Aninterestingnoteinpassingisthis：whenweseektoexpresssociallyournoblest，ideas，Truth;Justice;Liberty;weusethewoman’sbodyasthehighesthumantype。Butindoingthis，theartist，truetohumanityandnotbiassedbysex，givesusastrong，grandfigure，beautifulindeed，butnever_decorated_。FancyLibertyinrufflesandfrills，withringsinherears——ornose。
Musicisinjuredbyaone—sidedhandling，partlyintheexcessoftheonedominantmasculinepassion，partlybythegeneralpresenceofegoism;thattendencytoself—expressioninsteadofsocialexpression，whichsodisfiguresourart;andthisistruealsoofpoetry。
Milesandmilesofpoetryconsistoftheceaselessoutcryofthemaleforthefemale，whichisbynomeanssooverwhelmingasafeatureofhumanlifeasheimaginesit;andothermilesexpresshisotherfeelings，withthatingenuouslackofreticencewhichisatitsbaseessentiallymasculine。Havingapain，thepoetmustneedspouritforth，thathiswoebesharedandsympathizedwith。
Asmoreandmorewomenwritersflockintothefieldthereisroomforfinehistoricstudyofthedifferenceinsexfeeling，andthegradualemergenceofthehumannote。
Literature，andinespecialtheartoffiction，issolargeafieldforthisstudythatitwillhaveachaptertoitself;thisonebuttouchingonthesevariousforms;andindicatinglinesofobservation。
Thatbestknownformofartwhichtomymindneedsnoqualifyingdescription——painting——isalsoawidefield;andcannotbedonefulljusticetowithintheselimits。Theeffectuponitoftoomuchmasculinityisnotsomuchinchoiceofsubjectasinmethodandspirit。
Theartistseesbeautyofformandcolorwheretheordinaryobserverdoesnot;andpaintstheoldanduglywithasmuchenthusiasmastheyoungandbeautiful——sometimes。Ifthereisinsomeanover—emphasisoffeminineattractionsitiscounterbalancedinothersbyafarbroaderlineofwork。
Butthemainevilsofatoomasculineartlieintheemphasislaidonself—expression。Theartist，passionatelyconsciousofhowhefeels，strivestomakeotherpeopleawareofthesesensations。Thisisnowsogenerallyacceptedbycritics，soseriouslyadvancedbypainters，thatwhatiscalled"theartworld"acceptsitasestablished。
Ifamanpaintsthesea，itisnottomakeyouseeandfeelasasightofthatsameoceanwould，buttomakeyouseeandfeelhowhe，personally，wasaffectedbyit;amattersurelyofthenarrowestimportance。Theultra—masculineartist，extremelysensitive，necessarily，andfullofthenaturalurgetoexpressionofthesex，usesthemediumofartasingenuouslyasthepartridge—cockuseshiswingsindrummingonthelog;orthebullmoosestampsandbellows;notnarrowlyasamatecall，butasaformofexpressionofhispersonalsensations。
Thehighertheartistthemorehumanheis，thebroaderhisvision，themoreheseesforhumanity，andexpressesforhumanity，andthelesspersonal，thelessultra—masculine，ishisexpression。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
V。
MASCULINELITERATURE。
Whenweareoffereda"woman’s"paper，page，orcolumn，wefinditfilledwithmattersupposedtoappealtowomenasasexorclass;thewritermainlydwellingupontheKaiser’sfourK’s——Kuchen，Kinder，Kirche，Kleider。Theyiterateandreiterateendlesslythediscussionofcookery，oldandnew;ofthecareofchildren;oftheoverwhelmingsubjectofclothing;andofmoralinstruction。Allthisisrecognizedas"feminine"literature，anditmusthavesomeappealelsethewomenwouldnotreadit。Whatparallelhavewein"masculine"literature？
"None！"istheproudreply。"Menarepeople！Women，being’thesex，’
havetheirlimitedfeminineinterests，theirfemininepointofview，whichmustbeprovidedfor。Men，however，arenotrestricted——tothembelongstheworld’sliterature！"
Yes，ithasbelongedtothem——eversincetherewasany。Theyhavewrittenitandtheyhavereadit。Itisonlylatelythatwomen，generallyspeaking，havebeentaughttoread;stillmorelatelythattheyhavebeenallowedtowrite。ItisbutalittlewhilesinceHarrietMartineauconcealedherwritingbeneathhersewingwhenvisitorscamein——writingwas"masculine"——sewing"feminine。"
Wehavenot，itIstrue，confinedmentoanarrowlyconstrued"masculinesphere，"andcomposedaspecialliteraturesuitedtoit。Theireffectonliteraturehasbeenfarwiderthanthat，monopolizingthisformofartwithspecialfavor。Itwassuitedaboveallotherstothedominantimpulseofself—expression;andbeing，aswehaveseenessentiallyandcontinually"thesex;"theyhaveimpressedthatsexuponthisartoverwhelmingly;theyhavegiventheworldamasculizedliterature。
Itishardforustorealizethis。Wecanreadilysee，thatifwomenhadalwayswrittenthebooks，nomeneitherwritingorreadingthem，thatwouldhavesurely"feminized"ourliterature;butwehavenotinourmindstheconcept，muchlesstheword，foranovermasculizedinfluence。
Menhavingbeenacceptedashumanity，womenbutaside—issue;（mostliterallyifweaccepttheHebrewlegend！），whatevermendidorsaidwashuman——andnottobecriticized。Innodepartmentoflifeisiteasiertocontravertthisoldbelief;toshowhowthemalesexassuchdiffersfromthehumantype;andhowthismalenesshasmonopolizedanddisfiguredagreatsocialfunction。
Humanlifeisaverylargeaffair;andliteratureisitschiefart。Welive，humanly，onlythroughourpowerofcommunication。Speechgivesusthispowerlaterally，asitwere，inimmediatepersonalcontact。Forpermanentusespeechbecomesoraltradition——apoordependence。
Literaturegivesnotonlyaninfinitemultiplicationtothelateralspreadofcommunionbutaddstheverticalreach。Throughitweknowthepast，governthepresent，andinfluencethefuture。Initsservicablecommonformsitistheindispensabledailyservantofourlives;initsnoblerflightsasagreatartnomeansofhumaninter—changegoessofar。
Inthesebrieflimitswecantouchbutlightlyonsomephasesofsogreatasubject;andwillrestthecasemainlyontheeffectofanexclusivelymasculinehandlingofthetwofieldsofhistoryandfiction。
Inpoetryandthedramathesameinfluenceiseasilytraced，butinthefirsttwoitissobaldlyprominentastodefyobjection。
Historyis，orshouldbe，thestoryofourraciallife。Whathavemenmadeit？Thestoryofwarfareandconquest。BeginattheverybeginningwiththecarvenstonesofEgypt，theclayrecordsofChaldea，whatdowefindofhistory？
"IPharaoh，KingofKings！LordofLords！（etc。etc。），"wentdownintothemiserablelandofKush，andslewoftheinhabitantsthereofanhundredandfortyandtwothousands！"That，orsomethinglikeit，isthekindofrecordearlyhistorygivesus。
ThestoryofConqueringKings，whoandhowmanytheykilledandenslaved;thegrovellingadulationoftheabased;theunlimitedjubilationofthevictor;fromtheprimitivestateofmostancientkings，andtheRomantriumphswherequeenswalkedinchains，downtoouromnipresentsoldier’smonuments：thestoryofwarandconquest——warandconquest——overandover;withsuchboastingandtriumph，suchcock—crowandflappingofwingsasshowmostunmistakablythenaturalsource。
Allthiswillstrikethereaderatfirstasbiasedandunfair。"Thatwasthewaypeoplelivedinthosedays！"saysthereader。
No——itwasnotthewaywomenlived。
"O，women！"saysthereader，"Ofcoursenot！Womenaredifferent。"
Yea，womenaredifferent;and_menaredifferent！_Bothofthem，assexes，differfromthehumannorm，whichissociallifeandallsocialdevelopment。Societywasslowlygrowinginallthoseblackblindyears。
Thearts，thesciences，thetradesandcraftsandprofessions，religion，philosophy，government，law，commerce，agriculture——allthehumanprocessesweregoingonaswellastheywereable，betweenwars。
Themalenaturallyfights，andnaturallycrows，triumphsoverhisrivalandtakestheprize——thereforewashemademale。Malenessmeanswar。
Notonlyso;butbeingmale，hecaresonlyformaleinterests。Men，beingthesolearbitersofwhatshouldbedoneandsaidandwritten，havegivenusnotonlyasocialgrowthscarredandthwartedfromthebeginningbycontinualdestruction;butahistorywhichisoneunbrokenrecordofcourageandredcruelty，oftriumphandblackshame。
