；passionivecchieesepolterevivono；

coseepersoneacuinonpensiamomai，civengonodinanzi"(p。149)。Volkeltexpresseshimselfinasimilarfashion:"Evenideaswhichhaveenteredintoourconsciousnessalmostunnoticed，andwhich，perhaps，ithasneverbeforecalledoutofoblivion，oftenannouncetheirpresenceinthemindthroughadream"(p105)。Finally，wemayrememberthataccordingtoSchleiermacherthestateoffallingasleepisaccompaniedbytheappearanceofundesiredimaginings。

Wemayincludeinsuch"undesiredimaginings"thewholeofthatimaginativematerialtheoccurrenceofwhichsurprisesusinimmoralaswellasinabsurddreams。Theonlyimportantdifferenceconsistsinthefactthattheundesiredimaginingsinthemoralsphereareinoppositiontoourusualfeelings，whereastheothersmerelyappearstrangetous。Sofarnothinghasbeendonetoenableustoreconcilethisdifferencebyaprofounderunderstanding。Butwhatisthesignificanceoftheemergenceofundesiredrepresentationsindreams？Whatconclusionscanthepsychologyofthewakinganddreamingminddrawfromthesenocturnalmanifestationsofcontrastingethicalimpulses？Herewefindafreshdiversityofopinion，andalsoadifferentgroupingoftheauthorswhohavetreatedofthesubject。ThelineofthoughtfollowedbyHildebrandt，andbyotherswhosharehisfundamentalopinion，cannotbecontinuedotherwisethanbyascribingtotheimmoralimpulses，eveninthewakingstate，alatentvitality，whichisindeedinhibitedfromproceedingtoaction，andbyassertingthatduringsleepsomethingfallsawayfromuswhich，havingtheeffectofaninhibition，haskeptusfrombecomingawareoftheexistenceofsuchimpulses。Dreamstherefore，revealthetrue，ifnotthewhole，natureofthedreamer，andareonemeansofmakingthehiddenlifeofthepsycheaccessibletoourunderstanding。ItisonlyonsuchhypothesesthatHildebrandtcanattributetothedreamtheroleofamonitorwhocallsourattentiontothesecretmischiefinthesoul，justas，accordingtothephysicians，itmayannounceahithertounobservedphysicaldisorder。Spitta，too，mustbeinfluencedbythisconceptionwhenherefers，forexample，tothestreamofexcitationswhichflowinuponthepsycheduringpuberty，andconsolesthedreamerbyassuringhimthathehasdoneallthatisinhispowertodoifhehasledastrictlyvirtuouslifeduringhiswakingstate，ifhehasmadeanefforttosuppressthesinfulthoughtsasoftenastheyarise，andhaskeptthemfrommaturingandturningintoaction。Accordingtothisconception，wemightdesignateas"undesiredimaginings"thosethataresuppressedduringtheday，andwemustrecognizeintheiremergenceagenuinepsychicphenomenon。

Accordingtocertainotherauthors，wehavenorighttodrawthislastinference。ForJessen(p。360)theundesiredideasandimages，inthedreamasinthewakingstate，andalsointhedeliriumoffever，etc。，possess"thecharacterofavoluntaryactivitylaidtorest，andofaprocession，tosomeextentmechanical，ofimagesandideasevokedbyinnerimpulses。"

Animmoraldreamprovesnothinginrespectofthepsychiclifeofthedreamerexceptthathehassomehowbecomecognizantoftheimaginativecontentinquestion；itiscertainlynoproofofapsychicimpulseofhisownmind。

Anotherwriter，Maury，makesuswonderwhetherhe，too，doesnotascribetothedream-statethepowerofdividingthepsychicactivityintoitscomponents，insteadofaimlesslydestroyingit。Hespeaksasfollowsofdreamsinwhichoneoverstepstheboundsofmorality:"Cesontnospenchantsquiparlentetquinousfontagir，sansquelaconsciencenousretienne，bienqueparfoisellenousavertisse。J’aimesdefautsetmespenchantsvicieux；al’etatdeveille，jetachedeluttercontreeux，etilm’arriveassezsouventden’ypassuccomber。Maisdansmessongesj’ysuccombetoujours，oupourmieuxdirej’agisparleurimpulsion，sanscrainteetsansremords……

Evidemmentlesvisionsquisederoulentdevantmapensee，etquiconstituentlereve，mesontsuggereesparlesincitationsquejeressensetquemavolonteabsentenecherchepasarefouler。"-*LeSommeil(p。113)。

*Ourtendenciesspeakandmakeusact，withoutbeingrestrainedbyourconscience，althoughitsometimeswarnsus。Ihavemyfaultsandvicioustendencies；awakeItrytofightagainstthem，andoftenenoughIdonotsuccumbtothem。ButinmydreamsIalwayssuccumb，or，rather，Iactattheirdirection，withoutfearorremorse……Evidently，thevisionswhichunfoldinmythoughts，andwhichconstitutethedream，aresuggestedbythestimuliwhichIfeelandwhichmyabsentwilldoesnottrytorepel。

Ifonebelievedinthepowerofthedreamtorevealanactuallyexisting，butsuppressedorconcealed，immoraldispositionofthedreamer，onecouldnotexpressone’sopinionmoreemphaticallythaninthewordsofMaury(p。115):"Enrevel’hommesereveledonctoutentierasoi-memedanssanuditeetsamiserenatives。Desqu’ilsuspendl’exercisedesavolonte，ildevientlejouetdetouteslespassionscontrelesquelles，al’etatdeveille，laconscience，lesentimentd’honneur，lacraintenousdefendent。"

*Inanotherplacemakesthestrikingassertion(p。462):"Danslereve，c’estsurtoutl’hommeinstinctifqueserevele……L’hommerevientpourainsidirel’etatdenaturequandilreve；maismoinslesideesacquisesontpenetredanssonesprit，plus’lespenchantsendesaccord’avecellesconserventencoresurluid’influencedanslerive。"*(2)Hethenmentions，asanexample，thathisowndreamsoftenrevealhimasavictimofjustthosesuperstitionswhichhehasmostvigorouslyattackedinhiswritings。

*Inadream，amanistotallyrevealedtohimselfinhisnakedandwretchedstate。Ashesuspendstheexerciseofhiswill，hebecomesthetoyofallthepassionsfromwhich，whenawake，ourconscience，horror，andfeardefendus。

*(2)Inadream，itisabovealltheinstinctivemanwhoisrevealed……

Manreturns，sotospeak，tothenaturalstatewhenhedreams；butthelessacquiredideashavepenetratedintohismind，themorehis"tendenciestodisagreement"withthemkeeptheirholdonhiminhisdreams。

Thevalueofalltheseacuteobservationsis，however，impairedinMaury’scase，becauseherefusestorecognizeinthephenomenawhichhehassoaccuratelyobservedanythingmorethanaproofoftheautomatismepsychologiquewhichinhisownopiniondominatesthedream-life。Heconceivesthisautomatismasthecompleteoppositeofpsychicactivity。

ApassageinStricker’sStudienuberdasBewusstseinreads:"Dreamsdonotconsistpurelyandsimplyofdelusions；forexample，ifoneisafraidofrobbersinadream，therobbersindeedareimaginary，butthefearisreal。"Ourattentionisherecalledtothefactthattheaffectivedevelopmentofadreamdoesnotadmitofthejudgmentwhichonebestowsupontherestofthedream-content，andtheproblemthenarises:Whatpartofthepsychicprocessesinadreammaybereal？Thatistosay，whatpartofthemmayclaimtobeenrolledamongthepsychicprocessesofthewakingstate？

