13。U—？ab—sibEn—？ag—dugaNuskuNusku14—19havetwoothernamesofNusku，followedbythreenamesofhisconsort。Anumberofnamesofminordivinitiesthenfollow。Atline43fivenamesofêaaregiven，followedbyfourofMerodach：——

48。U—bi—lu—luEn—bi—lu—luMardukMerodach49。U—Tin—dirkiEn—Tin—dirkiMardukMerodachas"lordofBabylon。"

50。U—dimmer—an—kiaEn—dinger—an—kiaMardukMerodachas"lordgodofheavenandearth。"

51。U—ab—？ar—uEn—ab—？ar—uMardukMerodach，apparentlyas"lordofthe36，000steers。"

52。U—bar—gi—siNin—bar—gi—siZer—pan？tumMerodach’sconsort。

53。Ga？an—abzuNin—abzudam—bisal"theLadyoftheAbyss，"hisconsort。

Theremainderoftheobverseismutilated，butgavethenamesofNeboinSumerian，andapparentlyalsoofTa？mêtum，hisconsort。Thebeginningofthereversealsoismutilated，butseemstohavegiventhenamesofthesun—god，？ama？，andhisconsort，followedbythoseofK？ttuandMê？arum，"justiceandrighteousness，"hisattendants。Otherinterestingnamesare：

/Reverse/

8。U—libir—siEn—ubar—siDumu—ziTammuz9。Sir—tumuSir—duamaDumuzi—githemotherofTammuz12。Ga？an—annaInnannaI？tarI？tar（Venus）as"ladyofheaven。"

20。Nin—si—annaInnannamulI？tarthestar（theplanetVenus）。

21。NinNin—tag—tagaNanaaagoddessidentifiedwithI？tar。

23。U—？ahNina—？ahPap—sukalthegods’messenger。

24。U—bandaLugal—bandaLugal—banda26。U—MersiNin—GirsuNin—GirsuthechiefgodofLaga？。

27。Ma—sib—sibGa—tum—dugaBauBau，agoddessidentifiedwithGula。

Fournon—SemiticnamesofGulafollow，ofwhichthatinline31isthemostinteresting：——

31。Ga？an—ti—dibbaNin—tin—guuaGula"theladysavingfromdeath。"

33。Ga？an—ki—galEre？—ki—galaAllatuPersephone。

36。U—mu—zi—daNin—gi？—zi—daNin—gi？—zida"thelordoftheeverlastingtree。"

37。U—urugalNe—eri—galNerigalNergal。

42。Mulu—hursagGalu—hursagAmurrutheAmoritegod。

43。Ga？an—gu—edinaNin—gu—edina（apparentlytheconsortofAmurru）。

Inallprobabilitythislistisoneofcomparativelylatedate，thoughitschronologicalpositionwithregardtotheothersiswhollyuncertain——itmaynotbelater，andmayevenbeearlier，thanthosebeginningwithAnu，thegodoftheheavens。Theimportantthingaboutitis，thatitbeginswith/？lu/，god，ingeneral，whichiswritten，inthestandarddialect（thatofthesecondcolumn）withthesamecharacterasthatusedforthenameofAnu。AfterthiscomesAaorêa，thegodoftheearth，andhisconsort，followedbyEn—lilla，theolderBel——IllinosinDamascius。Thenameofêaisrepeatedagaininline43

andfollowing，whereheisapparentlyre—introducedasthefatherofMerodach，whosenamesimmediatelyfollow。ThispeculiarityisalsofoundinotherlistsofgodsandisundoubtedlyareflectionofthehistoryoftheBabylonianreligion。AsthislistreplacesAnuby/？lu/，itindicatestheruleofEnkiorêa，followedbythatofMerodach，who，ashasbeenshown，becamethechiefdivinityoftheBabylonianpantheoninconsequenceofBabylonhavingbecomethecapitalofthecountry。

CHAPTERIV

THEPRINCIPALGODSOFTHEBABYLONIANSANDASSYRIANS

Anu。

ThenameofthisdivinityisderivedfromtheSumero—Akkadian/ana/，"heaven，"ofwhichhewastheprincipaldeity。Heiscalledthefatherofthegreatgods，though，inthecreation—story，heseemstobedescribedasthesonofAn？arandKi？ar。Inearlynamesheisdescribedasthefather，creator，andgod，probablymeaningthesupremebeing。HisconsortwasAnatu，andthepairareregardedinthelistsasthesameastheLahmuandLahameofthecreation—story，who，withotherdeities，arealsodescribedasgodsoftheheavens。AnuwasworshippedatErech，alongwithI？tar。