Astowhatwentonthatwasofrealconsequence，thegreatslowstepsoftheworkingworld，thediscoveriesandinventions，therealprogressofhumanity——thatwasnotworthrecording，fromamasculinepointofview。
Withinthislastcentury，"thewoman’scentury，"thecenturyofthegreatawakening，therisingdemandforfreedom，political，economic，anddomestic，wearebeginningtowriterealhistory，humanhistory，andnotmerelymasculinehistory。Butthatgreatbranchofliterature——Hebrew，Greek，Roman，andalldownlatertimes，showsbeyondallquestion，theinfluenceofourandrocentricculture。
Literatureisthemostpowerfulandnecessaryofthearts，andfictionisitsbroadestform。Ifart"holdsthemirroruptonature"thisart’smirroristhelargestofall，themostused。Sinceourverylifedependsonsomecommunication;andourprogressisinproportiontoourfullnessandfreedomofcommunication;sincerealcommunicationrequiresmutualunderstanding;sointhegrowthofthesocialconsciousness，wenotefromthebeginningapassionateinterestinotherpeople’slives。
Theartwhichgiveshumanityconsciousnessisthemostvitalart。Ourgreatestdramatistsarelaudedfortheirbreadthofknowledgeof"humannature，"theirrangeofemotionandunderstanding;ourgreatestpoetsarethosewhomostdeeplyandwidelyexperienceandrevealthefeelingsofthehumanheart;andthepoweroffictionisthatitcanreachandexpressthisgreatfieldofhumanlifewithnolimitsbutthoseoftheauthor。
Whenfictionbeganitwasthelegitimatechildoforaltradition;aproductofnaturalbrainactivity;thelegendconstructedinsteadofremembered。（Thisstageiswithusyetasseenintheconstantchangesinrepetitionofpopularjokesandstories。）
Fictionto—dayhasamuchwiderrange;yetitisstillrestricted，heavilyandmostmischievouslyrestricted。
Whatisthepreferredsubjectmatteroffiction？
Therearetwomainbranchesfoundeverywhere，fromtheRomauntoftheRosetothePurplishMagazine;——theStoryofAdventure，andtheLoveStory。
TheStory—of—Adventurebranchisnotsothickastheotherbyanymeans，butitisasturdyboughforallthat。StevensonandKiplinghaveproveditsimmensepopularity，withthewholebroodofdetectivestoriesandthetalesofsuccessfulrascalitywecall"picaresque"Ourmostpopularweeklyshowsthebroadappealofthisclassoffiction。
Allthesetalesofadventure，ofstruggleanddifficulty;ofhuntingandfishingandfighting;ofrobbingandmurdering，catchingandpunishing，aredistinctlyandessentiallymasculine。Theydonottouchonhumanprocesses，socialprocesses，butonthespecialfieldofpredatoryexcitementsolongthesoleprovinceofmen。
Itistobenotedherethatevenintheoverwhelmingriseofindustrialintereststo—day，these，whenusedasthebasisforastory，areforcedintolinewithone，orboth，ofthesetwomainbranchesoffiction;——conflictorlove。Unlessthestoryhasoneofthese"interests"init，thereisnostory——soholdstheeditor;thedictumbeing，putplainly，"lifehasnointerestsexceptconflictandlove！"
Itissurelysomethingmorethanacoincidencethatthesearethetwoessentialfeaturesofmasculinity——DesireandCombat——LoveandWar。
Asamatteroffactthemajorinterestsoflifeareinlinewithitsmajorprocesses;andthese——inourstageofhumandevelopment——aremorevariedthanourfictionwouldhaveusbelieve。Halftheworldconsistsofwomen，weshouldremember，whoaretypesofhumanlifeaswellasmen，andtheirmajorprocessesarenotthoseofconflictandadventure，theirlovemeansmorethanmating。Evenonsopooralineofdistinctionasthe"woman’scolumn"offers，ifwomenaretobekepttotheirfourKs，thereshouldbea"men’scolumn"also;andallthe"sportingnews"andfishstoriesbeputinthat;theyarenotworldinterests;theyaremaleinterests。
Nowforthemainbranch——theLoveStory。Ninetypercent。offictionisInthisline;thisispreeminentlythemajorinterestoflife——giveninfiction。Whatisthelove—story，asrenderedbythisart？
Itisthestoryofthepre—maritalstruggle。ItistheAdventuresofHiminPursuitofHer——anditstopswhenhegetsher！Storyafterstory，ageafterage，overandoverandover，thisceaselessrepetitionofthePreliminaries。
HereisHumanLife。Initslargesense，itsrealsense，itisamatterofinter—relationbetweenindividualsandgroups，coveringallemotions，allprocesses，allexperiences。Outofthisvastfieldofhumanlifefictionarbitrarilyselectsoneemotion，oneprocess，oneexperience，asitsnecessarybase。
"Ah！butwearepersonsmostofall！"proteststhereader。"Thisispersonalexperience——ithastheuniversalappeal！"
Takehumanlifepersonallythen。HereisaHumanBeing，alife，coveringsomeseventyyears;involvingthechanginggrowthofmanyfaculties;theevernewmarvelsofyouth，thelongworkingtimeofmiddlelife，theslowripeningofage。Hereisthehumansoul，inthehumanbody，Living。Outofthisfieldofpersonallife，withallofitsemotions，processes，andexperiences，fictionarbitrarilyselectsoneemotion，oneprocess，oneexperience，mainlyofonesex。
The"love"ofourstoriesisman’sloveofwoman。Ifanydaredisputethis，andsayittreatsequallyofwoman’sloveforman，Ianswer，"Thenwhydothestoriesstopatmarriage？"
Thereisacurrentjest，revealingmuch，tothiseffect：
Theyoungwifecomplainsthatthehusbanddoesnotwaituponandwooherashedidbeforemarriage;towhichhereplies，"WhyshouldIrunafterthestreet—carwhenI’vecaughtit？"
Woman’sloveforman，ascurrentlytreatedinfictionislargelyareflex;itisthewayhewantshertofeel，expectshertofeel;notafairrepresentationofhowshedoesfeel。If"love"istobeselectedasthemostimportantthinginlifetowriteabout，thenthemother’sloveshouldbetheprincipalsubject：Thisisthemainstream。Thisisthegeneralunderlying，world—liftingforce。The"life—force，"nowsogliblychatteredabout，findsitsfullestexpressioninmotherhood;notintheemotionsofanassistantinthepreliminarystages。
Whathasliterature，whathasfiction，toofferconcerningmother—love，orevenconcerningfather—love，ascomparedtothisvastvolumeofexcitementaboutlover—love？Whyisthesearch—lightcontinuallyfocusseduponatwoorthreeyearsspaceoflife"midtheblankmilesroundabout？"Whyindeed，exceptfortheclearreason，thatonastarklymasculinebasisthisishisoneperiodofoverwhelminginterestandexcitement。
Ifthebeehiveproducedliterature，thebee’sfictionwouldberichandbroad;fullofthecomplextasksofcomb—buildingandfilling;thecareandfeedingoftheyoung，theguardian—serviceofthequeen;andfarbeyondthatitwouldspreadtothebluegloryofthesummersky，thefreshwinds，theendlessbeautyandsweetnessofathousandthousandflowers。Itwouldtreatofthevastfecundityofmotherhood，theeducativeandselectiveprocessesofthegroup—mothers;andthepassionofloyalty，ofsocialservice，whichholdsthehivetogether。
Butifthedroneswrotefiction，itwouldhavenosubjectmattersavethefeastingofmany;andthenuptialflight，ofone。
Tothemale，assuch，thismatinginstinctisfranklythemajorinterestoflife;eventhebelligerentinstinctsaresecondtoit。Tothefemale，assuch，itisforallitsintensity，butapassinginterest。
Innature’seconomy，hisisbutatemporarydevotion，herstheslowprocessesoflife’sfulfillment。
InHumanitywehavelongsince，notoutgrown，butovergrown，thisstageoffeeling。InHumanParentageeventhemother’ssharebeginstopalebesidethatever—growingSocialloveandcare，whichguardsandguidesthechildrenofto—day。
Theartofliteratureinthismainformoffictionisfartoogreatathingtobewhollygovernedbyonedominantnote。Aslifewidenedandintensified，theartist，ifgreatenough，hastranscendedsex;andinthemightierworksoftherealmasters，wefindfictiontreatingoflife，lifeingeneral，inallitscomplexrelationships，andrefusingtobeheldlongertotherigidcanonsofanandrocentricpast。