OntoChapter1，SectionG

BacktoTheInterpretationofDreamsTableofContentsCHAPTER1，SectionGG。Dream-TheoriesandtheFunctionoftheDreamAstatementconcerningthedreamwhichseekstoexplainasmanyaspossibleofitsobservedcharacteristicsfromasinglepointofview，andwhichatthesametimedefinestherelationofthedreamtoamorecomprehensivesphereofphenomena，maybedescribedasatheoryofthedream。Theindividualtheoriesofthedreamwillbedistinguishedfromoneanotherbytheirdesignatingasessentialthisorthatcharacteristicofdreams，andrelatingtheretotheirdataandtheirexplanations。Itisnotabsolutelynecessarythatweshoulddeducefromthetheoryofthedreamafunction，i。e。，auseoranysuchsimilarrole，butexpectation，beingasamatterofhabitteleologicallyinclined，willneverthelesswelcomethosetheorieswhichaffordussomeinsightintoafunctionofdreams。

Wehavealreadybecomeacquaintedwithmanyconceptionsofthedream，whichinthissensearemoreorlessdeservingofthenameofdream-theories。

Thebeliefoftheancientsthatdreamsweresentbythegodsinordertoguidetheactionsofmanwasacompletetheoryofthedream，whichtoldthemallthatwasworthknowingaboutdreams。Sincedreamshavebecomeanobjectofbiologicalresearchwehaveagreaternumberoftheories，someofwhich，however，areveryincomplete。

Providedwemakenoclaimtocompleteness，wemightventureonthefollowingroughgroupingofdream-theories，basedontheirfundamentalconceptionofthedegreeandmodeofthepsychicactivityindreams:

1。Theories，likethoseofDelboeuf，whichallowthefullpsychicactivityofthewakingstatetocontinueinourdreams。Herethepsychedoesnotsleep；itsapparatusremainsintact；butundertheconditionsofthesleepingstate，whichdifferfromthoseofthewakingstate，itmustinitsnormalfunctioninggiveresultswhichdifferfromthoseofthewakingstate。Asregardsthesetheories，itmaybequestionedwhethertheirauthorsareinapositiontoderivethedistinctionbetweendreamingandwakingthoughtentirelyfromtheconditionsofthesleepingstate。Moreover，theylackonepossibleaccesstoafunctionofdreams；onedoesnotunderstandtowhatpurposeonedreams-whythecomplicatedmechanismofthepsychicapparatusshouldcontinuetooperateevenwhenitisplacedunderconditionstowhichitdoesnotappeartobeadapted。Thereareonlytwopurposefulreactionsintheplaceofthereactionofdreaming:tosleepdreamlessly，ortowakewhenaffectedbydisturbingstimuli。

2。Theorieswhich，onthecontrary，assumeforthedreamadiminutionofthepsychicactivity，alooseningofconnections，andanimpoverishmentoftheavailablematerial。Inaccordancewiththesetheories，onemustassumeforsleepapsychologicalcharacterentirelydifferentfromthatgivenbyDelboeuf。Sleepencroacheswidelyuponthepsyche；itdoesnotconsistinthemereshuttingitofffromtheouterworld；onthecontrary，itentersintoitsmechanism，andmakesitforthetimebeingunserviceable。

IfImaydrawacomparisonfrompsychiatry，Iwouldsaythatthefirstgroupoftheoriesconstruesthedreamlikeaparanoia，whilethesecondrepresentsitasatypeofmentaldeficiencyoramentia。

Thetheorythatonlyafragmentofthepsychicactivityparalysedbysleepfindsexpressionindreamsisthatbyfarthemostfavouredbymedicalwriters，andbyscientistsingeneral。Insofarasonemaypresupposeageneralinterestindream-interpretation，onemayindeeddescribeitasthemostpopulartheoryofdreams。Itisremarkablehownimblythisparticulartheoryavoidsthegreatestdangerthatthreatenseverydream-interpretation；

thatis，shipwreckononeofthecontrastsincorporatedindreams。Sincethistheoryregardsdreamsastheresultofapartialwaking(or，asHerbartputsitinhisPsychologieuberdenTraum，"agradual，partial，andatthesametimeveryanomalouswaking")，itisabletocoverthewholeseries，fromtheinferioractivitiesofdreams，whichbetraythemselvesbytheirabsurdity，tofullyconcentratedintellectualactivity，byaseriesofstatesofprogressiveawakening，endingincompletewakefulness。

Thosewhofindthephysiologicalmodeofexpressionindispensable，orwhodeemitmorescientific，willfindthistheoryofdreamssummarizedinBinz’sdescription(p。43):

"Thisstate(oftorpor)，however，graduallycomestoanendinthehoursofearlymorning。Theaccumulatedproductsoffatigueinthealbumenofthebraingraduallydiminish。Theyareslowlydecomposed，orcarriedawaybytheconstantlyflowingblood-stream。Hereandthereindividualgroupsofcellscanbedistinguishedasbeingawake，whilearoundthemallisstillinastateoftorpidity。Theisolatedworkoftheindividualgroupsnowappearsbeforeourcloudedconsciousness，whichisstillpowerlesstocontrolotherpartsofthebrain，whichgoverntheassociations。Hencethepicturescreated，whichforthemostpartcorrespondtotheobjectiveimpressionsoftheimmediatepast，combinewithoneanotherinawildanduncontrolledfashion。Asthenumberofbrain-cellssetfreeconstantlyincreases，theirrationalityofthedreambecomesconstantlyless。"

Theconceptionofthedreamasanincomplete，partialwakingstate，ortracesoftheinfluenceofthisconception，willofcoursebefoundintheworksofallthemodernphysiologistsandphilosophers。ItismostcompletelyrepresentedbyMaury。Itoftenseemsasthoughthisauthorconceivesthestateofbeingawakeorasleepassusceptibleofshiftingfromoneanatomicalregiontoanother；eachanatomicalregionseemingtohimtobeconnectedwithadefinitepsychicfunction。HereIwillmerelysuggestthatevenifthetheoryofpartialwakingwereconfirmed，itsfinersuperstructurewouldstillcallforexhaustiveconsideration。

Nofunctionofdreams，ofcourse，canemergefromthisconceptionofthedream-life。Onthecontrary，Binz，oneofthechiefproponentsofthistheory，consistentlyenoughdeniesthatdreamshaveanystatusorimportance。

Hesays(p。357):"Allthefacts，asweseethem，urgeustocharacterizethedreamasaphysicalprocess，inallcasesuseless，andinmanycasesdefinitelymorbid。"

Theexpressionphysicalinreferencetodreams(thewordisemphasizedbytheauthor)points，ofcourse，inmorethanonedirection。Inthefirstplace，itreferstotheaetiologyofdreams，whichwasofspecialinteresttoBinz，ashewasstudyingtheexperimentalproductionofdreamsbytheadministrationofdrugs。Itiscertainlyinkeepingwiththiskindofdream-theorytoascribetheincitementtodreaming，wheneverpossible，exclusivelytosomaticorigins。Presentedinthemostextremeformthetheoryisasfollows:

Afterwehaveputourselvestosleepbythebanishmentofstimuli，therewouldbenoneedtodream，andnoreasonfordreaminguntilthemorning，whenthegradualawakeningthroughthefreshinvasionofstimulimightbereflectedinthephenomenonofdreaming。But，asamatteroffact，itisnotpossibletoprotectoursleepfromstimuli；likethegermsoflifeofwhichMephistophelescomplained，stimulicometothesleeperfromalldirections-fromwithout，fromwithin，andevenfromallthosebodilyregionswhichnevertroubleusduringthewakingstate。Thusoursleepisdisturbed；

nowthis，nowthatlittlecornerofthepsycheisjoggedintothewakingstate，andthepsychefunctionsforawhilewiththeawakenedfraction，yetisthankfultofallasleepagain。Thedreamisthereactiontothedisturbanceofsleepcausedbythestimulus，butitis，whenallissaid，apurelysuperfluousreaction。

Thedescriptionofthedream-which，afterall，remainsanactivityofthepsychicorgan-asaphysicalprocesshasyetanotherconnotation。

Sotodescribeitistodenythatthedreamhasthedignityofapsychicprocess。Theoldsimileof"thetenfingersofapersonignorantofmusicrunningoverthekeyboardofaninstrument"perhapsbestillustratesinwhatesteemthedreamiscommonlyheldbytherepresentativesofexactscience。Thusconceived，itbecomessomethingwhollyinsusceptibleofinterpretation。

Howcouldthetenfingersofaplayerignorantofmusicperformamusicalcomposition？

Thetheoryofpartialwakefulnessdidnotescapecriticismevenbytheearlierwriters。ThusBurdachwrotein1830:"Ifwesaythatdreamingisapartialwaking，then，inthefirstplace，neitherthewakingnorthesleepingstateisexplainedthereby；secondly，thisamountsonlytosayingthatcertainpowersofthemindareactiveindreamswhileothersareatrest。Butsuchirregularitiesoccurthroughoutlife……"(p。482)。

Theprevailingdream-theorywhichconceivesthedreamasa"physical"

processfindsacertainsupportinaveryinterestingconceptionofthedreamwhichwasfirstpropoundedbyRobertin1866，andwhichisseductivebecauseitassignstothedreamafunctionorausefulresult。AsthebasisofhistheoryRoberttakestwoobjectivelyobservablefactswhichwehavealreadydiscussedinourconsiderationofdream-material(chapterI。，B)。

Thesefactsare:(1)thatoneveryoftendreamsaboutthemostinsignificantimpressionsoftheday；and(2)thatonerarelycarriesoverintothedreamtheabsorbinginterestsoftheday。Robertassertsasanindisputablefactthatthosematterswhichhavebeenfullysettledandsolvedneverevokedreams，butonlysuchaslieincompletedinthemind，ortouchitmerelyinpassing(p。10)。"Forthisreasonwecannotusuallyexplainourdreams，sincetheircausesaretobefoundinsensoryimpressionsoftheprecedingdaywhichhavenotattainedsufficientrecognitiononthepartofthedreamer。"

Theconditionpermittinganimpressiontoreachthedreamis，therefore，thatthisimpressionhasbeendisturbedinitselaboration，orthatitwastooinsignificanttolayclaimtosuchelaboration。

Robertthereforeconceivesthedream"asaphysicalprocessofeliminationwhichinitspsychicreactionreachestheconsciousness。"Dreamsareeliminationsofthoughtsnippedinthebud。"Amandeprivedofthecapacityfordreamingwouldintimebecomementallyunbalanced，becauseanimmensenumberofunfinishedandunsolvedthoughtsandsuperficialimpressionswouldaccumulateinhisbrain，underthepressureofwhichallthatshouldbeincorporatedinthememoryasacompletedwholewouldbestifled。"Thedreamactsasasafety-valvefortheover-burdenedbrain。Dreamspossessahealingandunburdeningpower(p。32)。

WeshouldmisunderstandRobertifweweretoaskhimhowrepresentationinthedreamcouldbringaboutanunburdeningofthemind。Thewriterapparentlyconcludedfromthesetwopeculiaritiesofthedream-materialthatduringsleepsuchaneliminationofworthlessimpressionsiseffectedsomehowasasomaticprocess；andthatdreamingisnotaspecialpsychicprocess，butonlytheinformationwhichwereceiveofsuchelimination。Moreover，eliminationisnottheonlythingthattakesplaceinthemindduringsleep。

Roberthimselfaddsthatthestimuliofthedayarelikewiseelaborated，and"whatcannotbeeliminatedfromtheundigestedthought-materiallyinginthemindisboundupintoacompletedwholebymentalcluesborrowedfromtheimagination，andisthusenrolledinthememoryasaharmlessphantasy-picture"(p。23)。

ButitisinhiscriticismofthesourcesofdreamsthatRobertismostflatlyopposedtotheprevailingtheory。Whereasaccordingtothistheorytherewouldbenodreamiftheexternalandinternalsensorystimulididnotrepeatedlywakethemind，accordingtoRoberttheimpulsetodreamliesintheminditself。Itliesintheoverloadingofthemind，whichdemandsdischarge，andRobertconsiders，quiteconsistently，thatthosecausesconditioningthedreamwhichdependonthephysicalconditionassumeasubordinaterank，andcouldnotincitedreamsinamindwhichcontainednomaterialfordream-formationderivedfromthewakingconsciousness。

Itisadmitted，however，thatthephantasy-imagesoriginatinginthedepthsofthemindmaybeinfluencedbynervousstimuli(p。48)。Thus，accordingtoRobert，dreamsarenot，afterall，whollydependentonthesomaticelement。

Dreamingis，ofcourse，notapsychicprocess，andithasnoplaceamongthepsychicprocessesofthewakingstate；itisanocturnalsomaticprocessintheapparatusofmentalactivity，andhasafunctiontoperform，viz。，toguardthisapparatusagainstexcessivestrain，or，ifwemaybeallowedtochangethecomparison，tocleansethemind。

Anotherauthor，YvesDelage，baseshistheoryonthesamecharacteristicsofthedream-characteristicswhichareperceptibleintheselectionofthedream-material，anditisinstructivetoobservehowatriflingtwistintheconceptionofthesamethingsgivesafinalresultentirelydifferentinitsbearings。Delage，havinglostthroughdeathapersonverydeartohim，foundthatweeitherdonotdreamatallofwhatoccupiesusintentlyduringtheday，orthatwebegintodreamofitonlyafteritisovershadowedbytheotherinterestsoftheday。Hisinvestigationsinrespectofotherpersonscorroboratedtheuniversalityofthisstateofaffairs。Concerningthedreamsofnewly-marriedpeople，hemakesacommentwhichisadmirableifitshouldprovetobegenerallytrue:"S’ilsontetefortementepris，presquejamaisilsn’ontrevel’undel’autreavantlemariageoupendantlalunedemiel；ets’ilsontreved’amourc’estpouretreinfidelesavecquelquepersonneindifferenteouodieuse。"*Butofwhatdoesonedream？

Delagerecognizesthatthematerialofourdreamsconsistsoffragmentsandremnantsofimpressions，bothfromthelastfewdaysandfromearlierperiods。Allthatappearsinourdreams，allthatwemayatfirstbeinclinedtoconsiderthecreationofthedream-life，provesoncloserinvestigationtobeunrecognizedreproduction，"souvenirinconscient。"Butthisrepresentativematerialrevealsonecommoncharacteristic；itoriginatesfromimpressionswhichhaveprobablyaffectedoursensesmoreforciblythanourmind，orfromwhichtheattentionhasbeendeflectedsoonaftertheiroccurrence。

Thelessconscious，andatthesametimethestrongeranimpression，thegreatertheprospectofitsplayingapartinournextdream。