Ea。

Isgivenasifitwerethe/Semitic/equivalentof/Enki/，"thelordoftheearth，"butitwouldseemtobereallyaSumerianword，laterwritten/Ae/，andcertaininscriptionssuggestthatthetruereadingwas/Aa/。Histitlesare"kingoftheAbyss，creatorofeverything，lordofall，"thefirstbeingseeminglyduetothefactthatAaisawordwhichmay，initsreduplicateform，mean"waters，"orifread/êa/，"houseofwater。"Healso，likeAnu，iscalled"fatherofthegods。"Asthisgodwaslikewise"lordofdeepwisdom，"itwastohimthathissonMerodachwentforadvicewheneverhewasindoubt。Onaccountofhisknowledge，hewasthegodofartisansingeneral——

potters，blacksmiths，sailors，builders，stone—cutters，gardeners，seers，barbers，farmers，etc。ThisistheAos（aformwhichconfirmsthereadingAa）ofDamascius，andtheOannesoftheextractsfromBerosus，whostatesthathewas"acreatureendowedwithreason，withabodylikethatofafish，andunderthefish’sheadanotherhead，withfeetbelow，likethoseofaman，withafish’stail。"Thisdescriptionappliesfairlywelltocertainbas—reliefsfromNimroudintheBritishMuseum。ThecreaturedescribedbyBerosuslivedinthePersianGulf，landingduringthedaytoteachtheinhabitantsthebuildingofhousesandtemples，thecultivationofusefulplants，thegatheringoffruits，andalsogeometry，law，andletters。Fromhim，too，cametheaccountofthebeginningofthingsreferredtoinchapterIII。which，intheoriginalGreek，isprecededbyadescriptionofthecompositemonsterssaidtohaveexistedbeforeMerodachassumedtheruleoftheuniverse。

Thenameofhisconsort，DamkinaorDawkina，probablymeans"theeternalspouse，"andherothernames，/Ga？an—ki/（Sumeriandialectic）

and/Nin—ki/（non—dialectic），"Ladyoftheearth，"sufficientlyindicatesherprovince。Sheisoftenmentionedintheincantationswithêa。

TheforsakingoftheworshipofêaaschiefgodforthatofMerodachseemstohavecausedconsiderableheartburninginBabylonia，ifwemayjudgefromthestoryoftheFlood，foritwasonaccountofhisfaithfulnessthatUtnipi？tim，theBabylonianNoah，attainedtosalvationfromtheFloodandimmortalityafterwards。Allthroughthisadventureitwasthegodêawhofavouredhim，andafterwardsgavehimimmortalitylikethatofthegods。ThereisaninterestingSumeriantextinwhichtheshipofêaseemstobedescribed，thewoodsofwhichitsvariouspartswereformedbeingnamed，andinit，apparently，wereEnki（êa），Damgal—nunna（Damkina），hisconsort，Asari—lu—duga（Merodach），In—ab（orIne？），thepilotofêridu（êa’scity），andNin—igi—nagar—sir，"thegreatarchitectofheaven"：——

"Maytheshipbeforetheebringfertility，Maytheshipaftertheebringjoy，Inthyheartmayitmakejoyofheart……"

êawasthegodoffertility，hencethisendingtothepoeticaldescriptionoftheshipofêa。

Bel。

Thedeitywhoismentionednextinorderinthelistgivenaboveisthe"olderBel，"socalledtodistinguishhimfromBel—Merodach。Hisprincipalnameswere/Mullil/（dialectic）or/En—lilla/[*]（standardspeech），the/Illinos/ofDamascius。Hisnameisgenerallytranslated"lordofmist，"so—calledasgodoftheunderworld，hisconsortbeing/Ga？an—lil/or/Nan—lilla/，"theladyofthemist，"inSemiticBabylonian/Bêltu/，"theLady，"parexcellence。Bel，whosenamemeans"thelord，"wassocalledbecausehewasregardedaschiefofthegods。AstherewasconsiderableconfusioninconsequenceofthetitleBelhavingbeengiventoMerodach，Tiglath—pileserI。（about1200