ThiswasthepowerofBalzac——hetookinmorethanthisonefield。ThiswastheuniversalappealofDickens;hewroteofpeople，allkindsofpeople，doingallkindsofthings。Asyourecallwithpleasuresomepreferrednovelofthisgeneralfavorite，youfindyourselflookingnarrowlyforthe"lovestory"init。Itisthere——foritispartoflife;butitdoesnotdominatethewholescene——anymorethanitdoesinlife。
Thethoughtoftheworldismadeandhandedouttousinthemain。Themakersofbooksarethemakersofthoughtsandfeelingsforpeopleingeneral。Fictionisthemostpopularforminwhichthisworld—foodistaken。Ifitweretrue，itwouldteachuslifeeasily，swiftly，truly;
teachnotbypreachingbutbytrulyre—presenting;andweshouldgrowupbecomingacquaintedwithafarwiderrangeoflifeinbooksthancouldevenbeoursinperson。Thenmeetinglifeinrealityweshouldbewise——andnotbedisappointed。
Asitis，ourgreatseaoffictionissteepedanddyedandflavoredalloneway。Ayoungmanfaceslife——theseventyyearstretch，remember，andisgivenbookuponbookwhereinonesetoffeelingsiscontinuallyvocalizedandoverestimated。Hereadsforeveroflove，goodloveandbadlove，naturalandunnatural，legitimateandillegitimate;withtheunavoidableinferencethatthereisnothingelsegoingon。
Ifheisahealthyyoungmanhebreaksloosefromthewholething，despises"lovestories"andtakesuplifeashefindsit。Butwhatimpressionhedoesreceivefromfictionisafalseone，andhesufferswithoutknowingitfromlackofthetruerbroaderviewsoflifeitfailedtogivehim。
Ayoungwomanfaceslife——theseventyyearstretchremember;andisgiventhesamebooks——withrestrictions。RemembertheremarkofRochefoucauld，"Therearethirtygoodstoriesintheworldandtwenty—ninecannotbetoldtowomen。"Thereisacertainbroadfieldofliteraturesogrosslyandrocentricthatforveryshamemenhavetriedtokeepittothemselves。Butinamilderform，thespadesallnamedteaspoons，orattheworstappearingastrowels——theyoungwomanisgiventhesamefiction。Loveandloveandlove——from"firstsight"tomarriage。Thereitstops——justtheflutteringribbonofannouncement，"andlivedhappilyeverafter。"
Isthatkindoffictionanysortofpictureofawoman’slife？Fiction，underourandrocentricculture，hasnotgivenanytruepictureofwoman’slife，verylittleofhumanlife，andadisproportionedsectionofman’slife。
Aswedailygrowmorehuman，bothofus，thisnobleartischangingforthebettersofastthatashortlifetimecanmarkthegrowth。Newfieldsareopeningandnewlaborersareworkinginthem。Butitisnoswiftandeasymattertodisabusetheracemindfromattitudesandhabitsinculcatedforathousandyears。Whatwehavebeenfeduponsolongwearewellusedto，whatweareusedtowelike，whatwelikewethinkisgoodandproper。
Thewideningdemandforbroader，truerfictionisdisputedbytheslowracialmind：andopposedbythemarketersofliteratureongroundsofvisibleself—interest，aswellaslethargicconservatism。
Itisdifficultformen，heretoforethesoleproducersandconsumersofliterature;andforwomen，newtothefield，andfollowingmasculinecanonsbecauseallthecanonsweremasculine;tostretchtheirmindstoarecognitionofthechangewhichisevennowuponus。
Thisonenarrowfieldhasbeenforsolongoverworked，ourmindsaresofilledwithheroesandheroescontinuallyrepeatingtheone—actplay，thatwhenabooklikeDavidHarumisofferedthepublisherrefusesitrepeatedly，andfinallyinsistsona"heartinterest"beinginjectedbyforce。
DidanyonereadDavidHarumforthatheartinterest？Doesanyonerememberthatheartinterest？Hashumanitynointerestsbutthoseoftheheart？
RobertEllesmerewasapopularbook——butnotbecauseofitsheartinterest。
UncleTom’sCabinappealedtotheentireworld，morewidelythananyworkoffictionthatwaseverwritten;butifanybodyfellinloveandmarriedinittheyhavebeenforgotten。Therewasplentyofloveinthatbook，loveoffamily，loveoffriends，loveofmasterforservantandservantformaster;loveofmotherforchild;loveofmarriedpeopleforeachother;loveofhumanityandloveofGod。
Itwasextremelypopular。Somesayitwasnotliterature。Thatopinionwilllive，likethenameofEmpedocles。
Theartoffictionisbeingre—borninthesedays。Lifeisdiscoveredtobelonger，wider，deeper，richer，thanthesemonotonousplayersofoneJunewouldhaveusbelieve。
Thehumanizingofwomanofitselfopensfivedistinctlyfreshfieldsoffiction：Firstthepositionoftheyoungwomanwhoiscalledupontogiveupher"career"——herhumanness——formarriage，andwhoobjectstoit;second，themiddle—agedwomanwhoatlastdiscoversthatherdiscontentissocialstarvation——thatitisnotmorelovethatshewants，butmorebusinessinlife：Thirdtheinterrelationofwomenwithwomen——athingwecouldneverwriteaboutbeforebecauseweneverhaditbefore：exceptinharemsandconvents：Fourththeinter—actionbetweenmothersandchildren;thisnottheeternal"motherandchild，"whereinthechildisalwaysababy，butthelongdramaofpersonalrelationship;
theloveandhope，thepatienceandpower，thelastingjoyandtriumph，thesloweatingdisappointmentwhichmustneverbeownedtoalivingsoul——herearegroundsfornovelsthatamillionmothersandmanymillionchildrenwouldeagerlyread：Fifththenewattitudeofthefull—grownwomanwhofacesthedemandsoflovewiththehighstandardsofconsciousmotherhood。
Thereareotherfields，broadandbrilliantlypromising，butthischapterismeantmerelytoshowthatourone—sidedculturehas，inthisart，mostdisproportionatelyoverestimatedthedominantinstinctsofthemale——LoveandWar——anoffenseagainstartandtruth，andaninjurytolife。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
VI。
GAMESANDSPORTS
Oneofthesharpestdistinctionsbothbetweentheessentialcharactersandtheartificialpositionsofmenandwomen，isinthematterofgamesandsports。Byfarthegreaterproportionofthemareessentiallymasculine，andassuchalientowomen;whilefromthosewhicharehumanlyinteresting，womenhavebeenlargelydebarredbytheirarbitraryrestrictions。
Theplayinstinctiscommontogirlsandboysalike;andenduresinsomemeasurethroughoutlife。Asotheryounganimalsexpresstheiraboundingenergiesincapriciousactivitiessimilartothosefollowedinthebusinessofliving，sosmallchildrengambol，physically，likelambsandkids;andastheyoungofhigherkindsofanimalsimitateintheirplaythemorecomplexactivitiesoftheirelders，sodochildrenimitatewhateveractivitiestheyseeaboutthem。Inthisfieldofplayingthereisnosex。
Similarlyinadultlifehealthyandhappypersons，menandwomen，naturallyexpresssurplusenergyinvariousformsofsport。Wehavehereoneofthemostdistinctivelyhumanmanifestations。Thegreataccumulationofsocialenergy，andthenecessarylimitationsofonekindofwork，leaveahumanbeingtiredofoneformofaction，yetstilluneasyforlackoffullexpression;andthissocialneedhasbeenmetbyourgreatsafetyvalveofgamesandsports。
Inasocietyofeithersex，orinasocietywithoutsex，therewouldstillbebothpleasureanduseingames;theyarevitallyessentialtohumanlife。Inasocietyoftwosexes，whereinonehasdictatedallthetermsoflife，andtheotherhasbeenconfinedtoanextremelylimitedfractionofhumanliving，wemaylooktoseethisgreatfieldofenjoymentasdisproportionatelydivided。
Itisnotonlythatwehavereducedtheplayimpulseinwomenbyrestrictingthemtoonesetofoccupations，andovertaxingtheirenergieswithmother—workandhouseworkcombined;andnotonlythatbyourandrocentricconventionswefurtherrestricttheiramusements;butwebeginininfancy，andforciblydifferentiatetheirmethodsofplaylongbeforeanynaturaldistinctionwouldappear。
Takethatuniversaljoythedoll，orpuppet，asaninstance。Asmallimitationofalargeknownobjectcarriesdelighttotheheartofachildofeithersex。Theworstedcat，thewoodenhorse，thelittlewagon，thetinsoldier，thewaxdoll，thetoyvillage，the"Noah’sArk，"
theomnipresent"TeddyBear，"anyandeverysmallmodelofarealthingisadelighttotheyounghumanbeing。Ofallthingsthepuppetisthemostintimate，thelittleimageofanotherhumanbeingtoplaywith。