*Iftheyareverymuchinlove，theyhavealmostneverdreamedofeachotherbeforethemarriageorduringthehoneymoon；andiftheyhavedreamedoflove，itwastobeunfaithfulwithsomeoneunimportantordistasteful。

Thesetwocategoriesofimpressions-theinsignificantandtheundisposed-of-

areessentiallythesameasthosewhichwereemphasizedbyRobert，butDelagegivesthemanothersignificance，inasmuchashebelievesthattheseimpressionsarecapableofexcitingdreamsnotbecausetheyareindifferent，butbecausetheyarenotdisposedof。Theinsignificantimpressionsalsoare，inasense，notfullydisposedof；they，too，owingtotheircharacterofnewimpressions，are"autantderessortstendus，"*whichwillberelaxedduringsleep。Stillmoreentitledtoaroleinthedreamthanaweakandalmostunnoticedimpressionisavividimpressionwhichhasbeenaccidentallyretardedinitselaboration，orintentionallyrepressed。Thepsychicenergyaccumulatedduringthedaybyinhibitionorsuppressionbecomesthemainspringofthedreamatnight。Indreamspsychicallysuppressedmaterialachievesexpression。*(2)

*Somanytautlines。

*(2)Anovelist，AnatoleFrance，expresseshimselftoasimilareffect(LeLysRouge):"Cequenousvoyonslanuitcesontlesrestesmalheureuxquenousavonsnegligedanslaveille。Lereveestsouventlarevanchedeschosesqu’onmepriseoulereprochedesetresabandonnes。"[Whatweseeatnightaretheunhappyrelicsthatweneglectedwhileawake。Thedreamisoftentherevengeofthingsscornedorthereproachofbeingsdeserted。]

UnfortunatelyDelagedoesnotpursuethislineofthoughtanyfarther；

heisabletoascribeonlythemostinsignificantroleinourdreamstoanindependentpsychicactivity，andthus，inhistheoryofdreams，herevertstotheprevailingdoctrineofapartialslumberofthebrain:"Ensommelereveestleproduitdelapenseeerrante，sansbutetsansdirection，sefixantsuccessivementsurlessouvenirs，quiontgardeassezd’intensitepourseplacersursarouteetl’arreteraupassage，etablissantentreeuxunlientantotfaibleetindecis，tantotplusfortetplusserre，selonquel’activiteactuelleducerveauestplusoumoinsabolieparlesommeil。"

*

*Inshort，thedreamistheproductofwanderingthought，withoutendordirection，successivelyfixingonmemorieswhichhaveretainedsufficientintensitytoputthemselvesinthewayandblockthepassage，establishingbetweenthemselvesaconnectionsometimesweakandloose，sometimesstrongerandcloser，accordingtowhethertheactualworkofthebrainismoreorlesssuppressedbysleep。

3。Inathirdgroupwemayincludethosedream-theorieswhichascribetothedreamingmindthecapacityforandpropensitytospecialpsychicactivities，whichinthewakingstateitisabletoexerteithernotatallorimperfectly。Inmostcasesthemanifestationoftheseactivitiesisheldtoresultinausefulfunctionofdreams。Theevaluationsofdreamsbytheearlierpsychologistsfallchieflywithinthiscategory。Ishallcontentmyself，however，withquotingintheirsteadtheassertionofBurdach，totheeffectthatdreaming"isthenaturalactivityofthemind，whichisnotlimitedbythepoweroftheindividuality，nordisturbedbyself-consciousness，nordirectedbyself-determination，butisthevitalityofthesensiblefocusindulginginfreeplay"(p。486)。

Burdachandothersevidentlyconsiderthisrevellinginthefreeuseofitsownpowersasastateinwhichthemindrefreshesitselfandgathersfreshstrengthfortheday’swork；something，indeed，afterthefashionofavacation。BurdachthereforeciteswithapprovaltheadmirablewordsinwhichthepoetNovalislaudsthepowerofthedream:"Thedreamisabulwarkagainsttheregularityandcommonplacecharacteroflife，afreerecreationofthefetteredphantasy，inwhichitinterminglesalltheimagesoflifeandinterruptstheconstantseriousnessoftheadultbythejoyfulplayofthechild。Withoutthedreamweshouldsurelygrowoldearlier，sothatthedreammaybeconsidered，ifnotpreciselyasagiftfromabove，yetasadelightfulexercise，afriendlycompaniononourpilgrimagetothegrave。"

TherefreshingandhealingactivityofdreamsisevenmoreimpressivelydescribedbyPurkinje(p。456)。"Theproductivedreamsinparticularwouldperformthesefunctions。Thesearetheunconstrainedplayoftheimagination，andhavenoconnectionwiththeeventsoftheday。Themindislothtocontinuethetensionofthewakinglife，butwishestorelaxitandrecuperatefromit。Itcreates，inthefirstplaceconditionsopposedtothoseofthewakingstate。Itcuressadnessbyjoy，worrybyhopeandcheerfullydistractingimages，hatredbyloveandfriendliness，andfearbycourageandconfidence；itappeasesdoubtbyconvictionandfirmbelief，andvainexpectationbyrealization。Sleephealsmanysorespotsinthemind，whichthedaykeepscontinuallyopen，bycoveringthemandguardingthemagainstfreshirritation。Onthisdependsinsomedegreetheconsolingactionoftime。"Weallfeelthatsleepisbeneficialtothepsychiclife，andthevaguesurmiseofthepopularconsciousnessisapparentlylothtosurrenderthenotionthatdreamingisoneofthewaysinwhichsleepbestowsitsbenefits。

Themostoriginalandmostcomprehensiveattempttoexplaindreamingasaspecialactivityofthemind，whichcanfreelyunfolditselfonlyinthesleepingstate，isthatmadebySchernerin1861。Scherner’sbookiswritteninaheavyandbombasticstyleandisinspiredbyanalmostintoxicatedenthusiasmforthesubject，whichisboundtorepelusunlessitcancarryusawaywithit。ItplacessomanydifficultiesinthewayofananalysisthatwegladlyresorttotheclearerandconciserpresentationofScherner’stheoriesmadebythephilosopherVolkelt:"Fromthesemysticalconglomerations，fromalltheseoutburstsofsplendourandradiance，thereindeedflashesandshinesanominoussemblanceofmeaning；butthepathofthephilosopherisnotilluminedthereby。"SuchisthecriticismofScherner’sexpositionbyoneofhisownfollowers。

Schernerisnotoneofthosewritersforwhomthemindcarriesitsundiminishedfacultiesintothedream-life。Heevenexplainshow，inourdreams，thecentralityandspontaneousenergyoftheegobecomeenervated；howcognition，feeling，will，andimaginationaretransformedbythisdecentralization；

howtheremnantofthesepsychicforceshasnotatrulyintellectualcharacter，butisratherofthenatureofamechanism。But，ontheotherhand，thatactivityofthepsychewhichmaybedescribedasphantasy，freedfromallrationalgovernance，andhencenolongerstrictlycontrolled，risestoabsolutesupremacyinourdreams。Tobesure，itborrowsallitsbuilding-materialfromthememoryofthewakingstate，butwiththismaterialitbuildsupstructureswhichdifferfromthoseofthewakingstateasdaydiffersfromnight。Inourdreamsitrevealsitselfasnotonlyreproductivebutalsoproductive。Itspeculiaritiesgivethedream-lifeitssingularcharacter。

