Flecteresinequeosuperos，Acherontamovebo。PREFACETOTHETHIRDGERMANEDITIONWHEREAStherewasaspaceofnineyearsbetweenthefirstandsecondeditionsofthisbook，theneedofathirdeditionwasapparentwhenlittlemorethanayearhadelapsed。Ioughttobegratifiedbythischange；butifIwasunwillingpreviouslytoattributetheneglectofmyworktoitssmallvalue，Icannottaketheinterestwhichisnowmakingitsappearanceasproofofitsquality。
TheadvanceofscientificknowledgehasnotleftTheInterpretationofDreamsuntouched。WhenIwrotethisbookin1899therewasasyetno"sexualtheory，"andtheanalysisofthemorecomplicatedformsofthepsychoneuroseswasstillinitsinfancy。Theinterpretationofdreamswasintendedasanexpedienttofacilitatethepsychologicalanalysisoftheneuroses；butsincethenaprofounderunderstandingoftheneuroseshascontributedtowardsthecomprehensionofthedream。Thedoctrineofdream-interpretationitselfhasevolvedinadirectionwhichwasinsufficientlyemphasizedinthefirsteditionofthisbook。Frommyownexperience，andtheworksofStekelandotherwriters，*Ihavesincelearnedtoappreciatemoreaccuratelythesignificanceofsymbolismindreams(orrather，inunconsciousthought)。
Inthecourseofyears，amassofdatahasaccumulatedwhichdemandsconsideration。
Ihaveendeavoredtodealwiththeseinnovationsbyinterpolationsinthetextandfootnotes。Iftheseadditionsdonotalwaysquiteadjustthemselvestotheframeworkofthetreatise，oriftheearliertextdoesnoteverywherecomeuptothestandardofourpresentknowledge，Imustbegindulgenceforthisdeficiency，sinceitisonlytheresultandindicationoftheincreasinglyrapidadvanceofourscience。Iwillevenventuretopredictthedirectionsinwhichfurthereditionsofthisbook-shouldtherebeademandforthem-maydivergefrompreviouseditions。Dream-interpretationmustseekacloserunionwiththerichmaterialofpoetry，myth，andpopularidiom，anditmustdealmorefaithfullythanhashithertobeenpossiblewiththerelationsofdreamstotheneurosesandtomentalderangement。
HerrOttoRankhasaffordedmevaluableassistanceintheselectionofsupplementaryexamples，andhasrevisedtheproofsofthisedition。
Ihavetothankhimandmanyothercolleaguesfortheircontributionsandcorrections。
Vienna，1911-
*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
PREFACETOTHESECOND(GERMAN)EDITIONTHATthereshouldhavebeenademandforasecondeditionofthisbook-
abookwhichcannotbedescribedaseasytoread-beforethecompletionofitsfirstdecadeisnottobeexplainedbytheinterestoftheprofessionalcirclestowhichIwasaddressingmyself。Mypsychiatriccolleagueshavenot，apparently，attemptedtolookbeyondtheastonishmentwhichmayatfirsthavebeenarousedbymynovelconceptionofthedream；andtheprofessionalphilosophers，whoareanyhowaccustomedtodisposingofthedreaminafewsentences-mostlythesame-asasupplementtothestatesofconsciousness，haveevidentlyfailedtorealizethatpreciselyinthisconnectionitwaspossibletomakeallmannerofdeductions，suchasmustleadtoafundamentalmodificationofourpsychologicaldoctrines。Theattitudeofthescientificreviewerswassuchtoleadmetoexpectthatthefateofthebookwouldbetofallintooblivion；andthelittleflockoffaithfuladherents，whofollowmyleadinthetherapeuticapplicationofpsycho-analysis，andinterpretdreamsbymymethod，couldnothaveexhaustedthefirsteditionofthisbook。Ifeel，therefore，thatmythanksareduetothewidercircleofculturedandinquiringreaderswhosesympathyhasinducedme，afterthelapseofnineyears，oncemoretotakeupthisdifficultwork，whichhassomanyfundamentalbearings。
IamgladtobeabletosaythatIfoundlittleinthebookthatcalledforalteration。HereandthereIhaveinterpolatedfreshmaterial，orhaveaddedopinionsbasedonmoreextensiveexperience，orIhavesoughttoelaborateindividualpoints；buttheessentialpassagestreatingofdreamsandtheirinterpretation，andthepsychologicaldoctrinestobededucedtherefrom，havebeenleftunaltered；subjectively，atallevents，theyhavestoodthetestoftime。Thosewhoareacquaintedwithmyotherwritings(ontheaetiologyandmechanismofthepsychoneuroses)willknowthatIneverofferunfinishedworkasfinished，andthatIhavealwaysendeavouredtorevisemyconclusionsinaccordancewithmymaturingopinions；
butasregardsthesubjectofthedream-life，Iamabletostandbymyoriginaltext。Inmymanyyears’workupontheproblemsoftheneurosesIhaveoftenhesitated，andIhaveoftengoneastray；andthenitwasalwaystheinterpretationofdreamsthatrestoredmyself-confidence。Mymanyscientificopponentsareactuatedbyawiseinstinctwhentheydeclinetofollowmeintotheregionofoneirology。
Eventhematerialofthisbook，evenmyowndreams，defacedbytimeorsuperseded，bymeansofwhichIhavedemonstratedtherulesofdream-interpretation，revealed，whenIcametorevisethesepages，acontinuitythatresistedrevision。Forme，ofcourse，thisbookhasanadditionalsubjectivesignificance，whichIdidnotunderstanduntilafteritscompletion。
Itrevealsitselftomeasapieceofmyself-analysis，asmyreactiontothedeathofmyfather，thatis，tothemostimportantevent，themostpoignantlossinaman’slife。OnceIhadrealizedthis，IfeltthatI
couldnotobliteratethetracesofthisinfluence。Buttomyreadersthematerialfromwhichtheylearntoevaluateandinterpretdreamswillbeamatterofindifference。
Whereaninevitablecommentcouldnotbefittedintotheoldcontext，Ihaveindicatedbysquarebracketsthatitdoesnotoccurinthefirstedition。*
Berchtesgaden，1908-
*Omittedinsubsequenteditions。
INTRODUCTORYNOTE(firstedition)INthisvolumeIhaveattemptedtoexpoundthemethodsandresultsofdream-interpretation；
andinsodoingIdonotthinkIhaveoversteppedtheboundaryofneuro-pathologicalscience。Forthedreamprovesonpsychologicalinvestigationtobethefirstofaseriesofabnormalpsychicformations，aserieswhosesucceedingmembers-thehystericalphobias，theobsessions，thedelusions-must，forpracticalreasons，claimtheattentionofthephysician。Thedream，asweshallsee，hasnotitletosuchpracticalimportance，butforthatveryreasonitstheoreticalvalueasatypicalformationisallthegreater，andthephysicianwhocannotexplaintheoriginofdream-imageswillstriveinvaintounderstandthephobiasandtheobsessiveanddelusionalideas，ortoinfluencethembytherapeuticmethods。
Buttheverycontexttowhichoursubjectowesitsimportancemustbeheldresponsibleforthedeficienciesofthefollowingchapters。
Theabundantlacunaeinthisexpositionrepresentsomanypointsofcontactatwhichtheproblemofdream-formationislinkedupwiththemorecomprehensiveproblemsofpsycho-pathology；problemswhichcannotbetreatedinthesepages，butwhich，iftimeandpowerssufficeandiffurthermaterialpresentsitself，maybeelaboratedelsewhere。
Thepeculiarnatureofthematerialemployedtoexemplifytheinterpretationofdreamshasmadethewritingevenofthistreatiseadifficulttask。Considerationofthemethodsofdream-interpretationwillshowwhythedreamsrecordedintheliteratureonthesubject，orthosecollectedbypersonsunknowntome，wereuselessformypurpose；IhadonlythechoicebetweenmyowndreamsandthoseofthepatientswhomIwastreatingbypsychoanalyticmethods。Butthislatermaterialwasinadmissible，sincethedream-processeswereundesirablycomplicatedbytheinterventionofneuroticcharacters。AndifIrelatemyowndreamsImustinevitablyrevealtothegazeofstrangersmoreoftheintimaciesofmypsychiclifethanisagreeabletome，andmorethanseemsfittinginawriterwhoisnotapoetbutascientificinvestigator。Todosoispainful，butunavoidable；
Ihavesubmittedtothenecessity，forotherwiseIcouldnothavedemonstratedmypsychologicalconclusions。Sometimes，ofcourse，Icouldnotresistthetemptationtomitigatemyindiscretionsbyomissionsandsubstitutions；
butwhereverIhavedonesothevalueoftheexamplecitedhasbeenverydefinitelydiminished。Icanonlyexpressthehopethatmyreaderswillunderstandmydifficultposition，andwillbeindulgent；andfurther，thatallthosepersonswhoareinanywayconcernedinthedreamsrecordedwillnotseektoforbidourdream-lifeatalleventstoexercisefreedomofthought！