Thefancyofthechild，makingendlesscombinationswiththesevisibletypes，playsasfreelyasakittenintheleaves;orgravelycarriesoutsomeobservedformsoflife，asthekittenimitatesitsmother’shunting。
Sofarallisnaturalandhuman。
Nowseeourattitudetowardchild’splay——underamasculineculture。
Regardingwomenonlyasasex，andthatsexasmanifestfrominfancy，wemakeandbuyforourlittlegirlstoyssuitabletothisview。Beingfemales——whichmeansmothers，wemustneedsprovidethemwithbabiesbeforetheyceasetobebabiesthemselves;andweexpecttheirplaytoconsistinanimitationofmaternalcares。Thedoll，thepuppet，whichinterestsallchildren，wehaverenderedasaneternalbaby;andwefoistthemuponourgirlchildrenbyceaselessmillions。
Thedoll，assuch，isdeartothelittleboyaswellasthegirl，butnotasababy。Helikeshisjumping—jack，hisworstedSambo，oftenagenuinerag—doll;butheisdiscouragedandridiculedinthis。Wedonotexpectthelittleboytomanifestafather’sloveandcareforanimitationchild——butwedoexpectthelittlegirltoshowmaternalfeelingsforherimitationbaby。Ithasnotyetoccurredtousthatthisismonstrous。
Littlechildrenshouldnotbeexpectedtoshow，inpainfulprecocity，feelingswhichoughtnevertobeexperiencedtilltheycomeattheproperage。Ourkittensplayatcat—sports，littleTomandTabbytogether;butlittleTabbydoesnotplaysheisamother！
Beyondthecontinuousdollsandtheircontinuousdressing，weprovideforourlittlegirlsteasetsandkitchensets，doll’shouses，littlework—boxes——theimitationtoolsoftheirnarrowtrades。Fortheboythereisalargerchoice。Wemakeforthemnotonlytheessentiallymasculinetoysofcombat——alltheengineryofmimicwar;butalsothemodelsofhumanthings，likeboats，railroads，wagons。Forthem，too，arethecomprehensivetoysofthecenturies，thekite，thetop，theball。Astheboygetsoldenoughtoplaythegamesthatrequireskill，heenterstheworld—lists，andthelittlesister，leftinside，withhereverlastingdolls，learnsthatsheis"onlyagirl，"and"mustn’tplaywithboys——boysaresorough！"Shehasherdollandherteaset。She"playshouse。"Ifveryactiveshemayjumprope，insolitaryenthusiasm，orincombinationoffromtwotofour。Herbrotherisplayinggames。Fromthistimeonheplaysthegamesoftheworld。The"sportingpage"shouldbecalled"theMan’sPage"asthatarrayofrecipes，fashionsandcheapadviceiscalled"theWoman’sPage。"
Oneoftheimmediateeducationaladvantagesoftheboy’spositionisthathelearns"teamwork。"Thisisnotamasculinecharacteristic，itisahumanone;asocialpower。Womenareequallycapableofitbynature;butnotbyeducation。Tendingone’simitationbabyisnotteam—work;norisplayinghouse。Thelittlegirliskeptforeverwithinthelimitationsofhermother’s"sphere"ofaction;whiletheboylearnslife，andfanciesthathisnewgrowthisduetohissuperiorsex。
Nowtherearecertainessentialdistinctionsinthesexes，whichwouldmanifestthemselvestosomedegreeeveninnormallyrearedchildren;asforinstancethelittlemalewouldbemoregiventofightinganddestroying;thelittlefemalemoretocaringforandconstructingthings。
"Boysaresodestructive！"wesaywithmodestpride——asifitwasinsomewayacredittothem。Butearlyyouthisnotthetimetodisplaysexdistinction;andtheyshouldbediscouragedratherthanapproved。
Thegamesoftheworld，nowthegamesofmen，easilyfallintotwobroadclasses——gamesofskillandgamesofchance。
Theinterestandpleasureinthelatterispurelyhuman，andassuchissharedbythetwosexesevennow。Women，intheinnocentbeginningsortheviciousextremesofthislineofamusement，makeaswildgamblersasmen。Attheraces，attheroulettewheel，atthebridgetable，thisisclearlyseen。
Ingamesofskillwehaveadifferentshowing。Mostofthesearedevelopedbyandformen;butwhentheyareallowed，womentakepartinthemwithinterestandsuccess。Incardgames，inchess，checkers，andthelike，incroquetandtennis，theyplay，andplaywellifwell—trained。Wheretheyfallshortinsomanygames，andaresowhollyexcludedinothers，isnotforlackofhumancapacity，butforlackofmasculinity。Mostgamesaremale。Intheirelementofdesiretowin，togettheprize，theyaremale;andintheiruniversalattitudeofcompetitiontheyaremale，thebasicspiritofdesireandofcombatworkingoutthroughsubtlemodernforms。
Thereissomethinginherentlymasculinealsointheuniversaldominanceoftheprojectileintheirgames。Theballistheoneunescapableinstrumentofsport。Fromthesnappedmarbleofinfancytotheflyingmissileofthebat，thisformendures。Tosendsomethingforthwithviolence;tothrowit，batit，kickit，shootit;thisimpulseseemstodatebacktooneofthetwinforcesoftheuniverse——thecentrifugalandcentripetalenergiesbetweenwhichswingtheplanets。
Thebasicfeminineimpulseistogather，toputtogether，toconstruct;
thebasicmasculineimpulsetoscatter，todisseminate，todestroy。Itseemstogivepleasuretoamantobangsomethinganddriveitfromhim;
theharderhehitsitandthefartheritgoesthebetterpleasedheis。
Gamesofthissortwillneverappealtowomen。Theyarenotwrong;notnecessarilyevilintheirplace;ourmistakeisinconsideringthemashuman，whereastheyareonlymasculine。
Play，inthechildishsenseisanexpressionofprevioushabit;andtobestudiedinthatlight。Playintheeducationalsenseshouldbeencouragedordiscouragedtodevelopdesiredcharacteristics。Thisweknow，andpractice;onlywedoitunderandrocentriccanons;confiningthegirltothenarrowrangeweconsiderproperforwomen，andassistingtheboytocoverlifewiththeexpressionofmasculinity，whenweshouldbehelpingbothtoamorehumandevelopment。
Oursettledconvictionthatmenarepeople——thepeople，andthatmasculinequalitiesarethemaindesiderataminlife，iswhatkeepsupthisfalseestimateofthevalueofourpresentgames。Advocatesoffootball，forinstance，proudlyclaimthatitfitsamanforlife。
Life——fromthewhollymalepointofview——isabattle，withaprize。Towantsomethingbeyondmeasure，andtofighttoget——thatisthesimpleproposition。Thisviewoflifefindsitsmostnaiveexpressioninpredatorywarfare;andstilltendstomakepredatorywarfareofthelaterandmorehumanprocessesofindustry。Becausetheyseelifeinthiswaytheyimaginethatskillandpracticeintheartoffighting，especiallyincollectivefighting，issovaluableinourmodernlife。
Thisisanarchaismwhichwouldbelaughableifitwerenotsodangerousinitseffects。
Thevaluableprocessesto—dayarethoseofinvention，discovery，allgradesofindustry，and，mostespeciallyneeded，thecapacityforhonestserviceandadministrationofourimmenseadvantages。Thesearenotlearnedonthefootballfield。Thisspiritofdesireandcombatmaybeseenfurtherinallpartsofthisgreatsubject。Ithasdevelopedintoacultofsportsmanship;souniversallyacceptedamongmenasofsuperlativemeritastoquiteblindthemtootherstandardsofjudgment。
IntheCook—Pearycontroversyof1909，thiscanonwasmademanifest。
Here，onemanhadspentalifetimeintryingtoaccomplishsomething;
andattheeleventhhoursucceeded。Then，comingoutintherichtriumphlongdeferred，hefindsanotherman，ofcharacterwellknowntohim，impudentlyandfalselyclaimingthathehaddoneitfirst。Mr。
Pearyexpressedhimself，quiterestrainedlyandcorrectly，inregardtotheeffronteryandfalsityofthisclaim——andallthecountryroseupanddenouncedhimas"unsportsmanlike！"
Sportandthecanonsofsportaresodominantinthemasculinemindthatwhattheyconsideredadeviationfromthesestandardswasoffarmoreimportancethanthequestionoffactinvolved;tosaynothingofthemoralobliquityofonelyingtothewholeworld，formoney;andthatatthecostofanother’shard—wontriumph。
Ifwomenhadcondemnedtheconductofoneortheotheras"notgoodhouse—wifery，"thiswouldhavebeenconsideredamostpuerilecomment。
Buttobe"unsportsmanlike"istheunpardonablesin。