Itshowsapreferencefortheunlimited，theexaggerated，theprodigious；

butbyitsliberationfromtheinhibitingcategoriesofthought，itgainsagreaterflexibilityandagility，andindulgesinpleasurableturns。Itisexcessivelysensitivetothedelicateemotionalstimuliofthemind，toitsstirringanddisturbingaffects，anditrapidlyrecaststheinnerlifeintoanexternal，plasticvisibility。Thedream-phantasylacksthelanguageofconcepts。Whatitwishestosayitmustexpressinvisibleform；andsinceinthiscasetheconceptdoesnotexertaninhibitorycontrol，itdepictsitinallthefulness，power，andbreadthofvisibleform。Butherebyitslanguage，plainthoughitis，becomescumbersome，awkward，andprolix。Plainspeakingisrenderedespeciallydifficultbythefactthatitdislikesexpressinganobjectbyitsactualimage，butpreferstoselectanalienimage，ifonlythelatterisabletoexpressthatparticularaspectoftheobjectwhichitisanxioustorepresent。Suchisthesymbolizingactivityofthephantasy……Itis，moreover，verysignificantthatthedream-phantasyreproducesobjectsnotindetail，butonlyinoutline，andinthefreestpossiblemanner。Itspaintings，therefore，arelikelightandbrilliantsketches。Thedream-phantasy，however，doesnotstopatthemererepresentationoftheobject，butfeelsaninternalurgetoimplicatethedream-egotosomeextentwiththeobject，andthustogiverisetoaction。Thevisualdream，forexample，depictsgoldcoinslyinginthestreet；thedreamerpicksthemup，rejoices，andcarriesthemaway。

AccordingtoScherner，thematerialuponwhichthedream-phantasyexertsitsartisticactivityconsistspreponderantlyoftheorganicsensorystimuliwhicharesoobscureduringtheday(cf。p。151above)；henceitisthattheover-fantastictheoryofScherner，andperhapstoomatter-of-facttheoriesofWundtandotherphysiologists，thoughotherwisediametricallyopposedtoeachother，areinperfectagreementintheirassumptionswithregardtodream-sourcesanddream-stimuli。Butwhereas，accordingtothephysiologicaltheory，thepsychicreactiontotheinnerphysicalstimulibecomesexhaustedwiththearousingofanyoftheideasappropriatetothesestimuli(astheseideasthen，bywayofassociation，calltotheiraidotherideas，sothatonreachingthisstagethechainofpsychicprocessesappearstoterminate)，accordingtoScherner，ontheotherhand，thephysicalstimulimerelysupplythepsychewithmaterialwhichitmayutilizeinfulfillingitsphantasticintentions。ForSchernerdream-formationbeginswhere，accordingtotheviewsofotherwriters，itcomestoanend。

Whatthedream-phantasydoeswiththephysicalstimulicannot，ofcourse，beregardedaspurposeful。Thephantasyplaysatantalizinggamewiththem，andrepresentstheorganicsourceofthestimuliofthedreaminquestionbyanysortofplasticsymbolism。Indeed，Schernerholds-thoughhereVolkeltandothersdifferfromhim-thatthedream-phantasyhasacertainfavouritesymbolfortheorganismasawhole:namely，thehouse。Fortunately，however，foritsrepresentations，itdoesnotseemtolimititselftothismaterial；

itmayalsoemployawholeseriesofhousestodesignateasingleorgan；

forexample，verylongstreetsofhousesfortheintestinalstimulus。Inotherdreamsparticularpartsofthehousemayactuallyrepresentparticularregionsofthebody，asintheheadache-dream，whentheceilingoftheroom(whichthedreamseescoveredwithdisgustingtoad-likespiders)representsthehead。

Quiteapartfromthesymbolofthehouse，anyothersuitableobjectmaybeemployedtorepresentthosepartsofthebodywhichexcitethedream。

"Thusthebreathinglungsfindtheirsymbolintheflamingstovewithitswindyroaring，theheartinhollowchestsandbaskets，thebladderinround，ball-shaped，orsimplyhollowobjects。Theman’sdreams，whenduetothesexualstimulus，makethedreamerfindinthestreettheupperportionofaclarinet，orthemouthpieceofatobacco-pipe，or，again，apieceoffur。Theclarinetandtobacco-piperepresenttheapproximateformofthemalesexualorgan，whilethefurrepresentsthepubichair。Inthesexualdreamsofthefemale，thetightnessoftheclosedthighsmaybesymbolizedbyanarrowcourtyardsurroundedbyhouses，andthevaginabyaverynarrow，slipperyandsoftfootpath，leadingthroughthecourtyard，uponwhichthedreamerisobligedtowalk，inorderperhapstocarryalettertoaman"(Volkelt，p。39)。Itisparticularlynoteworthythatattheendofsuchaphysicallystimulateddreamthephantasy，asitwere，unmasksitselfbyrepresentingtheexcitingorganoritsfunctionunconcealed。

Thusthe"tooth-exciteddream"usuallyendswiththedreamertakingatoothoutofhismouth。

Thedream-phantasymay，however，directitsattentionnotmerelytotheformoftheexcitingorgan，butmayevenmakethesubstancecontainedthereintheobjectofsymbolization。Thus，forexample，thedreamexcitedbytheintestinalstimulimayleadusthroughmuddystreets，thedreamduetostimulifromthebladdertofoamingwater。Orthestimulusassuch，thenatureofitsexcitation，andtheobjectwhichitcovets，arerepresentedsymbolically。Or，again，thedream-egoentersintoaconcreteassociationwiththesymbolizationofitsownstate；as，forexample，wheninthecaseofpainfulstimuliwestruggledesperatelywithviciousdogsorragingbulls，orwheninasexualdreamthedreamerseesherselfpursuedbyanakedman。Disregardingallthepossibleprolixityofelaboration，aphantasticsymbolizingactivityremainsasthecentralforceofeverydream。Volkelt，inhisfineandenthusiasticessay，attemptedtopenetratestillfurtherintothecharacterofthisphantasy，andtoassigntothepsychicactivitythusrecognizeditspositioninasystemofphilosophicalideas，which，however，remainsaltogethertoodifficultofcomprehensionforanyonewhoisnotpreparedbyprevioustrainingfortheintuitivecomprehensionofphilosophicalmodesofthought。

Schernerattributesnousefulfunctiontotheactivityofthesymbolizingphantasyindreams。Indreamsthepsycheplayswiththestimuliwhichareofferedtoit。Onemightconjecturethatitplaysinamischievousfashion。

AndwemightbeaskedwhetherourdetailedconsiderationofScherner’sdream-theory，thearbitrarinessofwhich，anditsdeviationfromtherulesofallformsofresearchareonlytooobvious，canleadtoanyusefulresults。

WemightfitlyreplythattorejectScherner’stheorywithoutpreviousexaminationwouldbeimposingtooarrogantaveto。Thistheoryisbasedontheimpressionsproducedbyhisdreamsonamanwhopaidcloseattentiontothem，andwhowouldappeartobepersonallyverywellequippedfortracingobscurepsychicphenomena。Furthermore，ittreatsofasubjectwhich(thoughrichinitscontentsandrelations)hasforthousandsofyearsappearedmysterioustohumanity，andtotheelucidationofwhichscience，strictlysocalled，has，asitconfesses，contributednothingbeyondattempting-

inuncompromisingoppositiontopopularsentiment-todenyitscontentandsignificance。Finally，letusfranklyadmitthatitseemsasthoughwecannotverywellavoidthephantasticalinourattemptstoexplaindreams。