Freud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapterOneBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsCHAPTERONE:
THESCIENTIFICLITERATUREOFDREAM-PROBLEMS
(UPTO1900)InthefollowingpagesIshalldemonstratethatthereisapsychologicaltechniquewhichmakesitpossibletointerpretdreams，andthatontheapplicationofthistechniqueeverydreamwillrevealitselfasapsychologicalstructure，fullofsignificance，andonewhichmaybeassignedtoaspecificplaceinthepsychicactivitiesofthewakingstate。Further，Ishallendeavourtoelucidatetheprocesseswhichunderliethestrangenessandobscurityofdreams，andtodeducefromtheseprocessesthenatureofthepsychicforceswhoseconflictorcooperationisresponsibleforourdreams。Thisdone，myinvestigationwillterminate，asitwillhavereachedthepointwheretheproblemofthedreammergesintomorecomprehensiveproblems，andtosolvethesewemusthaverecoursetomaterialofadifferentkind。
Ishallbeginbygivingashortaccountoftheviewsofearlierwritersonthissubject，andofthestatusofthedream-problemincontemporaryscience；sinceinthecourseofthistreatiseIshallnotoftenhaveoccasiontorefertoeither。Inspiteofthousandsofyearsofendeavour，littleprogresshasbeenmadeinthescientificunderstandingofdreams。Thisfacthasbeensouniversallyacknowledgedbypreviouswritersonthesubjectthatitseemshardlynecessarytoquoteindividualopinions。Thereaderwillfind，intheworkslistedattheendofthiswork，manystimulatingobservations，andplentyofinterestingmaterialrelatingtooursubject，butlittleornothingthatconcernsthetruenatureofthedream，orthatsolvesdefinitelyanyofitsenigmas。Theeducatedlayman，ofcourse，knowsevenlessofthematter。
Theconceptionofthedreamthatwasheldinprehistoricagesbyprimitivepeoples，andtheinfluencewhichitmayhaveexertedontheformationoftheirconceptionsoftheuniverse，andofthesoul，isathemeofsuchgreatinterestthatitisonlywithreluctancethatIrefrainfromdealingwithitinthesepages。Iwillreferthereadertothewell-knownworksofSirJohnLubbock(LordAvebury)，HerbertSpencer，E。B。Tylor，andotherwriters；Iwillonlyaddthatweshallnotrealizetheimportanceoftheseproblemsandspeculationsuntilwehavecompletedthetaskofdream-interpretationthatliesbeforeus。
Areminiscenceoftheconceptofthedreamthatwasheldinprimitivetimesseemstounderlietheevaluationofthedreamwhichwascurrentamongthepeoplesofclassicalantiquity。*Theytookitforgrantedthatdreamswererelatedtotheworldofthesupernaturalbeingsinwhomtheybelieved，andthattheybroughtinspirationsfromthegodsanddemons。Moreover，itappearedtothemthatdreamsmustserveaspecialpurposeinrespectofthedreamer；that，asarule，theypredictedthefuture。Theextraordinaryvariationsinthecontentofdreams，andintheimpressionswhichtheyproducedonthedreamer，madeit，ofcourse，verydifficulttoformulateacoherentconceptionofthem，andnecessitatedmanifolddifferentiationsandgroup-formations，accordingtotheirvalueandreliability。Thevaluationofdreamsbytheindividualphilosophersofantiquitynaturallydependedontheimportancewhichtheywerepreparedtoattributetomanticismingeneral。
*ThefollowingremarksarebasedonBuchsenschutz’scarefulessay，TraumundTraumdeutungimAltertum(Berlin1868)。
InthetwoworksofAristotleinwhichthereismentionofdreams，theyarealreadyregardedasconstitutingaproblemofpsychology。Wearetoldthatthedreamisnotgod-sent，thatitisnotofdivinebutofdemonicorigin。Fornatureisreallydemonic，notdivine；thatistosay，thedreamisnotasupernaturalrevelation，butissubjecttothelawsofthehumanspirit，whichhas，ofcourse，akinshipwiththedivine。Thedreamisdefinedasthepsychicactivityofthesleeper，inasmuchasheisasleep。Aristotlewasacquaintedwithsomeofthecharacteristicsofthedream-life；forexample，heknewthatadreamconvertstheslightsensationsperceivedinsleepintointensesensations("oneimaginesthatoneiswalkingthroughfire，andfeelshot，ifthisorthatpartofthebodybecomesonlyquiteslightlywarm")，whichledhimtoconcludethatdreamsmighteasilybetraytothephysicianthefirstindicationsofanincipientphysicalchangewhichescapedobservationduringtheday。*
*TherelationshipbetweendreamsanddiseaseisdiscussedbyHippocratesinachapterofhisfamouswork。
Ashasbeensaid，thosewritersofantiquitywhoprecededAristotledidnotregardthedreamasaproductofthedreamingpsyche，butasaninspirationofdivineorigin，andinancienttimesthetwoopposingtendencieswhichweshallfindthroughouttheagesinrespectoftheevaluationofthedream-lifewerealreadyperceptible。Theancientsdistinguishedbetweenthetrueandvaluabledreamswhichweresenttothedreameraswarnings，ortoforetellfutureevents，andthevain，fraudulent，andemptydreamswhoseobjectwastomisguidehimorleadhimtodestruction。
Gruppe*speaksofsuchaclassificationofdreams，citingMacrobiusandArtemidorus:"Dreamsweredividedintotwoclasses；thefirstclasswasbelievedtobeinfluencedonlybythepresent(orthepast)，andwasunimportantinrespectofthefuture；itincludedtheenuknia(insomnia)，whichdirectlyreproduceagivenideaoritsopposite；e。g。，hungeroritssatiation；andthephantasmata，whichelaboratethegivenideaphantastically，ase。g。thenightmare，ephialtes。Thesecondclassofdreams，ontheotherhand，wasdeterminativeofthefuture。Tothisbelonged:
1。Directpropheciesreceivedinthedream(chrematismos，oraculum)；
2。theforetellingofafutureevent(orama，visio)；
3。thesymbolicdream，whichrequiresinterpretation(oneiros，somnium。)
Thistheorysurvivedformanycenturies。"
*GriechischeMythologieundReligionsgeschichte，p。390。
Connectedwiththesevaryingestimationsofthedreamwastheproblemof"dream-interpretation。"Dreamsingeneralwereexpectedtoyieldimportantsolutions，butnoteverydreamwasimmediatelyunderstood，anditwasimpossibletobesurethatacertainincomprehensibledreamdidnotreallyforetellsomethingofimportance，sothataneffortwasmadetoreplacetheincomprehensiblecontentofthedreambysomethingthatshouldbeatoncecomprehensibleandsignificant。InlaterantiquityArtemidorusofDaldiswasregardedasthegreatestauthorityondream-interpretation。Hiscomprehensiveworksmustservetocompensateusforthelostworksofasimilarnature。*Thepre-scientificconceptionofthedreamwhichobtainedamongtheancientswas，ofcourse，inperfectkeepingwiththeirgeneralconceptionoftheuniverse，whichwasaccustomedtoprojectasanexternalrealitythatwhichpossessedrealityonlyinthelifeofthepsyche。Further，itaccountedforthemainimpressionmadeuponthewakinglifebythemorningmemoryofthedream；forinthismemorythedream，ascomparedwiththerestofthepsychiccontent，seemstobesomethingalien，coming，asitwere，fromanotherworld。Itwouldbeanerrortosupposethattheoryofthesupernaturaloriginofdreamslacksfollowerseveninourowntimes；forquiteapartfrompietisticandmysticalwriters-whocling，astheyareperfectlyjustifiedindoing，totheremnantsoftheoncepredominantrealmofthesupernaturaluntiltheseremnantshavebeensweptawaybyscientificexplanation-wenotinfrequentlyfindthatquiteintelligentpersons，whoinotherrespectsareaversefromanythingofaromanticnature，gosofarastobasetheirreligiousbeliefintheexistenceandco-operationofsuperhumanspiritualpowersontheinexplicablenatureofthephenomenaofdreams(Haffner)。
Thevalidityascribedtothedream-lifebycertainschoolsofphilosophy-
forexample，bytheschoolofSchelling-isadistinctreminiscenceoftheundisputedbeliefinthedivinityofdreamswhichprevailedinantiquity；
andforsomethinkersthemanticorpropheticpowerofdreamsisstillasubjectofdebate。Thisisduetothefactthattheexplanationsattemptedbypsychologyaretooinadequatetocopewiththeaccumulatedmaterial，howeverstronglythescientificthinkermayfeelthatsuchsuperstitiousdoctrinesshouldberepudiated。