Owingtoourwarpedstandardsweglaringlymisjudgetheattitudeofthetwosexesinregardtotheiramusements。Oflateyearsmorewomenthaneverbeforehavetakentoplayingcards;andsome，unfortunately，playformoney。Asteadystreamofcommentandblamefollowsuponthis。Theamountofcardplayingamongmen——andtheamountofmoneylostandwon，doesnotproduceanequivalentcomment。
Quiteasidefromthisonefieldofdissipation，lookattheshareoflife，oftime，ofstrength，ofmoney，givenbymentotheirwiderangeofrecreation。Theprimitivesatisfactionofhuntingandfishingtheymaintainatenormousexpense。Thisistheindulgenceofamostrudimentaryimpulse;pre—socialandlargelypre—human，ofnoservicesaveasitaffectsbodilyhealth，andofamostdeterringinfluenceonrealhumandevelopment。Wherehuntingandfishingisofrealhumanservice，doneasameansoflivelihood，itislookeddownuponlikeanyotherindustry;itisnolonger"sport。"
Thehumanbeingkillstoeat，ortosellandeatfromthereturns;hekillsforthecreature’shideortusks，foruseofsomesort;ortoprotecthiscropsfromvermin，hisflocksfromdepredation;butthesportsmankillsforthegratificationofaprimevalinstinct，andunderrulesofanarbitrarycult。"Game"creaturesarehisprey;bird，beastorfishthatishardtocatch，thatrequiressomeskilltoslay;thatwillgivehimnotmeremeatandbones，but"thepleasureofthechase。"
Thepleasureofthechaseisaveryrealone。Itisexemplified，initsbroadsenseinchildren’splay。Therunningandcatchinggames，thehidingandfindinggames，arealwaysattractivetoourinfancy，astheyaretothatofcubsandkittens。Butthelongcontinuanceofthisindulgenceamongmaturecivilizedbeingsisduetotheirmasculinity。
Thatgroupofassociatedsexinstincts，whichinthewomanpromptstothepatientserviceandfiercedefenceofthelittlechild，inthemanhasitsdeepestrootinseeking，pursuingandcatching。Tohuntismorethanameansofobtainingfood，inhislongancestry;itistofollowatanycost，toseekthroughalldifficulties，tostruggleforandsecurethecentralprizeofhisbeing——amate。
His"protectiveinstincts"arefarlaterandmoresuperficial。Tosupportandcareforhiswife，hischildren，isarecenthabit，inplainsighthistorically;but"thepleasureofthechase"isolderthanthat。
Weshouldrememberthatassociatehabitsandimpulseslastforagesuponagesinlivingforms;asinthetreeclimbinginstinctsofourearliestyears，ofSimianorigin;andtheloveofwater，whichdatesbackthroughunmeasuredtime。Whereformillionsofyearsthestrongestpleasureagivenorganismisfittedfor，isobtainedbyacertaingroupofactivities，thoseactivitieswillcontinuetogivepleasurelongaftertheirearlieruseisgone。
Thisiswhymenenjoy"theardorofpursuit"farmorethanwomen。Itisanessentiallymasculineardor。Tocomeeasilybywhathewantsdoesnotsatisfyhim。Hewantstowantit。Hewantstohuntit，seekit，chaseit，catchit。Hewantsittobe"game。"Heisbyvirtueofhissexasportsman。
Thereisnoreasonwhythesespecialinstinctsshouldnotbegratifiedsolongasitdoesnoharmtothemoreimportantsocialprocesses;butitisdistinctlydesirablethatweshouldunderstandtheirnature。Thereasonwhywehavethepresentoverwhelmingmassof"sportingevents，"
fromtheballgametotheprizefight，isbecauseourcivilizationissooverwhelminglymasculine。Weshallcriticizethemmorejustlywhenweseethatallthismassofindulgenceisinthefirstplaceaformofsex—expression，andinthesecondplaceasurvivalofinstinctsolderthantheoldestsavagery。
Besidesourgamesandsportswehavealargefieldof"amusements"alsoworthexamining。Wenotonlyenjoydoingthings，butweenjoyseeingthemdonebyothers。Inthesehighlyspecializeddaysmostofouramusementconsistsinpayingtwodollarstositthreehoursandseeotherpeopledothings。
Thisinitslargestsenseiswhollyhuman。We，associalcreatures，canenjoyathousandformsofexpressionquitebeyondthepersonal。Thebirdsmusteachsinghisownsong;thecricketschirpinmillionfoldperformance;buthumanbeingfeelsthedeepthrillofjoyintheirspecialsingers，actors，dancers，aswellasintheirownpersonalattempts。Thatweshouldfindpleasureinwatchingoneanotherishumanlynatural，butwhatitiswewatch，thekindofpleasureandthekindofperformance，opensawidefieldofchoice。
Weknow，forinstance，somethingofthecrudeexcessesofaboriginalAustraliandances;weknowmoreofthegrosslicenseofoldRome;weknowthebreadthofthejokesinmedievaltimes，andthechildishbrutalityofthebull—ringandthecockpit。Weknow，inaword，thatamusementsvary;thattheyformareadygaugeofcharacterandculture;
thattheyhaveastrongeducationalinfluenceforgoodorbad。Whatwehavenothithertoobservedisthepredominantmasculineinfluenceonouramusements。Ifwerecalloncemorethestatementwithregardtoentertaininganecdotes，"Therearethirtygoodstoriesintheworld，andtwenty—nineofthemcannotbetoldtowomen，"wegetaglaringsidelightonthemasculinespecializationinjokes。
"Womenhavenosenseofhumor"hasbeenfrequentlysaid，when"Womenhavenotamasculinesenseofhumor"wouldbetruer。Ifwomenhadthirty"goodstories"twenty—nineofwhichcouldnotbetoldtomen，itispossiblethatmen，iftheyheardsomeofthetwenty—nine，wouldnotfindthemfunny。Theoverweightofonesexhastoldinouramusementsaseverywhereelse。
Becausemenarefurtherdevelopedinhumanitythanwomenareasyet，theyhavebuiltandorganizedgreatplacesofamusement;becausetheycarriedintotheirhumanitytheiruncheckedmasculinity，theyhavemadetheseamusementstocorrespond。Dramaticexpression，isinitstruesense，notonlyahumandistinction，butoneofournoblestarts。Itisalliedwiththehighestemotions;isreligious，educational，patriotic，coveringthewholerangeofhumanfeeling。Throughitweshouldbeablecontinuallytoexpress，inaudible，visibleforms，aliveandmoving，whateverphaseoflifewemostenjoyedorwishedtosee。Therewasatimewhenthedramaledlife;lifted，taught，inspired，enlightened。
Nowitsmainfunctionistoamuse。Underthedemandforamusement，ithascheapenedandcoarsened，andnowthethousandvaudevillesandpictureshowsgiveusthebrokenfragmentsofadegradedartofwhichouronemaindemandisthatitshallmakeuslaugh。
Therearemanycausesatworkhere;andwhilethisstudyseekstoshowinvariousfieldsonecause，itdoesnotclaimthatcauseistheonlyone。Oureconomicconditionshaveenormousweightuponouramusements，asonallotherhumanphenomena;butevenundereconomicpressurethereactionsofmenandwomenareoftendissimilar。Tiredmenandwomenbothneedamusement，therelaxationandrestfulchangeofirresponsiblegayety。Thegreatmajorityofwomen，whoworklongerhoursthananyotherclass，needitdesperatelyandnevergetit。Amusement，entertainment，recreation，shouldbeopentousall，enjoyedbyall。
Thisisahumanneed，andnotadistinctionofeithersex。Likemosthumanthingsitisnotonlylargelymonopolizedbymen，butmasculizedthroughout。Manyformsofamusementareformenonly;moreformenmostly;allareformeniftheychoosetogo。
Theentranceofwomenuponthestage，andtheirincreasedattendanceattheatreshassomewhatmodifiedthenatureoftheperformance;eventhe"refinedvaudeville"nowbeginstoshowtheinfluenceofwomen。Itwouldbenogreatadvantagetohavethisdepartmentofhumanlifefeminized;theimprovementdesiredistohaveitlessmasculized;toreducetheexcessiveinfluenceofone，andtobringoutthosebroadhumaninterestsandpleasureswhichmenandwomencanequallyparticipateinandenjoy。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
VII。
ETHICSANDRELIGION。
Thelawsofphysicswereatworkbeforewewereonearth，andcontinuedtoworkonuslongbeforewehadintelligenceenoughtoperceive，muchlessunderstand，them。Ourprovenknowledgeoftheseprocessesconstitutes"thescienceofphysics";butthelawsweretherebeforethescience。
Physicsisthescienceofmaterialrelation，howthingsandnaturalforcesworkwithandononeanother。Ethicsisthescienceofsocialrelation，howpersonsandsocialforcesworkwithandononeanother。
Ethicsistothehumanworldwhatphysicsistothematerialworld;