Wemustrememberalsothatthereissuchathingasaphantasyofganglioncells；thepassagecited(p。87)fromasoberandexactinvestigatorlikeBinz，whichdescribeshowthedawnofawakeningfloodsthedormantcell-massesofthecerebralcortex，isnotawhitlessfancifulandimprobablethanScherner’sattemptsatinterpretation。Ihopetobeabletodemonstratethatthereissomethingrealunderlyingtheseattempts，thoughthephenomenawhichhedescribeshavebeenonlyvaguelyrecognized，anddonotpossessthecharacterofuniversalitythatshouldentitlethemtobethebasisofatheoryofdreams。Forthepresent，Scherner’stheoryofdreams，incontrasttothemedicaltheory，mayperhapsleadustorealizebetweenwhatextremestheexplanationofdream-lifeisstillunsteadilyvacillating。

OntoChapter1，SectionH

BacktoTheInterpretationofDreamsTableofContentsCHAPTER1，SectionHH。TheRelationbetweenDreamsandMentalDiseasesWhenwespeakoftherelationofdreamstomentalderangement，wemaymeanthreedifferentthings:(1)aetiologicalandclinicalrelations，aswhenadreamrepresentsorinitiatesapsychoticcondition，oroccurssubsequentlytosuchacondition；(2)changeswhichthedream-lifeundergoesincasesofmentaldisease；(3)innerrelationsbetweendreamsandpsychoses，analogieswhichpointtoanintimaterelationship。Thesemanifoldrelationsbetweenthetwoseriesofphenomenawereintheearlydaysofmedicalscience-

andareoncemoreatthepresenttime-afavouritethemeofmedicalwriters，aswemaylearnfromtheliteratureonthesubjectcollatedbySpitta，Radestock，Maury，andTissie。RecentlySantedeSanctishasdirectedhisattentiontothisrelationship。*Forthepurposesofourdiscussionitwillsufficemerelytoglanceatthisimportantsubject。

*Amongthemorerecentauthorswhohaveoccupiedthemselveswiththeserelationsare:Fere，Ideler，Lasegue，Pichon，RegisVespa，Giessler，Kazodowsky，Pachantoni，andothers。

Astotheclinicalandaetiologicalrelationsbetweendreamsandthepsychoses，Iwillreportthefollowingobservationsasexamples:Hohnbaumasserts(seeKrauss)thatthefirstattackofinsanityisfrequentlyconnectedwithaterrifyinganxiety-dream，andthatthepredominatingideaisrelatedtothisdream。SantedeSanctisadducessimilarobservationsinrespectofparanoiacs，anddeclaresthedreamtobe，insomeofthem，"lavraiecausedeterminantedelafolie。"*Thepsychosismaycometolifequitesuddenly，simultaneouslywiththedreamthatcontainsitseffectiveanddelusiveexplanation，oritmaydevelopslowlythroughsubsequentdreamsthathavestilltostruggleagainstdoubt。InoneofdeSanctis’scasesanintensivelymovingdreamwasaccompaniedbyslighthystericalattacks，which，intheirturn，werefollowedbyananxiousmelancholicstate。Fere(citedbyTissie)referstoadreamwhichwasfollowedbyhystericalparalysis。

Herethedreamispresentedastheaetiologyofmentalderangement，althoughweshouldbemakingastatementequallyconsistentwiththefactswerewetosaythatthefirstmanifestationofthementalderangementoccurredinthedream-life，thatthedisorderfirstbrokethroughinthedream。

Inotherinstances，themorbidsymptomsareincludedinthedream-life，orthepsychosisremainsconfinedtothedream-life。ThusThomayercallsourattentiontoanxiety-dreamswhichmustbeconceivedastheequivalentofepilepticattacks。Allisonhasdescribedcasesofnocturnalinsanity(seeRadestock)，inwhichthesubjectsareapparentlyperfectlywellintheday-time，whilehallucinations，fitsoffrenzy，andthelikeregularlymaketheirappearanceatnight。DeSanctisandTissierecordsimilarobservations(theequivalentofaparanoicdreaminanalcoholic，voicesaccusingawifeofinfidelity)。Tissierecordsmanyobservationsofrecentdateinwhichbehaviourofapathologicalcharacter(basedondelusoryhypotheses，obsessiveimpulses)hadtheiroriginindreams。Guislaindescribesacaseinwhichsleepwasreplacedbyanintermittentinsanity。

*Therealdeterminingcauseofthemadness。

Wecannotdoubtthatonedaythephysicianwillconcernhimselfnotonlywiththepsychology，butalsowiththepsycho-pathologyofdreams。

Incasesofconvalescencefrominsanity，itisoftenespeciallyobviousthatwhilethefunctionsmaybehealthybydaythedream-lifemaystillpartakeofthepsychosis。Gregoryissaidtohavebeenthefirsttocallattentiontosuchcases(seeKrauss)。Macario(citedbyTissie)givesanaccountofamaniacwho，aweekafterhiscompleterecovery，oncemoreexperiencedindreamsthefluxofideasandtheunbridledimpulsesofhisdisease。

Concerningthechangeswhichthedream-lifeundergoesinchronicpsychotics，littleresearchhasbeenundertakenasyet。Ontheotherhand，earlyattentionwasgiventotheinnerrelationshipbetweendreamsandmentaldisturbances，arelationshipwhichisdemonstratedbythecompleteagreementofthemanifestationsoccurringineach。AccordingtoMaury，Cabanis，inhisRapportsduPhysiqueetduMoral，wasthefirsttocallattentiontothisrelationship；hewasfollowedbyLelut，J。Moreau，andmoreparticularlythephilosopherMainedeBiran。Thecomparisonbetweenthetwoisofcourseolderstill。Radestockbeginsthechapterinwhichhedealswiththesubjectbycitinganumberofopinionswhichinsistontheanalogybetweeninsanityanddreaming。

Kantsayssomewhere:"Thelunaticisadreamerinthewakingstate。"AccordingtoKrauss，"Insanityisadreaminwhichthesensesareawake。"Schopenhauertermsthedreamabriefinsanity，andinsanityalongdream。Hagendescribesdeliriumasadream-lifewhichisinductednotbysleepbutbydisease。

Wundt，inhisPhysiologischePsychologie，declares:"Asamatteroffactweourselvesmayindreamsexperiencealmostallthemanifestationswhichweobserveintheasylumsfortheinsane。"

ThespecificpointsofagreementinconsequenceofwhichsuchacomparisoncommendsitselftoourjudgmentareenumeratedbySpitta，whogroupsthem(verymuchasMauryhasdone)asfollows:"(1)Suspension，oratleastretardationofself-consciousness，andconsequentlyignoranceoftheconditionassuch，theimpossibilityofastonishment，andalackofmoralconsciousness。

(2)Modifiedperceptionofthesensoryorgans；thatis，perceptionisasarulediminishedindreams，andgreatlyenhancedininsanity。(3)Mutualcombinationofideasexclusivelyinaccordancewiththelawsofassociationandreproduction，henceautomaticseries-formations:henceagainalackofproportionintherelationsbetweenideas(exaggerations，phantasms)；

andtheresultsofallthis:(4)Changesin-forexample，inversionsof-

thepersonality，andsometimesoftheidiosyncrasiesofthecharacter(perversities)。"