B。C。）referstohimasthe"olderBel"indescribingthetemplewhichhebuiltforhimatA？？ur。Numerousnamesofmencompoundedwithhisoccuruntilthelatesttimes，implyingthat，thoughthefavouritegodwasMerodach，theworshipofBelwasnotforgotten，evenatBabylon——

thatheshouldhavebeenadoredathisowncity，Niffur，andatDur—

Kuri—galzu，whereKuri—galzuI。builtatemplefor"Bel，thelordofthelands，"wasnaturallytobeexpected。Being，likeêa，agodoftheearth，heisregardedashavingformedatrinitywithAnu，thegodofheaven，andêa，thegodofthedeep，andprayertothesethreewasasgoodasinvokingallthegodsoftheuniverse。Classificationofthegodsaccordingtothedomainoftheirpowerwouldnaturallytakeplaceinareligioussysteminwhichtheywereallidentifiedwitheachother，andthisclassificationindicates，asJastrowsays，adeepknowledgeofthepowersofnature，andamorethanaverageintelligenceamongtheBabylonians——indeed，heholdsitasaproofthat，attheperiodoftheolderempire，therewereschoolsandstudentswhohaddevotedthemselvestoreligiousspeculationuponthispoint。HealsoconjecturesthatthethirdcommandmentoftheLawofMoseswasdirectedagainstthisdoctrineheldbytheBabylonians。

[*]Ordinarilypronounced/Illila/，ascertainglossesandDamascius’s/Illinos/（for/Illilos/）show。

Beltis。

ThisgoddesswasproperlyonlythespouseoftheolderBel，butas/Bêltu/，herBabylonianname，simplymeant"lady"ingeneral（justas/Bêl/or/bêlu/meant"lord"），itbecameatitlewhichcouldbegiventoanygoddess，andwasinfactbornebyZer—pan？tum，I？tar，Nanaa，andothers。Itwasthereforeoftenneedfultoaddthenameofthecityoverwhichthespecial/Bêltu/presided，inordertomakeclearwhichofthemwasmeant。BesidesbeingthetitleofthespouseoftheolderBel，havingherearthlyseatwithhiminNiffurandotherlessimportantshrines，theAssyrianssometimesnameBêltuthespouseofA？？ur，theirnationalgod，suggestinganidentification，inthemindsofthepriests，withthatdeity。

ênu—rê？tuorNirig。[*]

Whether/ênu—rê？tu/beatranslationof/Nirig/ornot，isuncertain，butnotimprobable，themeaningbeing"primevallord，"orsomethingsimilar，and"lord"thatofthefirstelement，/ni/，intheSumerianform。Insupportofthisreadingandrenderingmaybequotedthefact，thatoneofthedescriptionsofthisdivinityis/a？sarid？laniahê—？u/，"theeldestofthegodshisbrothers。"ItisnoteworthythatthisdeitywasaspecialfavouriteamongtheAssyrians，manyofwhosekings，tosaynothingofprivatepersons，borehisnameasacomponentpartoftheirs。Inthebilingualpoementitled/Ana—kimegimma/

（"FormedlikeAnu"），heisdescribedasbeingthesonofBel（hencehisappearanceafterBelinthelistprintedabove），andinthelikenessofAnu，forwhichreason，perhaps，hisdivinityiscalled"Anuship。"Beginningwithwordspraisinghim，itseemstorefertohisattitudetowardsthegodsofhostilelands，againstwhom，apparently，herodeinachariotofthesacredlapis—lazuli。Anuhavingendowedhimwithterribleglory，thegodsoftheearthfearedtoattackhim，andhisonrushwasasthatofastorm—flood。BythecommandofBel，hiscoursewasdirectedtowardsê—kur，thetempleofBelatNiffur。

HerehewasmetbyNusku，thesuprememessengerofBel，who，withwordsofrespectandofpraise，askshimnottodisturbthegodBel，hisfather，inhisseat，normakethegodsoftheearthtrembleinUp？ukennaku（theheavenlyfestival—hallofthegods），andoffershimagift。[？]Itwillthusbeseenthatênu—rê？tuwasarivaltotheolderBel，whosetemplewasthegreattowerinstagescalledê—kura，inwhich，inallprobability，ê—？u—me—du，theshrineofênu—rê？tu，waslikewisesituated。Theinscriptionscallhim"godofwar，"though，unlikeNergal，hewasnotatthesametimegodofdiseaseandpestilence。Toallappearancehewasthegodofthevariouskindsofstones，ofwhichanotherlegendstatesthathe"determinedtheirfate。"Hewas"thehero，whosenetoverthrowstheenemy，whosummonshisarmytoplunderthehostileland，theroyalsonwhocausedhisfathertobowdowntohimfromafar。""Thesonwhosatnotwiththenurse，andeschewed（？）thestrengthofmilk，""theoffspringwhodidnotknowhisfather。""Herodeoverthemountainsandscatteredseed——unanimouslytheplantsproclaimedhisnametotheirdominion，amongthemlikeagreatwildbullheraiseshishorns。"