ignoranceofethicsleavesusinthesamehelplesspositioninregardtooneanotherthatignoranceofphysicsleftusinregardtoearth，air，fireandwater。
Tobesure，peoplelivedanddiedandgraduallyimproved，whileyetignorantofthephysicalsciences;theydevelopedarough"ruleofthumb"method，asanimalsdo，andusedgreatforceswithoutunderstandingthem。Buttheirlivesweresaferandtheirimprovementmorerapidastheylearnedmore，andbegantomakeservantsoftheforceswhichhadbeentheirmasters。
Wehaveprogressed，lamelyenough，withterriblelossandsuffering，fromstarksavagerytoourpresentdegreeofcivilization;weshallgoonmoresafelyandswiftlywhenwelearnmoreofthescienceofethics。
Letusnotefirstthatwhiletheunderlyinglawsofethicsremainsteadyandreliable，humannotionsofthemhavevariedwidelyandstilldoso。
Indifferentraces，ages，classes，sexes，differentviewsofethicsobtain;theconductofthepeopleismodifiedbytheirviews，andtheirprosperityismodifiedbytheirconduct。
Primitivemanbecameverysoonawarethatconductwasofimportance。Asconsciousnessincreased，withthepowertomodifyactionfromwithin，insteadofhelplesslyreactingtostimulifromwithout，therearosethecrudefirstcodesofethics，the"Thoushalt"and"Thoushaltnot"oftheblunderingsavage。Itwasmostly"Thoushaltnot。"Inhibition，thecheckingofanimpulseprovendisadvantageous，wasanearlierandeasierformofactionthanthelaterhumanpowertoconsciouslydecideonandfollowacourseofactionwithnostimulusbutone’sownwill。
PrimitiveethicsconsistsmostlyofTabus——thethingsthatareforbidden;andallourdimnotionsofethicstothisday，aswellasmostofourreligions，dealmainlywithforbidding。
Thisisalmostthewholeofournurserygovernment，toanextentshownbythewell—worntaleofthechildwhosaidhernamewas"Mary。""Marywhat？"theyaskedher。Andsheanswered，"MaryDon’t。"Itisalsothemainbodyofourlegalsystems——acomplexmassofprohibitionsandpreventions。Andeveninmannersandconventions，thethingsoneshouldnotdofaroutnumberthethingsoneshould。Ageneralpolicyofnegationcolorsourconceptionsofethicsandreligion。
Whenthepositivesidebegantobedeveloped，itwasatfirstinpurelyarbitraryandartificialform。Thefollowersofagivenreligionwererequiredtogothroughcertainmotions，asprostratingthemselves，kneeling，andthelike;theywererequiredtobringtributetothegodsandtheirpriests，sacrifices，tithes，oblations;theyweresetlittlespecialperformancestogothroughatgiventimes;therangeofthingsforbiddenwasbroad;therangeofthingscommandedwasnarrow。TheChristianreligion，practicallyinterpreted，requiresafuller"changeofheart"andchangeoflifethananyprecedingit;whichmayaccountatonceforitswideappealtoenlightenedpeoples，andtoitsscarcityofapplication。
Again，insurveyingthefield，itisseenthatasourgraspofethicalvalueswidened，aswecalledmoreandmoreactsandtendencies"right"
and"wrong，"wehaveshownastonishingfluctuationsandvagariesinourjudgment。Notonlyinourreligions，whichhavenecessarilyupheldeachitsownsetofprescribedactionsasmost"right，"anditsownspecialprohibitionsasmost"wrong";butinourbeliefsaboutethicsandourrealconduct，wehavevariedabsurdly。
Take，forinstance，theethicalconceptamong"gentlemen"acenturyorsosince，whichputthepayingofone’sgamblingdebtsasawell—nighsacredduty，andthepayingofatradesmanwhohadfedandclothedoneasaquitenegligiblematter。Iftheprocessofgamblingwasofsocialservice，andthefurnishingoffoodandclotheswasnot，thismightbegoodethics;butasthecontraryistrue，wehavetoaccountforthispeculiarviewonothergrounds。
Again，whereinJapanagirl，tomaintainherparents，isjustifiedinleadingalifeofshame，wehaveapeculiarethicalstandarddifficultforWesternmindstoappreciate。Yetinsuchaninstanceasisdescribedin"AuldRobinGray，"weseepreciselythesamecode;thegirl，tobenefitherparents，marriesaricholdmanshedoesnotlove——whichistoleadalifeofshame。Theethicalviewwhichjustifiesthis，putsthebenefitofparentsabovethebenefitofchildren，robsthedaughterofhappinessandmotherhood，injuresposteritytoassistancestors。
Thisisoneoftheproductsofthatveryearlyreligion，ancestorworship;andherewelayafingeronadistinctlymasculineinfluence。
Weknowlittleofethicalvaluesduringthematriarchate;whatevertheywere，theymusthavedependedforsanctiononacultofpromiscuousbutefficientmaternity。Ourrecordedhistorybeginsinthepatriarchalperiod，anditisitsethicsalonewhichweknow。
Themotherinstinct，throughoutnature，isoneofunmixeddevotion，ofloveandservice，careanddefence，withnoself—interest。Theanimalfather，insuchcasesasheisofservicetotheyoung，assiststhemotherinherworkinsimilarfashion。Butthehumanfatherinthefamilywiththemaleheadsoonmadethatfamilyaninstrumentofdesire，andcombat，andself—expression，followingtheessentiallymasculineimpulses。Thechildrenwerehis，andifmales，valuabletoserveandglorifyhim。Inhisdominanceoverservilewomenandhelplesschildren，freereinwasgiventothegrowthofprideandtheexerciseofirresponsibletyranny。Tothesefeelings，developedwithoutcheckforthousandsofyears，andtothementalhabitsresultant，itiseasytotracemuchofthebiasofourearlyethicalconcepts。
Perhapsitisworthwhiletorepeatherethattheeffortofthisbookisbynomeanstoattributeawhollyevilinfluencetomen，andawhollygoodonetowomen;itisnotevenclaimedthatapurelyfeminineculturewouldhaveadvancedtheworldmoresuccessfully。Itdoesclaimthattheinfluenceofthetwotogetherisbetterthanthatofeitheronealone;
andinespecialtopointoutwhatspecialkindofinjuryisduetotheexclusiveinfluenceofonesexheretofore。
Wehaveto—dayreachedadegreeofhumandevelopmentwherebothmenandwomenarecapableofseeingoverandacrossthedistinctionsofsex，andmutuallyworkingfortheadvancementoftheworld。Ourprogressis，however，seriouslyimpededbywhatwemaycallthemasculinetradition，theunconsciousdominanceofaracehabitbasedonthislongandrocentricperiod;anditiswellworthwhile，intheinterestsofbothsexes，toshowthemischievouseffectsofthepredominanceofone。
Wehaveinourethicsnotonlya"doublestandard"inonespecialline，butinnearlyall。Man，asasex，hasquitenaturallydeifiedhisownqualitiesratherthanthoseofhisopposite。Inhiscodesofmanners，ofmorals，oflaws，inhisearlyconceptsofGod，hisancientreligions，weseemasculinitywrittenlargeoneveryside。Confiningwomenwhollytotheirfemininefunctions，hehasrequiredofthemonlywhathecalledfemininevirtues，andtheonevirtuehehasdemanded，tothecompleteovershadowingofallothers，ismeasuredbywhollymasculinerequirements。
lntheinterestsofhealthandhappiness，monogamousmarriageprovesitssuperiorityinourraceasithasinothers。Itisessentialtothebestgrowthofhumanitythatwepracticethevirtueofchastity;itisahumanvirtue，notafeminineone。Butinmasculinehandsthisvirtuewasenforceduponwomenunderpenaltiesofhideouscruelty，andquiteignoredbymen。Masculineethics，coloredbymasculineinstincts，alwaysdominatedbysex，hasatoncerecognizedthevalueofchastityinthewoman，whichisright;punisheditsabsenceunfairly，whichiswrong;andthenreversedthewholematterwhenappliedtomen，whichisridiculous。
Ethicallawsarelaws——notidlenotions。Chastityisavirtuebecauseitpromoteshumanwelfare——notbecausemenhappentoprizeitinwomenandignoreitthemselves。Theunderlyingreasonforthewholethingisthebenefitofthechild;andtothatendapureandnoblefatherhoodisrequisite，aswellassuchamotherhood。Underthelimitationsofatoomasculineethics，wehavedevelopedonthisonelinesocialconditionswhichwouldbeabsurdlyfunnyiftheywerenotsohorrible。
Religion，beitnoticed，doesnotbearoutthisattitude。Theimmensehumanneedofreligion，thenoblehumancharacterofthegreatreligiousteachers，hasalwayssetitsstandards，whenfirstestablished，aheadofhumanconduct。