Radestockaddsafewadditionaldataconcerningtheanalogousnatureofthematerialofdreamsandofmentalderangement:"Thegreatestnumberofhallucinationsandillusionsarefoundinthesphereofthesensesofsightandhearingandgeneralsensation。Asindreams，thefewestelementsaresuppliedbythesensesofsmellandtaste。Thefever-patient，likethedreamer，isassailedbyreminiscencesfromtheremotepast；whatthewakingandhealthymanseemstohaveforgottenisrecollectedinsleepandindisease。"Theanalogybetweendreamsandthepsychosesreceivesitsfullvalueonlywhen，likeafamilyresemblance，itisextendedtothesubtlerpointsofmimicry，andeventheindividualpeculiaritiesoffacialexpression。

"Tohimwhoistorturedbyphysicalandmentalsufferingsthedreamaccordswhathasbeendeniedhimbyreality，towit，physicalwell-being，andhappiness；so，too，theinsaneseeradiantimagesofhappiness，eminence，andwealth。Thesupposedpossessionofestatesandtheimaginaryfulfilmentofwishes，thedenialordestructionofwhichhaveactuallybeenapsychiccauseoftheinsanity，oftenformthemaincontentofthedelirium。Thewomanwhohaslostadearlybelovedchildexperiencesinherdeliriumthejoysofmaternity；themanwhohassufferedreversesoffortunedeemshimselfimmenselywealthy；andthejiltedgirlseesherselftenderlybeloved。"

(ThispassagefromRadestockisanabstractofabrilliantexpositionofGriesinger’s(p。111)，whichreveals，withthegreatestclarity，wish-fulfilmentasacharacteristicoftheimaginationcommontodreamsandtothepsychoses。

Myowninvestigationshavetaughtmethathereistobefoundthekeytoapsychologicaltheoryofdreamsandofthepsychoses。)

"Absurdcombinationsofideasandweaknessofjudgmentarethemaincharacteristicsofthedreamandofinsanity。"Theover-estimationofone’sownmentalcapacity，whichappearsabsurdtosoberjudgment，isfoundalikeinboth，andtherapidfluxofimaginingsinthedreamcorrespondstothefluxofideasinthepsychoses。Botharedevoidofanymeasureoftime。

Thesplittingofthepersonalityindreams，which，forinstance，distributesone’sownknowledgebetweentwopersons，oneofwhom，thestrangeperson，correctsone’sownegointhedream，entirelycorrespondswiththewell-knownsplittingofthepersonalityinhallucinatoryparanoia；thedreamer，too，hearshisownthoughtsexpressedbystrangevoices。Eventheconstantdelusiveideasfindtheiranalogyinthestereotypedandrecurringpathologicaldream(reveobsedant)。Afterrecoveringfromdelirium，patientsnotinfrequentlydeclarethatthewholeperiodoftheirillnessappearedtothemlikeanuncomfortabledream；indeed，theyinformusthatsometimesduringtheirillnesstheyhavesuspectedthattheywereonlydreaming，justasoftenhappensinthesleep-dream。

Inviewofallthis，itisnotsurprisingthatRadestockshouldsummarizehisownopinion，andthatofmanyothers，inthefollowingwords:"Insanity，anabnormalmorbidphenomenon，istoberegardedasanenhancementoftheperiodicallyrecurringnormaldream-state"(p。228)。

Kraussattemptedtobasetherelationshipbetweenthedreamandinsanityupontheiraetiology(orratheruponthesourcesofexcitation)，thus，perhaps，makingtherelationshipevenmoreintimatethanwaspossibleonthebasisoftheanalogousnatureofthephenomenamanifested。Accordingtohim，thefundamentalelementcommontobothis，aswehavealreadylearned，theorganicallyconditionedsensation，thesensationofphysicalstimuli，thegeneralsensationarisingoutofcontributionsfromalltheorgans(cf。Peisse，citedbyMaury，p。52)。

Theundeniableagreementbetweendreamsandmentalderangement，extendingeventocharacteristicdetails，constitutesoneofthestrongestconfirmationsofthemedicaltheoryofdream-life，accordingtowhichthedreamisrepresentedasauselessanddisturbingprocess，andastheexpressionofadiminishedpsychicactivity。Onecannotexpect，forthepresent，toderivethefinalexplanationofthedreamfromthepsychicderangements，since，asiswellknown，ourunderstandingoftheoriginofthelatterisstillhighlyunsatisfactory。

Itisveryprobable，however，thatamodifiedconceptionofthedreammustalsoinfluenceourviewsregardingtheinnermechanismofmentaldisorders，andhencewemaysaythatweareworkingtowardstheexplanationofthepsychoseswhenweendeavourtoelucidatethemysteryofdreams。ADDENDUM1909Ishallhavetojustifymyselffornotextendingmysummaryoftheliteratureofdream-problemstocovertheperiodbetweenthefirstappearanceofthisbookandthepublicationofthesecondedition。Thisjustificationmaynotseemverysatisfactorytothereader；nonetheless，tomeitwasdecisive。

Themotiveswhichinducedmetosummarizethetreatmentofdreamsintheliteratureofthesubjecthavebeenexhaustedbytheforegoingintroduction；

tohavecontinuedthiswouldhavecostmeagreatdealofeffortandwouldnothavebeenparticularlyusefulorinstructive。Fortheintervalinquestion-

aperiodofnineyears-hasyieldednothingneworvaluableasregardstheconceptionofdreams，eitherinactualmaterialorinnovelpointsofview。Inmostoftheliteraturewhichhasappearedsincethepublicationofmyownworkthelatterhasnotbeenmentionedordiscussed；ithas，ofcourse，receivedtheleastattentionfromtheso-called"research-workersondreams，"whohavethusaffordedabrilliantexampleoftheaversiontolearninganythingnewsocharacteristicofthescientist。"Lessavantsnesontpascurieux，"*saidthescofferAnatoleFrance。Ifthereweresuchathinginscienceastherightofrevenge，Iinmyturnshouldbejustifiedinignoringtheliteraturewhichhasappearedsincethepublicationofthisbook。Thefewreviewswhichhaveappearedinthescientificjournalsaresofullofmisconceptionsandlackofcomprehensionthatmyonlypossibleanswertomycriticswouldbearequestthattheyshouldreadthisbookoveragain-orperhapsmerelythattheyshouldreadit！

*Thelearnedarenotinquisitive。

Intheworksofthosephysicianswhomakeuseofthepsycho-analyticmethodoftreatmentagreatmanydreamshavebeenrecordedandinterpretedinaccordancewithmydirections。Insofarastheseworksgobeyondtheconfirmationofmyownassertions，Ihavenotedtheirresultsinthecontextofmyexposition。Asupplementarybibliographyattheendofthisvolumecomprisesthemostimportantofthesenewpublications。ThecomprehensiveworkonthedreambySantedeSanctis，ofwhichaGermantranslationappearedsoonafteritspublication，wasproducedsimultaneouslywithmyown，sothatIcouldnotreviewhisresults，norcouldhecommentuponmine。I

amsorrytohavetoexpresstheopinionthatthislaboriousworkisexceedinglypoorinideas，sopoorthatonecouldneverdivinefromitthepossibilityoftheproblemswhichIhavetreatedinthesepages。

Icanthinkofonlytwopublicationswhichtouchonmyowntreatmentofthedream-problems。Ayoungphilosopher，H。Swoboda，whohasventuredtoextendW。Fliess’sdiscoveryofbiologicalperiodicity(inseriesoftwenty-threeandtwenty-eightdays)tothepsychicfield，hasproducedanimaginativeessay，*inwhich，amongotherthings，hehasusedthiskeytosolvetheriddleofdreams。Suchasolution，however，wouldbeaninadequateestimateofthesignificanceofdreams。Thematerialcontentofdreamswouldbeexplainedbythecoincidenceofallthosememorieswhich，onthenightofthedream，completeoneofthesebiologicalperiodsforthefirstorthenthtime。Apersonalcommunicationoftheauthor’sledmetoassumethathehimselfnolongertookthistheoryveryseriously。