*Forthelaterhistoryofdream-interpretationintheMiddleAgesconsultDiepgen，andthespecialinvestigationsofM。Forster，Gotthard，andothers。
TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJewshasbeenstudiedbyAmoli，Amram，andLowinger，andrecently，withreferencetothepsycho-analyticstandpoint，byLauer。DetailsoftheArabicmethodsofdream-interpretationarefurnishedbyDrexl，F。Schwarz，andthemissionaryTfinkdji。TheinterpretationofdreamsamongtheJapanesehasbeeninvestigatedbyMiuraandIwaya，amongtheChinesebySecker，andamongtheIndiansbyNegelein。
Towritestronglythehistoryofourscientificknowledgeofthedream-
problemisextremelydifficult，because，valuablethoughthisknowledgemaybeincertainrespects，norealprogressinadefinitedirectionisasyetdiscernible。Norealfoundationofverifiedresultshashithertobeenestablishedonwhichfutureinvestigatorsmightcontinuetobuild。
Everynewauthorapproachesthesameproblemsafresh，andfromtheverybeginning。IfIweretoenumeratesuchauthorsinchronologicalorder，givingasurveyoftheopinionswhicheachhasheldconcerningtheproblemsofthedream，Ishouldbequiteunabletodrawaclearandcompletepictureofthepresentstateofourknowledgeonthesubject。Ihavethereforepreferredtobasemymethodoftreatmentonthemesratherthanonauthors，andinattemptingthesolutionofeachproblemofthedreamIshallcitethematerialfoundintheliteratureofthesubject。
ButasIhavenotsucceededinmasteringthewholeofthisliterature-
foritiswidelydispersed，andinterwovenwiththeliteratureofothersubjects-Imustaskmyreaderstorestcontentwithmysurveyasitstands，providedthatnofundamentalfactorimportantpointofviewhasbeenoverlooked。
Untilrecentlymostauthorshavebeeninclinedtodealwiththesubjectsofsleepanddreamsinconjunction，andtogetherwiththesetheyhavecommonlydealtwithanalogousconditionsofapsycho-pathologicalnature，andotherdream-likephenomena，suchashallucinations，visions，etc。Inrecentworks，ontheotherhand，therehasbeenatendencytokeepmorecloselytothetheme，andtoconsider，asaspecialsubject，theseparateproblemsofthedream-life。InthischangeIshouldliketoperceiveanexpressionofthegrowingconvictionthatenlightenmentandagreementinsuchobscuremattersmaybeattainedonlybyaseriesofdetailedinvestigations。Suchadetailedinvestigation，andoneofaspecialpsychologicalnature，isexpoundedinthesepages。Ihavehadlittleoccasiontoconcernmyselfwiththeproblemofsleep，asthisisessentiallyaphysiologicalproblem，althoughthechangesinthefunctionaldeterminationofthepsychicapparatusshouldbeincludedinadescriptionofthesleepingstate。Theliteratureofsleepwillthereforenotbeconsideredhere。
Ascientificinterestinthephenomenaofdreamsassuchleadsustopropoundthefollowingproblems，whichtoacertainextent，interdependent，mergeintooneanother。A。TheRelationoftheDreamtotheWakingStateThenaivejudgmentofthedreameronwakingassumesthatthedream-evenifitdoesnotcomefromanotherworld-hasatalleventstransportedthedreamerintoanotherworld。Theoldphysiologist，Burdach，towhomweareindebtedforacarefulanddiscriminatingdescriptionofthephenomenaofdreams，expressedthisconvictioninafrequentlyquotedpassage(p。
474):"Thewakinglife，withitstrialsandjoys，itspleasuresandpains，isneverrepeated；onthecontrary，thedreamaimsatrelievingusofthese。
Evenwhenourwholemindisfilledwithonesubject，whenourheartsarerentbybittergrief，orwhensometaskhasbeentaxingourmentalcapacitytotheutmost，thedreameithergivesussomethingentirelyalien，oritselectsforitscombinationsonlyafewelementsofreality；oritmerelyentersintothekeyofourmood，andsymbolizesreality。"J。H。Fichte(I。541)speaksinpreciselythesamesenseofsupplementarydreams，callingthemoneofthesecret，self-healingbenefitsofthepsyche。L。StrumpellexpresseshimselftothesameeffectinhisNaturundEntstehungderTraume，astudywhichisdeservedlyheldinhighesteem。"Hewhodreamsturnshisbackupontheworldofwakingconsciousness"(p。16)；"Inthedreamthememoryoftheorderlycontentofwakingconsciousnessanditsnormalbehaviourisalmostentirelylost"(p。17)；"Thealmostcompleteandunencumberedisolationofthepsycheinthedreamfromtheregularnormalcontentandcourseofthewakingstate……"(p。19)。
Yettheoverwhelmingmajorityofwritersonthesubjecthaveadoptedthecontraryviewoftherelationofthedreamtowakinglife。ThusHaffner(p。19):"Tobeginwith，thedreamcontinuesthewakinglife。Ourdreamsalwaysconnectthemselveswithsuchideasashaveshortlybeforebeenpresentinourconsciousness。Carefulexaminationwillnearlyalwaysdetectathreadbywhichthedreamhaslinkeditselftotheexperiencesofthepreviousday。"Weygandt(p。6)flatlycontradictsthestatementofBurdach。"Foritmayoftenbeobserved，apparentlyindeedinthegreatmajorityofdreams，thattheyleadusdirectlybackintoeverydaylife，insteadofreleasingusfromit。"Maury(p。56)expressesthesameideainaconciseformula:
"Nousrevonsdecequenousavonsvu，dit，desire，oufait。"*Jessen，inhisPsychologie，publishedin1855(p。530)，israthermoreexplicit:
"Thecontentofdreamsisalwaysmoreorlessdeterminedbythepersonality，theage，sex，stationinlife，educationandhabits，andbytheeventsandexperiencesofthewholepastlifeoftheindividual。"
*Wedreamofwhatwehaveseen，said，desired，ordone。
Thephilosopher，I。G。E。Maas，adoptsthemostunequivocalattitudeinrespectofthisquestion(UberdieLeidenschaften，1805):"Experiencecorroboratesourassertionthatwedreammostfrequentlyofthosethingstowardwhichourwarmestpassionsaredirected。Thisshowsusthatourpassionsmustinfluencethegenerationofourdreams。Theambitiousmandreamsofthelaurelswhichhehaswon(perhapsonlyinimagination)，orhasstilltowin，whiletheloveroccupieshimself，inhisdreams，withtheobjectofhisdearesthopes……Allthesensualdesiresandloathingswhichslumberintheheart，iftheyarestimulatedbyanycause，maycombinewithotherideasandgiverisetoadream；ortheseideasmaymingleinanalreadyexistingdream。"*
*CommunicatedbyWintersteintotheZentralblattfurPsychoanalyse。
Theancientsentertainedthesameideaconcerningthedependenceofthedream-contentonlife。IwillquoteRadestock(p。139):"WhenXerxes，beforehisexpeditionagainstGreece，wasdissuadedfromhisresolutionbygoodcounsel，butwasagainandagainincitedbydreamstoundertakeit，oneoftheold，rationaldream-interpretersofthePersians，Artabanus，toldhim，andveryappropriately，thatdream-imagesforthemostpartcontainthatofwhichonehasbeenthinkinginthewakingstate。"
InthedidacticpoemofLucretius，OntheNatureofThings(IV。962)，thereoccursthispassage:
"Etquoquisqueferestudiodevinctusadhaeret，autquibusinrebusmultumsumusantemoratiatqueinearationefuitcontentamagismens，insomniseademplerumquevidemurobire；causidicicausasagereetcomponereleges，induperatorespugnareacproeliaobire，"……etc。，etc。*Cicero(DeDivinatione，II。LXVII)says，inasimilarstrain，asdoesalsoMaurymanycenturieslater:"Maximeque’reliquiae’rerumearummoventurinanimisetagitantur，dequibusvigilantesautcogitavimusautegimus。"*(2)
*Andwhateverbethepursuittowhichoneclingswithdevotion，whateverthethingsonwhichwehavebeenoccupiedmuchinthepast，themindbeingthusmoreintentuponthatpursuit，itisgenerallythesamethingsthatweseemtoencounterindreams；pleaderstopleadtheircauseandcollatelaws，generalstocontendandengagebattle。
*(2)Andespeciallythe"remnant"ofourwakingthoughtsanddeedsmoveandstirwithinthesoul。