Somethereare，menoflearningandauthority，whoholdthatthedeadeningimmobilityofourreligions，theirresistancetoprogressandrelentlesspreservationofprimitiveideals，isduetotheconservatismofwomen。Men，theysay，areprogressivebynature;womenareconservative。Womenaremorereligiousthanmen，andsopreserveoldreligiousformsunchangedaftermenhaveoutgrownthem。
Ifwesawwomeninabsolutefreedom，withaseparatereligiondevisedbywomen，practicedbywomen，andremainingunchangedthroughthecenturies;whilemen，ontheotherhand，boundedbravelyforward，makingnewonesasfastastheywereneeded，thisbeliefmightbemaintained。
Butwhatdowesee？Alltheoldreligionsmadebymen，andforcedonthewomenwhethertheylikeditornot。Oftenwomennotevenconsideredaspartofthescheme——deniedsouls——givenamuchlowerplaceinthesystem——goingfromtheserviceoftheirfather’sgodstotheserviceoftheirhusbands——havingnoneoftheirown。Weseereligionswhichmakepracticallynoplaceforwomen，aswiththeMoslem，asrigidlybigotedandunchangingasanyother。
Weseealsothis：thatthewideranddeeperthereligion，themorehuman，themoreitcallsforpracticalapplicationsinChristianity——themoreitappealstowomen。Further，inthedivergingsectsoftheChristianreligion，wefindthatitsprogressivenessistobemeasured，notbythenumbersofitswomenadherents，butbytheirrelativefreedom。ThewomenofAmerica，whobelongtoathousandsects，whofollownewoneswithavidity，whoevenmakethem，andwhoalsoleavethemallasmendo，arewomen，aswellasthoseofSpain，whoremaincontentedRomanists，butinAmericathestatusofwomenishigher。
Thefactisthis：aservilewomanhoodisinastateofarresteddevelopment，andassuchdoesformagroundfortheretentionofancientideas。Butthisisduetotheconditionofservility，nottowomanhood。
Thatwomenatpresentarethebulwarkoftheolderformsofourreligionsisduetotheactionoftwoclassesofmen：themenoftheworld，whokeepwomenintheirrestrictedposition，andthemenofthechurch，whotakeeveryadvantageofthelimitationsofwomen。Whenwehaveforthefirsttimeinhistoryareallycivilizedwomanhood，wecanthenjudgebetterofitseffectonreligion。
Meanwhile，wecanseequiteclearlytheeffectofmanhood。Keepinginmindthosebasicmasculineimpulses——desireandcombat——weseethemreflectedfromhighheavenintheirreligiousconcepts。Reward！
Somethingtowanttremendouslyandstruggletoachieve！Thisisaconceptperfectlymasculineandmostimperfectlyreligious。Areligionispartlyexplanation——atheoryoflife;itispartlyemotion——anattitudeofmind，itispartlyaction——asystemofmorals。Man’sspecialeffectonthislargefieldofhumandevelopmentisclear。Hepicturedhisearlygodsasliketohimself，andtheybehavedinaccordancewithhisideals。Inthedimmest，oldestreligions，nearestthematriarchate，wefindgreatgoddesses——typesofMotherhood，Mother—love，Mother—careandService。Butundermasculinedominance，IsisandAshterothdwindleawaytoanalluringAphrodite——notWomanhoodforthechildandtheWorld——buttheincarnationoffemaleattractivenessforman。
Astheideaofheavendevelopedintheman’sminditbecametheHappyHuntingGroundofthesavage，thebeeryandgoryValhallaoftheNorseman，thevoluptuous，many—houri—edParadiseoftheMohammedan。
Thesearemen’sheavensall。Womenhaveneverbeensofondofhunting，beerorblood;andtheirhouriswouldbeoftheotherkind。ItmaybesaidthattheearlyChristianideaofheavenisbynomeansplannedformen。Thatistrite，andisperhapsthereasonwhyithasneverhadsocompellinganattractionforthem。
Veryearlyinhisvagueeffortstowardsreligiousexpression，manvoicedhissecondstrongestinstinct——thatofcombat。Hisuniverseisalwaysdual，alwaysasceneofcombat。Bornwiththatimpulse，exercisingitcontinually，henaturallyassumedittobethemajorprocessinlife。
Itisnot。Growthisthemajorprocess。Combatisausefulsubsidiaryprocess，chieflyvaluableforitsinitialuse，totransmitthephysicalsuperiorityofthevictor。Psychicandsocialadvantagesarenotthussecuredortransmitted。
Innooneparticularistheandrocentriccharacterofourcommonthoughtmoreclearlyshownthaninthegeneraldeificationofwhatarenowdescribedas"conflictstimuli。"Thatwhichistrueofthemalecreatureassuchisassumedtobetrueoflifeingeneral;quitenaturally，butbynomeanscorrectly。Tothisuniversalmasculineerrorwemaytraceinthefieldofreligionandethicsthegreatdeviltheory，whichhasforsolongobscuredourminds。AGodwithoutanAdversarywasinconceivabletothemasculinemind。Fromthisbasicmisconceptionwefindallourideasofethicsdistorted;thatwhichshouldhavebeentreatedasagroupoftruthstobelearnedandhabitstobecultivatedwastreatedintermsofcombat，andmoralgrowthmadeaneverlastingbattle。Thiscombattheorywemayfollowlaterintoourcommonnotionsofdiscipline，government，lawandpunishment;hereisitenoughtoseeitspainfuleffectsinthisprimaryfieldofethicsandreligion？
Thethirdessentialmaletraitofself—expressionwemayfollowfromitsinnocentnaturalforminstruttingcockorstampingstaguptothecharacteristicswelabelvanityandpride。Thedegradationofwomeninforcingthemtoadoptmasculinemethodsofpersonaldecorationasameansoflivelihood，hascarriedwiththeconcomitantofpersonalvanity：buttothisdayandattheirworstwedonotfindinwomenthe_naive_exultantglowofpridewhichswellsthebosomofthemenwhomarchinprocessionwithbrassbands，infullregaliaofanysort，sothatitbegorgeous，exhibitingtheirgloriestoall。
ItisthispurelymasculinespiritwhichhasgiventoourearlyconceptsofDeitytheunadmirablequalitiesofboundlessprideandathirstforconstantpraiseandprostrateadmiration，characteristicscertainlyunbefittinganynobleideaofGod。Desire，combatandself—expressionallhavehadtheirunavoidableinfluenceonmasculinereligions。WhatdeifiedMaternityapurelyfeminineculturemighthaveputforthwedonotknow，havinghadnonesuch。Womenaregenerallycreditedwithasmuchmoralsenseasmen，andasmuchreligiousinstinct;butsofarithashadsmallpowertomodifyourprevailingcreeds。
Asamatteroffact，nospecialsexattributesshouldhaveanyweightinourideasofrightandwrong。Ethicsandreligionaredistinctlyhumanconcerns;theybelongtousassocialfactors，notasphysicalones。Aswelearntorecognizeourhumanness，andtoleaveoursexcharacteristicswheretheybelong，weshallatlastlearnsomethingaboutethicsasasimpleandpracticalscience，andseethatreligionsgrowasthemindgrowstoformulatethem。
Ifanyoneseeksforaclear，simple，easilygraspedproofofourethics，itistobefoundinapopularproverb。Strugglingupwardfrombeastandsavageintohumanness，manhasseen，reverenced，andstriventoattainvarioushumanvirtues。
Hewaswillingtocheckmanyprimitiveimpulses，tochangemanybarbaroushabits，tomanifestnewer，noblerpowers。MuchhewouldconcedetoHumanness，butnothissex——thatwasbeyondtherangeofEthicsorReligion。Bythestateofwhathecalls"morals，"andthelawshemakestoregulatethem，byhisattitudeincourtshipandinmarriage，andbythegrossanomalyofmilitarism，inallitssenselesswasteoflifeandwealthandjoy，wemayperceivethislittlemasculineexception：
"All’sfairinloveandwar。"
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
VIII。
EDUCATION。
Theoriginofeducationismaternal。Themotheranimalisseentoteachheryoungwhatsheknowsoflife，itsgainsandlosses;and，whetherconsciouslydoneornot，thisiseducation。Inourhumanlife，education，eveninitspresentstate，isthemostimportantprocess。
Withoutitwecouldnotmaintainourselves，muchlessdominateandimproveconditionsaswedo;andwheneducationiswhatitshouldbe，ourpowerwillincreasefarbeyondpresenthopes。
Inloweranimals，speakinggenerally，thepowersoftheracemustbelodgedineachindividual。Nogainofpersonalexperienceisofavailtotheothers。Noadvantagesremain，savethosephysicallytransmitted。