ButitseemsthatIwasmistakeninthisconclusion:IshallrecordinanotherplacesomeobservationsmadewithreferencetoSwoboda’sthesis，whichdidnot，however，yieldconvincingresults。Itgavemefargreaterpleasuretofindbychance，inanunexpectedquarter，aconceptionofthedreamwhichisincompleteagreementwiththeessenceofmyown。Therelevantdatesprecludethepossibilitythatthisconceptionwasinfluencedbyreadingmybook:Imustthereforehailthisastheonlydemonstrableconcurrencewiththeessentialsofmytheoryofdreamstobefoundintheliteratureofthesubject。ThebookwhichcontainsthepassagethatIhaveinmindwaspublished(initssecondedition)in1910，byLynkeus，underthetitlePhantasieneinesRealisten。

*H。Swoboda，DiePeriodendesMenschlichenOrganismus，1904。ADDENDUM1914Theaboveapologiawaswrittenin1909。Sincethen，thestateofaffairshascertainlyundergoneachange；mycontributiontothe"interpretationofdreams"isnolongerignoredintheliteratureofthesubject。Butthenewsituationmakesitevenmoreimpossibletocontinuetheforegoingsummary。

TheInterpretationofDreamshasevokedawholeseriesofnewcontentionsandproblems，whichhavebeenexpoundedbytheauthorsinthemostvariedfashions。ButIcannotdiscusstheseworksuntilIhavedevelopedthetheoriestowhichtheirauthorshavereferred。WhateverhasappearedtomeasvaluableinthisrecentliteratureIhaveaccordinglyreviewedinthecourseofthefollowingexposition。

OntoChapterTwoFreud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapterTwoBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsII。THEMETHODOFDREAMINTERPRETATIONTheAnalysisofaSpecimenDreamTHEepigraphonthetitle-pageofthisvolumeindicatesthetraditiontowhichIprefertoallymyselfinmyconceptionofthedream。Iamproposingtoshowthatdreamsarecapableofinterpretation；andanycontributionstothesolutionoftheproblemswhichhavealreadybeendiscussedwillemergeonlyaspossibleby-productsintheaccomplishmentofmyspecialtask。Onthehypothesisthatdreamsaresusceptibleofinterpretation，Iatoncefindmyselfindisagreementwiththeprevailingdoctrineofdreams-

infact，withallthetheoriesofdreams，exceptingonlythatofScherner，fortointerpretadreamistospecifyitsmeaning，toreplaceitbysomethingwhichtakesitspositionintheconcatenationofourpsychicactivitiesasalinkofdefiniteimportanceandvalue。But，aswehaveseen，thescientifictheoriesofthedreamleavenoroomforaproblemofdream-interpretation；

since，inthefirstplace，accordingtothesetheories，dreamingisnotapsychicactivityatall，butasomaticprocesswhichmakesitselfknowntothepsychicapparatusbymeansofsymbols。Layopinionhasalwaysbeenopposedtothesetheories。Itassertsitsprivilegeofproceedingillogically，andalthoughitadmitsthatdreamsareincomprehensibleandabsurd，itcannotsummonupthecouragetodenythatdreamshaveanysignificance。

Ledbyadimintuition，itseemsrathertoassumethatdreamshaveameaning，albeitahiddenone；thattheyareintendedasasubstituteforsomeotherthought-process，andthatwehaveonlytodisclosethissubstitutecorrectlyinordertodiscoverthehiddenmeaningofthedream。

Theunscientificworld，therefore，hasalwaysendeavouredtointerpretdreams，andbyapplyingoneortheotheroftwoessentiallydifferentmethods。

Thefirstofthesemethodsenvisagesthedream-contentasawhole，andseekstoreplaceitbyanothercontent，whichisintelligibleandincertainrespectsanalogous。Thisissymbolicdream-interpretation；andofcourseitgoestopiecesattheveryoutsetinthecaseofthosedreamswhicharenotonlyunintelligiblebutconfused。TheconstructionwhichthebiblicalJosephplaceduponthedreamofPharaohfurnishesanexampleofthismethod。

Thesevenfatkine，afterwhichcamesevenleanonesthatdevouredtheformer，wereasymbolicsubstituteforsevenyearsoffamineinthelandofEgypt，whichaccordingtothepredictionweretoconsumeallthesurplusthatsevenfruitfulyearshadproduced。Mostoftheartificialdreamscontrivedbythepoets*areintendedforsomesuchsymbolicinterpretation，fortheyreproducethethoughtconceivedbythepoetinaguisenotunlikethedisguisewhichwearewonttofindinourdreams。

*InanovelGradiva，bythepoetW。Jensen，Ichancedtodiscoverseveralfictitiousdreams，whichwereperfectlycorrectintheirconstruction，andcouldbeinterpretedasthoughtheyhadnotbeeninvented，buthadbeendreamtbyactualpersons。Thepoetdeclared，uponmyinquiry，thathewasunacquaintedwithmytheoryofdreams。Ihavemadeuseofthisagreementbetweenmyinvestigationsandthecreationsofthepoetasaproofofthecorrectnessofmymethodofdream-analysis(DerWahnunddieTraumeinW。Jenson’sGradiva，vol。ioftheSchriftenzurangewandtenSeelenkunde，1906，editedbymyself，Ges。Schriften，vol。ix)。

Theideathatthedreamconcernsitselfchieflywiththefuture，whoseformitsurmisesinadvance-arelicofthepropheticsignificancewithwhichdreamswereonceinvested-nowbecomesthemotivefortranslatingintothefuturethemeaningofthedreamwhichhasbeenfoundbymeansofsymbolicinterpretation。

Ademonstrationofthemannerinwhichonearrivesatsuchasymbolicinterpretationcannot，ofcourse，begiven。Successremainsamatterofingeniousconjecture，ofdirectintuition，andforthisreasondream-interpretationhasnaturallybeenelevatedintoanartwhichseemstodependuponextraordinarygifts。*Thesecondofthetwopopularmethodsofdream-interpretationentirelyabandonssuchclaims。Itmightbedescribedastheciphermethod，sinceittreatsthedreamasakindofsecretcodeinwhicheverysignistranslatedintoanothersignofknownmeaning，accordingtoanestablishedkey。Forexample，Ihavedreamtofaletter，andalsoofafuneralorthelike；Iconsulta"dream-book，"andIfindthat"letter"istobetranslatedby"vexation"and"funeral"by"engagement。"Itnowremainstoestablishaconnection，whichIamagaintoassumeaspertainingtothefuture，bymeansoftherigmarolewhichIhavedeciphered。Aninterestingvariantofthiscipherprocedure，avariantinwhichitscharacterofpurelymechanicaltransferenceistoacertainextentcorrected，ispresentedintheworkondream-interpretationbyArtemidorosofDaldis。*(2)Herenotonlythedream-content，butalsothepersonalityandsocialpositionofthedreameraretakenintoconsideration，sothatthesamedream-contenthasasignificancefortherichman，themarriedman，ortheorator，whichisdifferentfromthatwhichappliestothepoorman，thebachelor，or，letussay，themerchant。

【推荐阅读】幽幽深宫，醒来一梦似千年，重生于下堂妃身躯中的她，将如何手刃仇人? 点击阅读