Thecontradictionbetweenthesetwoviewsconcerningtherelationbetweendreamlifeandwakinglifeseemsindeedirresolvable。HerewemayusefullycitetheopinionofF。W。Hildebrandt(1875)，whoheldthatonthewholethepeculiaritiesofthedreamcanonlybedescribedas"aseriesofcontrastswhichapparentlyamounttocontradictions"(p。8)。"Thefirstofthesecontrastsisformedbythestrictisolationorseclusionofthedreamfromtrueandactuallifeontheonehand，andontheotherhandbythecontinuousencroachmentoftheoneupontheother，andtheconstantdependenceoftheoneupontheother。Thedreamissomethingabsolutelydivorcedfromtherealityexperiencedduringthewakingstate；onemaycallitanexistencehermeticallysealedupandinsulatedfromreallifebyanunbridgeablechasm。Itfreesusfromreality，blotsoutthenormalrecollectionofreality，andsetsusinanotherworldandatotallydifferentlife，whichfundamentallyhasnothingincommonwithreallife……"Hildebrandtthenassertsthatinfallingasleepourwholebeing，withitsformsofexistence，disappears"asthroughaninvisibletrapdoor。"Inone’sdreamoneisperhapsmakingavoyagetoSt。HelenainordertooffertheimprisonedNapoleonanexquisitevintageofMoselle。Oneismostaffablyreceivedbytheex-emperor，andonefeelsalmostsorrywhen，onwaking，theinterestingillusionisdestroyed。
Butletusnowcomparethesituationexistinginthedreamwiththeactualreality。Thedreamerhasneverbeenawine-merchant，andhasnodesiretobecomeone。Hehasnevermadeasea-voyage，andSt。Helenaisthelastplaceintheworldthathewouldchooseasthedestinationofsuchavoyage。
ThedreamerfeelsnosympathyforNapoleon，butonthecontraryastrongpatrioticaversion。Andlastly，thedreamerwasnotyetamongthelivingwhenNapoleondiedontheislandofSt。Helena；sothatitwasbeyondtherealmsofpossibilitythatheshouldhavehadanypersonalrelationswithNapoleon。Thedream-experiencethusappearsassomethingentirelyforeign，interpolatedbetweentwomutuallyrelatedandsuccessiveperiodsoftime。
"Nevertheless，"continuesHildebrandt，"theapparentcontraryisjustastrueandcorrect。Ibelievethatsidebysidewiththisseclusionandinsulationtheremaystillexistthemostintimateinterrelation。Wemaythereforejustlysay:Whateverthedreammayofferus，itderivesitsmaterialfromreality，andfromthepsychiclifecentereduponthisreality。Howeverextraordinarythedreammayseem，itcanneverdetachitselffromtherealworld，anditsmostsublimeaswellasitsmostridiculousconstructionsmustalwaysborrowtheirelementarymaterialeitherfromthatwhichoureyeshavebeheldintheouterworld，orfromthatwhichhasalreadyfoundaplacesomewhereinourwakingthoughts；inotherwords，itmustbetakenfromthatwhichwehavealreadyexperienced，eitherobjectivelyorsubjectively。"B。TheMaterialofDreams-MemoryinDreamsThatallthematerialcomposingthecontentofadreamissomehowderivedfromexperience，thatitisreproducedorrememberedinthedream-thisatleastmaybeacceptedasanincontestablefact。Yetitwouldbewrongtoassumethatsuchaconnectionbetweenthedream-contentandrealitywillbeeasilyobviousfromacomparisonbetweenthetwo。Onthecontrary，theconnectionmustbecarefullysought，andinquiteanumberofcasesitmayforalongwhileeludediscovery。Thereasonforthisistobefoundinanumberofpeculiaritiesevincedbythefacultyofmemoryindreams；
whichpeculiarities，thoughgenerallyobserved，havehithertodefiedexplanation。
Itwillbeworthourwhiletoexaminethesecharacteristicsexhaustively。
Tobeginwith，ithappensthatcertainmaterialappearsinthedream-
contentwhichcannotbesubsequentlyrecognized，inthewakingstate，asbeingpartofone’sknowledgeandexperience。Oneremembersclearlyenoughhavingdreamedofthethinginquestion，butonecannotrecalltheactualexperienceorthetimeofitsoccurrence。Thedreameristhereforeinthedarkastothesourcewhichthedreamhastapped，andiseventemptedtobelieveinanindependentproductiveactivityonthepartofthedream，until，oftenlongafterwards，afreshepisoderestoresthememoryofthatformerexperience，whichhadbeengivenupforlost，andsorevealsthesourceofthedream。Oneisthereforeforcedtoadmitthatinthedreamsomethingwasknownandrememberedthatcannotberememberedinthewakingstate。*
*Vaschideevenmaintainsthatithasoftenbeenobservedthatinone’sdreamsonespeaksforeignlanguagesmorefluentlyandwithgreaterpuritythaninthewakingstate。
Delboeufrelatesfromhisownexperienceanespeciallyimpressiveexampleofthiskind。Hesawinhisdreamthecourtyardofhishousecoveredwithsnow，andfoundtheretwolittlelizards，half-frozenandburiedinthesnow。Beingaloverofanimalshepickedthemup，warmedthem，andputthembackintotheholeinthewallwhichwasreservedespeciallyforthem。
Healsogavethemafewfrondsofalittlefernwhichwasgrowingonthewall，andofwhichheknewtheywereveryfond。Inthedreamheknewthenameoftheplant；Aspleniumrutamuralis。Thedreamcontinuedreturningafteradigressiontothelizards，andtohisastonishmentDelboeufsawtwootherlittlelizardsfallinguponwhatwasleftoftheferns。Onturninghiseyestotheopenfieldshesawafifthandasixthlizardmakingfortheholeinthewall，andfinallythewholeroadwascoveredbyaprocessionoflizards，allwanderinginthesamedirection。
InhiswakingstateDelboeufknewonlyafewLatinnamesofplants，andnothingofanyAsplenium。Tohisgreatsurprisehediscoveredthatafernofthisnamedidactuallyexist，andthatthecorrectnamewasAspleniumrutamuraria，whichthedreamhadslightlydistorted。Anaccidentalcoincidencewasofcourseinconceivable；yetwherehegothisknowledgeofthenameAspleniuminthedreamremainedamysterytohim。
Thedreamoccurredin1862。Sixteenyearslater，whileatthehouseofoneofhisfriends，thephilosophernoticedasmallalbumcontainingdriedplants，suchasaresoldassouvenirstovisitorsinmanypartsofSwitzerland。Asuddenrecollectioncametohim:heopenedtheherbarium，discoveredthereintheAspleniumofhisdream，andrecognizedhisownhandwritingintheaccompanyingLatinname。Theconnectioncouldnowbetraced。In1860，twoyearsbeforethedateofthelizarddream，oneofhisfriend’ssisters，whileonherwedding-journey，hadpaidavisittoDelboeuf。Shehadwithheratthetimethisveryalbum，whichwasintendedforherbrother，andDelboeufhadtakenthetroubletowrite，atthedictationofabotanist，theLatinnameundereachofthedriedplants。
ThesamegoodfortunewhichgavethisexampleitsunusualvalueenabledDelboeuftotraceyetanotherportionofthisdreamtoitsforgottensource。
Onedayin1877hecameuponanoldvolumeofanillustratedperiodical，inwhichhefoundthewholeprocessionoflizardspictured，justashehaddreamtofitin1862。Thevolumeborethedate1861，andDelboeufrememberedthathehadsubscribedtothejournalsinceitsfirstappearance。
ThatdreamshaveattheirdisposalrecollectionswhichareinaccessibletothewakingstateissucharemarkableandtheoreticallyimportantfactthatIshouldliketodrawattentiontothepointbyrecordingyetotherhypermnesicdreams。MauryrelatesthatforsometimethewordMussidanusedtooccurtohimduringtheday。HeknewittobethenameofaFrenchcity，butthatwasall。Onenighthedreamedofaconversationwithacertainperson，whotoldhimthatshecamefromMussidan，and，inanswertohisquestionastowherethecitywas，shereplied:"MussidanistheprincipaltownofadistrictinthedepartmentofDordogne。"Onwaking，Maurygavenocredencetotheinformationreceivedinhisdream；butthegazetteershowedittobeperfectlycorrect。Inthiscasethesuperiorknowledgeofthedreamerwasconfirmed，butitwasnotpossibletotracetheforgottensourceofthisknowledge。
Jessen(p。55)referstoaverysimilarincident，theperiodofwhichismoreremote。"AmongotherswemayherementionthedreamoftheelderScaliger(Hennings，l。c。，p。300)，whowroteapoeminpraiseofthefamousmenofVerona，andtowhomamannamedBrugnolusappearedinadream，complainingthathehadbeenneglected。ThoughScaligercouldnotrememberthathehadheardoftheman，hewrotesomeversesinhishonour，andhissonlearnedsubsequentlythatacertainBrugnolushadatonetimebeenfamedinVeronaasacritic。"