Thenarrowlimitsofpersonalgainandpersonalinheritancerigidlyheminsub—humanprogress。Withus，whatonelearnsmaybetaughttotheothers。Ourlifeissocial，collective。Ourgainisforall，andprofitsusinproportionasweextendittoall。Asthehumansouldevelopsinus，webecomeabletograspmorefullyourcommonneedsandadvantages;andwiththisgrowthhascometheextensionofeducationtothepeopleasawhole。Socialfunctionsaredevelopedundernaturallaws，likephysicalones，andmaybestudiedsimilarly。
Intheevolutionofthisbasicsocialfunction，whathasbeentheeffectofwhollymasculineinfluence？
Theoriginalprocess，instructionofindividualchildbyindividualmother，hasbeenlargelyneglectedinourman—madeworld。Thatwasconsideredasasubsidiarysex—functionofthewoman，andassuch，lefttoher"instinct。"Thisisthemainreasonwhyweshowsuchgreatprogressineducationforolderchildren，andespeciallyforyouths，andsolittlecomparativelyinthatgiventolittleones。
Wehavehadontheonesidethenaturalcurrentofmaternaleducation，withitsfirstassistant，thenursemaid，anditssecond，the"dame—school";andontheothertheinfluenceofthedominantclass，organizedinuniversity，college，andpublicschool，slowlyfilteringdownward。
Educationalforcesaremany。Thechildisbornintocertainconditions，physicalandpsychic，and"educated"thereby。Hegrowsupintosocial，politicalandeconomicconditions，andisfurthermodifiedbythem。Alltheseconditions，sofar，havebeenofandrocentriccharacter;butwhatwecalleducationasaspecialsocialprocessiswhatthechildisdeliberatelytaughtandsubjectedto;anditisherewemayseethesamedominantinfluencesoclearly。
Thisconsciouseducationwas，forlong，giventoboysalone，thegirlsbeinglefttomaternalinfluence，eachtolearnwhathermotherknew，andnomore。Thisveryclearinstanceofthemasculinetheoryisglaringenoughbyitselftorestacaseon。Itshowshowabsolutewastheassumptionthattheworldwascomposedofmen，andmenaloneweretobefittedforit。Womenwerenopartoftheworld，andneedednotrainingforitsuses。Asfemalestheywerebornandnotmade;ashumanbeingstheywereonlyservants，trainedassuchbytheirservantmothers。
Thissystemofeducationweareoutgrowingmoreswiftlywitheachyear。
Thegrowinghumannessofwomen，anditsrecognition，isforcinganequaleducationforboyandgirl。Whenthisdemandwasfirstmade，bywomenofunusualcalibre，andbymensufficientlyhumantooverlooksex—prejudice，howwasitmet？Whatwastheattitudeofwoman’s"naturalprotector"whenshebegantoasksomeshareinhumanlife？
Undertheuniversalassumptionthatmenalonewerehumanity，thattheworldwasmasculineandformenonly，theeffortsofthewomenweremetasadeliberateattemptto"unsex"themselvesandbecomemen。Tobeawomanwastobeignorant，uneducated;tobewise，educated，wastobeaman。Womenwerenotmen，visibly;thereforetheycouldnotbeeducated，andoughtnottowanttobe。
Underthisandrocentricprejudice，theequalextensionofeducationtowomenwasopposedateverystep，andisstillopposedbymany。Seeinginwomenonlysex，andnothumanness，theywouldconfineherexclusivelytofeminineinterests。Thisisthemasculineview，_parexcellence_。
Inspiteofit，thehumandevelopmentofwomen，whichsosplendidlycharacterizesourage，hasgoneon;andnowbothwoman’scollegesandthoseforbothsexesoffer"thehighereducation"toourgirls，aswellasthelowergradesinschoolandkindergarten。
Inthespecialprofessionaltraining，thesameoppositionwasexperienced，evenmorerancorousandcruel。Onewouldthinkthatontheentranceofafewstragglingandnecessarilyinferiorfemininebeginnersintoatradeorprofession，thoseinpossessionwouldextendtothemtherighthandoffellowship，ascomrades，extraassistanceasbeginners，andspecialcourtesyaswomen。
Thecontraryoccurred。Womenwerebarredout，discriminatedagainst，takenadvantageof，ascompetitors;andaswomentheyhavehadtomeetspecialdangerandoffenceinsteadofspecialcourtesy。Anunforgettableinstanceofthisliesintheattitudeofthemedicalcollegestowardwomenstudents。Themen，strongenough，onewouldthink，innumbers，inknowledge，inestablishedprecedent，tobegenerous，opposedthenewcomersfirstwithabsoluterefusal;then，whenthepatient，persistentapplicantsdidgetinside，bothstudentsandteachersmetthemnotonlywithunkindnessandunfairness，butwithaweaponingeniouslywellchosen，andmostdiscreditable——namely，obscenity。Graveprofessors，inlectureandclinic，aswellasgrinningstudents，usedoffensivelanguage，andplayedoffensivetricks，todrivethewomenout——amostandrocentricperformance。
Rememberthattheessentialmasculineattitudeisoneofopposition，ofcombat;hisdesireisobtainedbyfirstovercomingacompetitor;andthenseehowthisdominantmasculinitystandsoutwhereithasnopossibleuseorbenefit——inthefieldofeducation。Allalongtheline，man，longmasterofasubjectsex，foughteverystepofwomantowardmentalequality。Nevertheless，sincemodernmanhasbecomehumanenoughtobejust，hehasatlastletherhaveashareintheadvantagesofeducation;andshehasprovenherfullpowertoappreciateandusetheseadvantages。
Thento—dayrisesanewcryagainst"womenineducation。"HereisMr。
BarrettWendell，ofHarvard，solemnlyclaimingthatteachingwomenweakenstheintellectoftheteacher，andeverynowandthenburstsoutafranticsputterofalarmoverthe"feminization"ofourschools。Itistruethatthemajorityofteachersarenowwomen。Itistruethattheydohaveaninfluenceongrowingchildren。Itwouldevenseemtobetruethatthatislargelywhatwomenarefor。
Butthemaleassumeshisinfluencetobenormal，human，andthefemaleinfluenceaswhollyamatterofsex;therefore，wherewomenteachboys，theboysbecome"effeminate"——agrievousfall。Whenmenteachgirls，dothegirlsbecome—————？Hereagainwelacktheanalogue。Neverhasitoccurredtotheandrocentricmindtoconceiveofsuchathingasbeingtoomasculine。Thereisnosuchword！Itisoddtonoticethatwhicheverwaythewomanisplaced，sheissupposedtoexertthisdegradinginfluence;iftheteacher，sheeffeminizesherpupils;ifthepupil，sheeffeminizesherteachers。
Nowletusshakeourselvesfree，ifonlyforamoment，fromtheandrocentrichabitofmind。
Asamatterofsex，thefemaleisthemoreimportant。Hershareoftheprocesseswhichsexdistinctionservesisbyfarthegreater。Tobefeminine——ifonewerenothingelse，isafarmoreextensiveanddignifiedofficethantobemasculine——andnothingelse。
Butasamatterofhumanitythemaleofourspeciesisatpresentfaraheadofthefemale。Bythissuperiorhumanness，hisknowledge，hisskill，hisexperience，hisorganizationandspecialization，hemakesandmanagestheworld。Allthisishuman，notmale。Allthisisasopentothewomanasthemanbynature，buthasbeendeniedherduringourandrocentricculture。
Butevenif，inapurelyhumanprocess，suchaseducation，shedoesbringherspecialfemininecharacteristicstobear，whatarethey，andwhataretheresults？
Wecanseethemasculineinfluenceeverywherestilldominantandsuperior。Thereisthefirstspur，Desire，thebaseoftherewardsystem，theincentiveofself—interest，theattitudewhichsays，"WhyshouldImakeaneffortunlessitwillgivemepleasure？"withitsconcomitantlaziness，unwillingnesstoworkwithoutpayment。Thereisthesecondspur，Combat，thecompetitivesystem，whichsetsoneagainstanother，andfindspleasurenotinlearning，notexercisingthemind，butingettingaheadofone’sfellows。Underthesetwowhollymasculineinfluenceswehavemadetheeducationalprocessajoytothefewwhosuccessfullyattain，andawearyeffort，withfailureandcontumelyattached，toalltheothers。Thismaybeagoodmethodinsex—competition，butiswhollyoutofplaceandmischievousineducation。Itsprevalenceshowstheinjuriousmasculizationofthisnoblesocialprocess。
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