Ahypermnesicdream，especiallyremarkableforthefactthatamemorynotatfirstrecalledwasafterwardsrecognizedinadreamwhichfollowedthefirst，isnarratedbytheMarquisd’HerveydeSt。Denis:*"Ioncedreamedofayoungwomanwithfairgoldenhair，whomIsawchattingwithmysisterassheshowedherapieceofembroidery。Inmydreamsheseemedfamiliartome；Ithought，indeed，thatIhadseenherrepeatedly。Afterwaking，herfacewasstillquitevividlybeforeme，butIwasabsolutelyunabletorecognizeit。Ifellasleepagain；thedream-picturerepeateditself。InthisnewdreamIaddressedthegolden-hairedladyandaskedherwhetherIhadnothadthepleasureofmeetinghersomewhere。’Ofcourse，’
shereplied；’don’tyourememberthebathing-placeatPornic？’ThereuponIawoke，andIwasthenabletorecallwithcertaintyandindetailtheincidentswithwhichthischarmingdream-facewasconnected。"
*SeeVaschide，p。232。
Thesameauthor*recordedthatamusicianofhisacquaintanceonceheardinadreamamelodywhichwasabsolutelynewtohim。Notuntilmanyyearslaterdidhefinditinanoldcollectionofmusicalcompositions，thoughstillhecouldnotremembereverhavingseenitbefore。
*Vaschide，p。233
IbelievethatMyershaspublishedawholecollectionofsuchhypermnesicdreamsintheProceedingsoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch，butthese，unfortunately，areinaccessibletome。Ithinkeveryonewhooccupieshimselfwithdreamswillrecognize，asaverycommonphenomenon，thefactthatadreamwillgiveproofoftheknowledgeandrecollectionofmattersofwhichthedreamer，inhiswakingstate，didnotimaginehimselftobecognizant。
Inmyanalyticinvestigationsofnervouspatients，ofwhichIshallspeaklater，IfindthatithappensmanytimeseveryweekthatIamabletoconvincethem，fromtheirdreams，thattheyareperfectlywellacquaintedwithquotations，obsceneexpressions，etc。，andmakeuseofthemintheirdreams，althoughtheyhaveforgottenthemintheirwakingstate。Ishallhereciteaninnocentexampleofdream-hypermnesia，becauseitwaseasytotracethesourceoftheknowledgewhichwasaccessibleonlyinthedream。
Apatientdreamedamongstotherthings(inaratherlongdream)thatheorderedakontuszowkainacafe，andaftertellingmethisheaskedmewhatitcouldbe，ashehadneverheardthenamebefore。IwasabletotellhimthatkontuszowkawasaPolishliqueur，whichhecouldnothaveinventedinhisdream，asthenamehadlongbeenfamiliartomefromtheadvertisements。Atfirstthepatientwouldnotbelieveme，butsomedayslater，afterhehadallowedhisdreamofthecafetobecomeareality，henoticedthenameonasignboardatastreetcornerwhichforsomemonthshehadbeenpassingatleasttwiceaday。
Ihavelearnedfrommyowndreamshowlargelythediscoveryoftheoriginofindividualdream-elementsmaybedependentonchance。Thus，forsomeyearsbeforeIhadthoughtofwritingthisbook，Iwashauntedbythepictureofachurchtoweroffairlysimpleconstruction，whichIcouldnotremembereverhavingseen。Ithensuddenlyrecognizedit，withabsolutecertainty，atasmallstationbetweenSalzburgandReichenhall。Thiswasinthelatenineties，andthefirsttimeIhadtravelledoverthisroutewasin1886。
Inlateryears，whenIwasalreadybusilyengagedinthestudyofdreams，Iwasquiteannoyedbythefrequentrecurrenceofthedream-imageofacertainpeculiarlocality。Isaw，indefiniteorientationtomyownperson-
onmyleft-adarkspaceinwhichanumberofgrotesquesandstonefiguresstoodout。Aglimmeringrecollection，whichIdidnotquitebelieve，toldmethatitwastheentrancetoabeer-cellar；butIcouldexplainneitherthemeaningnortheoriginofthisdream-picture。In1907IhappenedtogotoPadua，which，tomyregret，Ihadbeenunabletovisitsince1895。
Myfirstvisittothisbeautifuluniversitycityhadbeenunsatisfactory。
IhadbeenunabletoseeGiotto’sfrescoesinthechurchoftheMadonnadell’Arena:Isetoutforthechurch，butturnedbackonbeinginformedthatitwasclosedfortheday。Onmysecondvisit，twelveyearslater，IthoughtIwouldcompensatemyselfforthisdisappointment，andbeforedoinganythingelseIsetoutforMadonnadell’Arena。Inthestreetleadingtoit，onmyleft，probablyatthespotwhereIhadturnedbackin1895，Idiscoveredtheplace，withitssandstonefigures，whichIhadsooftenseeninmydream。Itwas，infact，theentrancetoarestaurantgarden。
Oneofthesourcesfromwhichdreamsdrawmaterialforreproduction-
materialofwhichsomepartisnotrecalledorutilizedinourwakingthoughts-
istobefoundinchildhood。HereIwillciteonlyafewoftheauthorswhohaveobservedandemphasizedthisfact:
Hildebrandt(p。23):"Ithasalreadybeenexpresslyadmittedthatadreamsometimesbringsbacktothemind，withawonderfulpowerofreproduction，remoteandevenforgottenexperiencesfromtheearliestperiodsofone’slife。"
Strumpell(p。40):"Thesubjectbecomesmoreinterestingstillwhenwerememberhowthedreamsometimesdragsout，asitwere，fromthedeepestanddensestpsychicdepositswhichlateryearshavepiledupontheearliestexperiencesofchildhood，thepicturesofcertainpersons，placesandthings，quiteintact，andinalltheiroriginalfreshness。Thisisconfinednotmerelytosuchimpressionsaswerevividlyperceivedatthetimeoftheiroccurrence，orwereassociatedwithintensepsychologicalvalues，torecurlaterinthedreamasactualreminiscenceswhichgivepleasuretothewakingmind。Onthecontrary，thedepthsofthedream-memoryrathercontainsuchimagesofpersons，places，thingsandearlyexperiencesaseitherpossessedbutlittleconsciousnessandnopsychicvaluewhatsoever，orhavelongsincelostboth，andthereforeappeartotallystrangeandunknown，bothinthedreamandinthewakingstate，untiltheirearlyoriginisrevealed。"
Volkelt(p。119):"Itisespeciallytoberemarkedhowreadilyinfantileandyouthfulreminiscencesenterintoourdreams。Whatwehavelongceasedtothinkabout，whathaslongsincelostallimportanceforus，isconstantlyrecalledbythedream。"
Thecontrolwhichthedreamexercisesovermaterialfromourchildhood，mostofwhich，asiswellknown，fallsintothelacunaeofourconsciousmemory，isresponsiblefortheproductionofinterestinghypermnesicdreams，ofwhichIshallciteafewmoreexamples。
Mauryrelates(p。92)thatasachildheoftenwentfromhisnativecity，Meaux，totheneighbouringTrilport，wherehisfatherwassuperintendingtheconstructionofabridge。OnenightadreamtransportedhimtoTrilportandhewasoncemoreplayinginthestreetsthere。Amanapproachedhim，wearingasortofuniform。Mauryaskedhimhisname，andheintroducedhimself，sayingthathisnamewasC，andthathewasabridge-guard。Onwaking，Maury，whostilldoubtedtheactualityofthereminiscence，askedhisoldservant，whohadbeenwithhiminhischildhood，whethersherememberedamanofthisname。"Ofcourse，"wasthereply；"heusedtobewatchmanonthebridgewhichyourfatherwasbuildingthen。"
Mauryrecordsanotherexample，whichdemonstratesnolessclearlythereliabilityofthereminiscencesofchildhoodthatemergeinourdreams。
M。F。，whoasachildhadlivedinMontbrison，decided，afteranabsenceoftwenty-fiveyears，tovisithishomeandtheoldfriendsofhisfamily。
Thenightbeforehisdeparturehedreamtthathehadreachedhisdestination，andthatnearMontbrisonhemetamanwhomhedidnotknowbysight，andwhotoldhimthathewasM。F。，afriendofhisfather’s。Thedreamerrememberedthatasachildhehadknownagentlemanofthisname，butonwakinghecouldnolongerrecallhisfeatures。Severaldayslater，havingactuallyarrivedatMontbrison，hefoundoncemorethelocalityofhisdream，whichhehadthoughtwasunknowntohim，andtherehemetamanwhomheatoncerecognizedastheM。F。ofhisdream，withonlythisdifference，thattherealpersonwasverymucholderthanhisdream-image。
HereImightrelateoneofmyowndreams，inwhichtherecalledimpressiontakestheformofanassociation。InmydreamIsawamanwhomIrecognized，whiledreaming，asthedoctorofmynativetown。Hisfacewasnotdistinct，buthisfeatureswereblendedwiththoseofoneofmyschoolmasters，whomIstillmeetfromtimetotime。WhatassociationtherewasbetweenthetwopersonsIcouldnotdiscoveronwaking，butuponquestioningmymotherconcerningthedoctorIlearnedthathewasaone-eyedman。Theschoolmaster，whoseimageinmydreamobscuredthatofthephysician，hadalsoonlyoneeye。Ihadnotseenthedoctorforthirty-eightyears，andasfarasI
knowIhadneverthoughtofhiminmywakingstate，althoughascaronmychinmighthaveremindedmeofhisprofessionalattentions。
Asthoughtocounterbalancetheexcessivepartwhichisplayedinourdreamsbytheimpressionsofchildhood，manyauthorsassertthatthemajorityofdreamsrevealelementsdrawnfromourmostrecentexperiences。Robert(p。46)evendeclaresthatthenormaldreamgenerallyoccupiesitselfonlywiththeimpressionsofthelastfewdays。Weshallfind，indeed，thatthetheoryofthedreamadvancedbyRobertabsolutelyrequiresthatouroldestimpressionsshouldbethrustintothebackground，andourmostrecentonesbroughttothefore。However，thefactherestatedbyRobertiscorrect；
thisIcanconfirmfrommyowninvestigations。Nelson，anAmericanauthor，holdsthattheimpressionsreceivedinadreammostfrequentlydatefromtheseconddaybeforethedream，orfromthethirddaybeforeit，asthoughtheimpressionsofthedayimmediatelyprecedingthedreamwerenotsufficientlyweakenedandremote。
Manyauthorswhoareunwillingtoquestiontheintimateconnectionbetweenthedream-contentandthewakingstatehavebeenstruckbythefactthattheimpressionswhichhaveintenselyoccupiedthewakingmindappearindreamsonlyaftertheyhavebeentosomeextentremovedfromthementalactivitiesoftheday。Thus，asarule，wedonotdreamofabelovedpersonwhoisdeadwhilewearestilloverwhelmedwithsorrow(Delage)。YetMissHallam，oneofthemostrecentobservers，hascollectedexampleswhichrevealtheveryoppositebehaviourinthisrespect，andupholdstheclaimsofpsychologicalindividualityinthismatter。
Thethird，mostremarkable，andatthesametimemostincomprehensible，peculiarityofmemoryindreamsisshownintheselectionofthematerialreproduced；forhereitisnot，asinthewakingstate，onlythemostsignificantthingsthatareheldtobeworthremembering，butalsothemostindifferentandinsignificantdetails。InthisconnectionIwillquotethoseauthorswhohaveexpressedtheirsurpriseinthemostemphaticlanguage。
Hildebrandt(p。11):"Foritisaremarkablefactthatdreamsdonot，asarule，taketheirelementsfromimportantandfar-reachingevents，orfromtheintenseandurgentinterestsoftheprecedingday，butfromunimportantincidents，fromtheworthlessoddsandendsofrecentexperienceoroftheremoterpast。Themostshockingdeathinourfamily，theimpressionsofwhichkeepusawakelongintothenight，isobliteratedfromourmemoriesuntilthefirstmomentofwakingbringsitbacktouswithdistressingforce。Ontheotherhand，thewartontheforeheadofapassingstranger，towhomwedidnotgiveamoment’sthoughtoncehewasoutofsight，findsaplaceinourdreams。"
Strumpell(p。39)speaksof"casesinwhichtheanalysisofadreambringstolightelementswhich，althoughderivedfromtheexperiencesofyesterdayorthedaybeforeyesterday，wereyetsounimportantandworthlessforthewakingstatethattheywereforgottensoonaftertheywereexperienced。
Someexperiencesmaybethechance-heardremarksofotherpersons，ortheirsuperficiallyobservedactions，or，fleetingperceptionsofthingsorpersons，orisolatedphrasesthatwehaveread，etc。"
HavelockEllis(p。727):"Theprofoundemotionsofwakinglife，thequestionsandproblemsonwhichwespendourchiefvoluntarymentalenergy，arenotthosewhichusuallypresentthemselvesatoncetodream-consciousness。
Itis，sofarastheimmediatepastisconcerned，mostlythetrifling，theincidental，the’forgotten’impressionsofdailylifewhichreappearinourdreams。Thepsychicactivitiesthatareawakemostintenselyarethosethatsleepmostprofoundly。"
ItispreciselyinconnectionwiththesecharacteristicsofmemoryindreamsthatBinz(p。45)findsoccasiontoexpressdissatisfactionwiththeexplanationsofdreamswhichhehimselfhadfavoured:"Andthenormaldreamraisessimilarquestions。Whydowenotalwaysdreamofmentalimpressionsofthedaybefore，insteadofgoingback，withoutanyperceptiblereason，tothealmostforgottenpast，nowlyingfarbehindus？Why，inadream，doesconsciousnesssooftenrevivetheimpressionofindifferentmemory-
pictures，whilethecerebralcellsthatbearthemostsensitiverecordsofexperienceremainforthemostpartinertandnumb，unlessanacuterevivalduringthewakingstatehasquiterecentlyexcitedthem？"
Wecanreadilyunderstandhowthestrangepreferenceshownbythedream-
memoryfortheindifferentandthereforedisregardeddetailsofdailyexperiencemustcommonlyleadusaltogethertooverlookthedependenceofdreamsonthewakingstate，ormustatleastmakeitdifficultforustoprovethisdependenceinanyindividualcase。Thusithappenedthatinthestatisticaltreatmentofherownandherfriend’sdream，MissWhitonCalkinsfoundthat11percentoftheentirenumbershowednorelationtothewakingstate。Hildebrandtwascertainlycorrectinhisassertionthatallourdream-imagescouldbegeneticallyexplainedifwedevotedenoughtimeandmaterialtothetracingoftheirorigin。Tobesure，hecallsthis"amosttediousandthanklessjob。Formostoftenitwouldleadustoferretoutallsortsofpsychicallyworthlessthingsfromtheremotestcornersofourstorehouseofmemories，andtobringtolightallsortsofquiteindifferenteventsoflongagofromtheoblivionwhichmayhaveovertakenthemanhouraftertheiroccurrence。"Imust，however，expressmyregretthatthisdiscerningauthorrefrainedfromfollowingthepathwhichatfirstsightseemedsounpromising，foritwouldhaveledhimdirectlytothecentralpointoftheexplanationofdreams。
Thebehaviourofmemoryindreamsissurelymostsignificantforanytheoryofmemorywhatsoever。Itteachesusthat"nothingwhichwehaveoncepsychicallypossessediseverentirelylost"(Scholz，p。34)；orasDelboeufputsit，"quetouteimpression，memelaplusinsignificante，laisseunetraceinalterable，indifinimentsusceptibledereparaitreaujour"；
*aconclusiontowhichweareurgedbysomanyotherpathologicalmanifestationsofmentallife。Letusbearinmindthisextraordinarycapacityofthememoryindreams，inorderthemorekeenlytorealizethecontradictionwhichhastobeputforwardincertaindream-theoriestobementionedlater，whichseektoexplaintheabsurditiesandincoherencesofdreamsbyapartialforgettingofwhatwehaveknownduringtheday。
*Thateveryimpression，eventhemostinsignificant，leavesanineradicablemark，indefinitelycapableofreappearingbyday。
Itmightevenoccurtoonetoreducethephenomenonofdreamingtothatofremembering，andtoregardthedreamasthemanifestationofareproductiveactivity，unrestingevenatnight，whichisanendinitself。ThiswouldseemtobeinagreementwithstatementssuchasthosemadebyPilcz，accordingtowhichdefiniterelationsbetweenthetimeofdreamingandthecontentsofadreammaybedemonstrated，inasmuchastheimpressionsreproducedbythedreamindeepsleepbelongtotheremotepast，whilethosereproducedtowardsmorningareofrecentorigin。Butsuchaconceptionisrenderedimprobablefromtheoutsetbythemannerinwhichthedreamdealswiththematerialtoberemembered。Strumpellrightlycallsourattentiontothefactthatrepetitionsofexperiencesdonotoccurindreams。Itistruethatadreamwillmakeabeginninginthatdirection，butthenextlinkiswanting；itappearsinadifferentform，orisreplacedbysomethingentirelynovel。Thedreamgivesusonlyfragmentaryreproductions；thisissofartherulethatitpermitsofatheoreticalgeneralization。Still，thereareexceptionsinwhichanepisodeisrepeatedinadreamascompletelyasitcanbereproducedbyourwakingmemory。Delboeufrelatesofoneofhisuniversitycolleaguesthatadreamofhisrepeated，inallitsdetails，aperilousdriveinwhichheescapedaccidentasifbymiracle。MissCalkinsmentionstwodreamsthecontentsofwhichexactlyreproducedanexperienceofthepreviousday，andinalaterchapterIshallhaveoccasiontogiveanexamplethatcametomyknowledgeofachildishexperiencewhichrecurredunchangedinadream。*
*FromsubsequentexperienceIamabletostatethatitisnotatallraretofindindreamsreproductionsofsimpleandunimportantoccupationsofeverydaylife，suchaspackingtrunks，preparingfoodinthekitchen，etc。，butinsuchdreamsthedreamerhimselfemphasizesnotthecharacteroftherecollectionbutits"reality"-"Ireallydidthisduringtheday。"C。Dream-StimuliandSourcesWhatismeantbydream-stimulianddream-sourcesmaybeexplainedbyareferencetothepopularsaying:"Dreamscomefromthestomach。"Thisnotioncoversatheorywhichconceivesthedreamasresultingfromadisturbanceofsleep。Weshouldnothavedreamedifsomedisturbingelementhadnotcomeintoplayduringoursleep，andthedreamisthereactionagainstthisdisturbance。
Thediscussionoftheexcitingcausesofdreamsoccupiesagreatdealofspaceintheliteratureofdreams。Itisobviousthatthisproblemcouldhavemadeitsappearanceonlyafterdreamshadbecomeanobjectofbiologicalinvestigation。Theancients，whoconceivedofdreamsasdivineinspirations，hadnoneedtolookforstimuli；forthemadreamwasduetothewillofdivineordemonicpowers，anditscontentwastheproductoftheirspecialknowledgeandintention。Science，however，immediatelyraisedthequestionwhetherthestimuliofdreamsweresingleormultiple，andthisinturnledtotheconsiderationwhetherthecausalexplanationofdreamsbelongedtotheregionofpsychologyortothatofphysiology。Mostauthorsappeartoassumethatdisturbanceofsleep，andhencedreams，mayarisefromvariouscauses，andthatphysicalaswellasmentalstimulimayplaythepartofdream-excitants。Opinionsdifferwidelyinpreferringthisortheotherfactorasthecauseofdreams，andinclassifyingthemintheorderofimportance。
Wheneverthesourcesofdreamsarecompletelyenumeratedtheyfallintothefollowingfourcategories，whichhavealsobeenemployedintheclassificationofdreams:(1)external(objective)sensorystimuli；(2)internal(subjective)
sensorystimuli；(3)internal(organic)physicalstimuli；(4)Purelypsychicalsourcesofexcitation。1。ExternalsensorystimuliTheyoungerStrumpell，thesonofthephilosopher，whoseworkondreamshasalreadymorethanonceservedusasaguideinconsideringtheproblemsofdreams，has，asiswellknown，recordedhisobservationsofapatientafflictedwithgeneralanaesthesiaoftheskinandwithparalysisofseveralofthehighersensoryorgans。Thismanwouldlapsintosleepwheneverthefewremainingsensorypathsbetweenhimselfandtheouterworldwereclosed。
WhenwewishtofallasleepweareaccustomedtostriveforaconditionsimilartothatobtaininginStrumpell’sexperiment。Weclosethemostimportantsensoryportals，theeyes，andweendeavourtoprotecttheothersensesfromallstimuliorfromanychangeofthestimulialreadyactinguponthem。Wethenfallasleep，althoughourpreparationsareneverwhollysuccessful。Forwecannevercompletelyinsulatethesensoryorgans，norcanweentirelyabolishtheexcitabilityofthesensoryorgansthemselves。
Thatwemayatanytimebeawakenedbyintenserstimulishouldprovetous"thatthemindhasremainedinconstantcommunicationwiththeexternalworldevenduringsleep。"Thesensorystimulithatreachusduringsleepmayeasilybecomethesourceofdreams。
Thereareagreatmanystimuliofthisnature，rangingfromthoseunavoidablestimuliwhicharepropertothestateofsleeporoccasionallyadmittedbyit，tothosefortuitousstimuliwhicharecalculatedtowakethesleeper。
Thusastronglightmayfallupontheeyes，anoisemaybeheard，oranodourmayirritatethemucousmembranesofthenose。Inourunintentionalmovementsduringsleepwemaylaybarepartsofthebody，andthusexposethemtoasensationofcold，orbyachangeofpositionwemayexcitesensationsofpressureandtouch。Amosquitomaybiteus，oraslightnocturnalmischancemaysimultaneouslyattackmorethanonesense-organ。Observershavecalledattentiontoawholeseriesofdreamsinwhichthestimulusascertainedonwakingandsomepartofthedream-contentcorrespondedtosuchadegreethatthestimuluscouldberecognizedasthesourceofthedream。
Ishallhereciteanumberofsuchdreams，collectedbyJessen(p。527)，whicharetraceabletomoreorlessaccidentalobjectivesensorystimuli。
Everynoiseindistinctlyperceivedgivesrisetocorrespondingdream-representations；
therollingofthundertakesusintothethickofbattle，thecrowingofacockmaybetransformedintohumanshrieksofterror，andthecreakingofadoormayconjureupdreamsofburglarsbreakingintothehouse。Whenoneofourblanketsslipsoffusatnightwemaydreamthatwearewalkingaboutnaked，orfallingintowater。Ifweliediagonallyacrossthebedwithourfeetextendingbeyondtheedge，wemaydreamofstandingonthebrinkofaterrifyingprecipice，oroffallingfromagreatheight。Shouldourheadaccidentallygetunderthepillowwemayimagineahugerockoverhangingusandabouttocrushusunderitsweight。Anaccumulationofsemenproducesvoluptuousdreams，andlocalpainsgiverisetoideasofsufferingill-treatment，ofhostileattacks，orofaccidentalbodilyinjuries……
"Meier(VersucheinerErklarungdesNachtwandelns，Halle，1758，p。33)
oncedreamedofbeingattackedbyseveralmenwhothrewhimflatonthegroundanddroveastakeintotheearthbetweenhisfirstandsecondtoes。
Whileimaginingthisinhisdreamhesuddenlyawokeandfeltapieceofstrawstickingbetweenhistoes。Thesameauthor，accordingtoHemmings(VondenTraumenundNachtwandlern，Weimar，1784，p。258)，"dreamedonanotheroccasion，whenhisnightshirtwasrathertootightroundhisneck，thathewasbeinghanged。InhisyouthHoffbauerdreamedofhavingfallenfromahighwall，andfound，onwaking，thatthebedsteadhadcomeapart，andthathehadactuallyfallenontothefloor……Gregoryrelatesthatheonceappliedahot-waterbottletohisfeet，anddreamedoftakingatriptothesummitofMountEtna，wherehefoundtheheatofthesoilalmostunbearable。Afterhavingablisterappliedtohishead，anothermandreamedofbeingscalpedbyIndians；stillanother，whoseshirtwasdamp，dreamedthathewasdraggedthroughastream。AnattackofgoutcausedapatienttobelievethathewasinthehandsoftheInquisition，andsufferingthepainsoftorture(Macnish)。"
Theargumentthatthereisaresemblancebetweenthedream-stimulusandthedream-contentwouldbeconfirmedif，byasystematicinductionofstimuli，weshouldsucceedinproducingdreamscorrespondingtothesestimuli。AccordingtoMacnishsuchexperimentshadalreadybeenmadebyGirondeBuzareingues。"Helefthiskneeexposedanddreamedoftravellingonamail-coachbynight。Heremarked，inthisconnection，thattravellerswerewellawarehowcoldthekneesbecomeinacoachatnight。Onanotheroccasionheleftthebackofhisheaduncovered，anddreamedthathewastakingpartinareligiousceremonyintheopenair。Inthecountrywhereheliveditwascustomarytokeeptheheadalwayscoveredexceptonoccasionsofthiskind。"
Mauryreportsfreshobservationonself-induceddreamsofhisown。(A
numberofotherexperimentswereunsuccessful。)
1。Hewastickledwithafeatheronhislipsandonthetipofhisnose。
Hedreamedofanawfultorture，viz。，thatamaskofpitchwasstucktohisfaceandthenforciblytornoff，bringingtheskinwithit。
2。Scissorswerewhettedagainstapairoftweezers。Heheardbellsringing，thensoundsoftumultwhichtookhimbacktothedaysoftheRevolutionof1848。
3。EaudeColognewasheldtohisnostrils。HefoundhimselfinCairo，intheshopofJohannMariaFarina。Thiswasfollowedbyfantasticadventureswhichhewasnotabletorecall。
4。Hisneckwaslightlypinched。Hedreamedthatablisterwasbeingapplied，andthoughtofadoctorwhohadtreatedhiminchildhood。
5。Ahotironwasbroughtnearhisface。Hedreamedthatchauffeurs*hadbrokenintothehouse，andwereforcingtheoccupantstogiveuptheirmoneybythrustingtheirfeetintobraziers。TheDuchessed’Abrantes，whosesecretaryheimaginedhimselftobethenenteredtheroom。
*ChauffeurswerebandsofrobbersintheVendeewhoresortedtothisformoftorture。
6。Adropofwaterwasallowedtofallontohisforehead。HeimaginedhimselfinItaly，perspiringheavily，anddrinkingthewhitewineofOrvieto。
7。Whenthelightofacandlescreenedwithredpaperwasallowedtofallonhisface，hedreamedofthunder，ofheat，andofastormatseawhichheoncewitnessedintheEnglishChannel。
Hervey，Weygandt，andothershavemadeattemptstoproducedreamsexperimentally。
Manyhaveobservedthestrikingskillofthedreamininterweavingintoitsstructuresuddenimpressionsfromtheouterworld，insuchamannerastorepresentagraduallyapproachingcatastrophe(Hildebrandt)。"Informeryears，"thisauthorrelates，"Ioccasionallymadeuseofanalarm-clockinordertowakepunctuallyatacertainhourinthemorning。Itprobablyhappenedhundredsoftimesthatthesoundofthisinstrumentfittedintoanapparentlyverylongandconnecteddream，asthoughtheentiredreamhadbeenespeciallydesignedforit，asthoughitfoundinthissounditsappropriateandlogicallyindispensableclimax，itsinevitabledenouement。"
Ishallpresentlyhaveoccasiontocitethreeofthesealarm-clockdreamsinadifferentconnection。
Volkelt(p。68)relates:"Acomposeroncedreamedthathewasteachingaclass，andwasjustexplainingsomethingtohispupils。Whenhehadfinishedheturnedtooneoftheboyswiththequestion:’Didyouunderstandme？’
Theboycriedoutlikeonepossessed’Oh，ja！’Annoyedbythis，hereprimandedhispupilforshouting。Butnowtheentireclasswasscreaming’Orja，’
then’Eurjo，’andfinally’Feuerjo。’Hewasthenarousedbytheactualfirealarminthestreet。"
Garnier(Traitedesfacultesdel’ame，1865)，ontheauthorityofRadestock，relatesthatNapoleonI，whilesleepinginacarriage，wasawakenedfromadreambyanexplosionwhichtookhimbacktothecrossingoftheTagliamentoandthebombardmentoftheAustrians，sothathestartedup，crying，"Wehavebeenundermined。"
ThefollowingdreamofMaury’shasbecomecelebrated:Hewasillinbed；hismotherwassittingbesidehim。HedreamedoftheReignofTerrorduringtheRevolution。Hewitnessedsometerriblescenesofmurder，andfinallyhehimselfwassummonedbeforetheTribunal。TherehesawRobespierre，Marat，Fouquier-Tinville，andallthesorryheroesofthoseterribledays；
hehadtogiveanaccountofhimself，andafterallmannerofincidentswhichdidnotfixthemselvesinhismemory，hewassentencedtodeath。
Accompaniedbyanenormouscrowd，hewasledtotheplaceofexecution。
Hemountedthescaffold；theexecutionertiedhimtotheplank，ittippedover，andtheknifeoftheguillotinefell。Hefelthisheadseveredfromhistrunk，andawakenedinterribleanxiety，onlytofindthatthehead-boardofthebedhadfallen，andhadactuallystruckthecervicalvertebraejustwheretheknifeoftheguillotinewouldhavefallen。
Thisdreamgaverisetoaninterestingdiscussion，initiatedbyLeLorrainandEggerintheRevuePhilosophique，astowhether，andhow，itwaspossibleforthedreamertocrowdtogetheranamountofdream-contentapparentlysolargeintheshortspaceoftimeelapsingbetweentheperceptionofthewakingstimulusandthemomentofactualwaking。
Examplesofthisnatureshowthatobjectivestimulioccurringinsleepareamongthemostfirmly-establishedofallthesourcesofdreams；theyare，indeed，theonlystimuliofwhichthelaymanknowsanythingwhatever。
Ifweaskaneducatedpersonwhoisnotfamiliarwiththeliteratureofdreamshowdreamsoriginate，heiscertaintoreplybyareferencetoacaseknowntohiminwhichadreamhasbeenexplainedafterwakingbyarecognizedobjectivestimulus。Science，however，cannotstophere，butisincitedtofurtherinvestigationbytheobservationthatthestimulusinfluencingthesensesduringsleepdoesnotappearinthedreamatallinitstrueform，butisreplacedbysomeotherrepresentation，whichisinsomewayrelatedtoit。Buttherelationexistingbetweenthestimulusandtheresultingdreamis，accordingtoMaury，"uneaffinitequelconquemaisquin’estpasuniqueetexclusive"*(p。72)。Ifweread，forexample，threeofHildebrandt’s"alarm-clockdreams，"weshallbecompelledtoaskwhythesamecasualstimulusevokedsomanydifferentresults，andwhyjusttheseresultsandnoothers。
*Asortofrelationwhichis，however，neitheruniquenorexclusive。
(p。37):"Iamtakingawalkonabeautifulspringmorning。Istrollthroughthegreenmeadowstoaneighbouringvillage，whereIseenumbersoftheinhabitantsgoingtochurch，wearingtheirbestclothesandcarryingtheirhymn-booksundertheirarms。IrememberthatitisSunday，andthatthemorningservicewillsoonbegin。Idecidetoattendit，butasIamratheroverheatedIthinkIwillwaitinthechurchyarduntilIamcooler。
Whilereadingthevariousepitaphs，Ihearthesextonclimbingthechurch-
tower，andIseeabovemethesmallbellwhichisabouttoringforthebeginningofservice。Foralittlewhileithangsmotionless；thenitbeginstoswing，andsuddenlyitsnotesresoundsoclearlyandpenetratinglythatmysleepcomestoanend。Butthenotesofthebellcomefromthealarm-clock。"
"Asecondcombination。Itisabrightwinterday；thestreetsaredeepinsnow。Ihavepromisedtogoonasleigh-ride，butIhavetowaitsometimebeforeIamtoldthatthesleighisatthedoor。NowIampreparingtogetintothesleigh。Iputonmyfurs，thefoot-warmerisputin，andatlastIhavetakenmyseat。Butstillmydepartureisdelayed。Atlastthereinsaretwitched，thehorsesstart，andthesleighbells，nowviolentlyshaken，strikeuptheirfamiliarmusicwithaforcethatinstantlytearsthegossamerofmydream。Againitisonlytheshrillnoteofmyalarm-
clock。"
"Yetathirdexample。Iseethekitchen-maidwalkingalongthepassagetothedining-room，withapileofseveraldozenplates。Theporcelaincolumninherarmsseemstometobeindangeroflosingitsequilibrium。
’Takecare，’Iexclaim，’youwilldropthewholepile！’Theusualretortisnaturallymade-thatsheisusedtosuchthings，etc。MeanwhileIcontinuetofollowherwithmyanxiousgaze，andbehold，atthethresholdthefragileplatesfallandcrashandrollacrossthefloorinhundredsofpieces。
ButIsoonperceivethattheendlessdinisnotreallyarattlingbutatrueringing，andwiththisringingthedreamernowbecomesawarethatthealarm-clockhasdoneitsduty。"
ThequestionwhythedreamingmindmisjudgesthenatureoftheobjectivesensorystimulushasbeenansweredbyStrumpell，andinanalmostidenticalfashionbyWundt；theirexplanationisthatthereactionofthemindtothestimulusattackingsleepiscomplicatedandconfusedbytheformationofillusions。Asensoryimpressionisrecognizedbyusandcorrectlyinterpreted-
thatis，itisclassedwiththememory-grouptowhichitbelongsaccordingtoallpreviousexperienceiftheimpressionisstrong，clear，andsufficientlyprolonged，andifwehavesufficienttimetosubmitittothosementalprocesses。Butiftheseconditionsarenotfulfilledwemistaketheobjectwhichgivesrisetotheimpression，andonthebasisofthisimpressionweconstructanillusion。"Ifonetakesawalkinanopenfieldandperceivesindistinctlyadistantobject，itmayhappenthatonewillatfirsttakeitforahorse。"Oncloserinspectiontheimageofacow，resting，mayobtrudeitself，andthepicturemayfinallyresolveitselfwithcertaintyintoagroupofpeoplesittingontheground。Theimpressionswhichthemindreceivesduringsleepfromexternalstimuliareofasimilarlyindistinctnature；theygiverisetoillusionsbecausetheimpressionevokesagreaterorlessernumberofmemory-images，throughwhichitacquiresitspsychicvalue。Asforthequestion，inwhichofthemanypossiblespheresofmemorythecorrespondingimagesarearoused，andwhichofthepossibleassociativeconnectionsarebroughtintoplay，that-toquoteStrumpellagain-isindeterminable，andisleft，asitwere，tothecapricesofthemind。
Herewemaytakeourchoice。Wemayadmitthatthelawsofdream-formationcannotreallybetracedanyfurther，andsorefrainfromaskingwhetherornottheinterpretationoftheillusionevokedbythesensoryimpressiondependsuponstillotherconditions；orwemayassumethattheobjectivesensorystimulusencroachinguponsleepplaysonlyamodestroleasadream-
source，andthatotherfactorsdeterminethechoiceofthememory-imagetobeevoked。Indeed，oncarefullyexaminingMaury’sexperimentallyproduceddreams，whichIhavepurposelycitedindetail，oneisinclinedtoobjectthathisinvestigationstracetheoriginofonlyoneelementofthedreams，andthattherestofthedream-contentseemstooindependentandtoofullofdetailtobeexplainedbyasinglerequirement，namely，thatitmustcorrespondwiththeelementexperimentallyintroduced。Indeed，oneevenbeginstodoubttheillusiontheory，andthepowerofobjectiveimpressionstoshapethedream，whenonerealizesthatsuchimpressionsaresometimessubjectedtothemostpeculiarandfar-fetchedinterpretationsinourdreams。
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