[*]/ênu—rê？tu/isthereadingwhichIhaveadoptedastheSemiticBabylonianequivalentofthenameofthisdivinity，inconsequenceoftheAramaictranscriptiongivenbycertaincontract—tabletsdiscoveredbytheAmericanexpeditiontoNiffer，andpublishedbyProf。ClayofPhiladelphia。

[？]Theresultofthisrequestisnotknown，inconsequenceofthedefectivestateofthetablets。

ManyotherinterestingdescriptionsofthedeityNirig（generallyreadNin—ip）occur，andshow，withthosequotedhere，thathisstorywasoneofmorethanordinaryinterest。

Nusku。

ThisdeitywasespeciallyinvokedbytheAssyriankings，butwasinnowiseexclusivelyAssyrian，asisshownbythefactthathisnameoccursinmanyBabylonianinscriptions。Hewasthegreatmessengerofthegods，andisvariouslygivenas"theoffspringoftheabyss，thecreationofêa，"and"thelikenessofhisfather，thefirst—bornofBel。"AsGibil，thefire—god，haslikewisethesamediverseparentage，itisregardedaslikelythatthesetwogodswereidentical。Nuskuwasthegodwhosecommandissupreme，thecounsellorofthegreatgods，theprotectoroftheIgigi（thegodsoftheheavens），thegreatandpowerfulone，thegloriousday，theburningone，thefounderofcities，therenewerofsanctuaries，theprovideroffeastsforalltheIgigi，withoutwhomnofeasttookplaceinê—kura。LikeNebo，heborethegloriousspectre，anditwassaidofhimthatheattackedmightilyinbattle。Withouthimthesun—god，thejudge，couldnotgivejudgment。

Allthispointstotheprobability，thatNuskumaynothavebeenthefire—god，butthebrotherofthefire—god，i。e。eitherflame，orthelightoffire。Thesun—god，withoutlight，couldnotsee，andthereforecouldnotgivejudgment：nofeastcouldbepreparedwithoutfireanditsflame。Astheevidenceofthepresenceoftheshiningorbsintheheavens——thelightoftheirfires——hewasthemessengerofthegods，andwashonouredaccordingly。Fromthisidea，too，hebecametheirmessengeringeneral，especiallyofBel—Merodach，theyoungerBel，whoserequestshecarriedtothegodêaintheDeep。InoneinscriptionheisidentifiedwithNirigorênu—rê？tu，whoisdescribedabove。

Merodach。

Concerningthisgod，andhowhearosetothepositionofkingofallthegodsofheaven，hasbeenfullyshowninchapterIII。Thoughthereisbutlittleinhisattributestoindicateanyconnectionwith？ama？，thereishardlyanydoubtthathewasoriginallyasun—god，asisshownbytheetymologyofhisname。Theform，asithasbeenhandeddowntous，issomewhatshortened，theoriginalpronunciationhavingbeen/Amar—uduk/，"theyoungsteerofday，"anamewhichsuggeststhathewasthemorningsun。OfthefournamesgivenattheendofchapterIII。，two——"lordofBabylon，"and"lordgodofheavenandearth，"——mayberegardedasexpressinghismorewell—knownattributes。/En—ab—？ar—

u/，however，isaprovisional，thoughnotimpossible，readingandrendering，andifcorrect，the"36，000wildbulls"wouldbeametaphoricalwayofspeakingof"the36，000heroes，"probablymeaningthegodsofheaveninalltheirgrades。Thesignificationof/En—

bilulu/isunknown。LikemostoftheothergodsoftheBabylonianpantheon，however，Merodachhadmanyothernames，amongwhichmaybementioned/Asari/，whichhasbeencomparedwiththeEgyptianOsiris，/Asari—lu—duga/，"/Asari/whoisgood，"comparedwithOsirisUnnefer；

/Namtila/，"life"，/Tutu/，"begetter（ofthegods），renewer（ofthegods），"/？ar—azaga/，"thegloriousincantation，"/Mu—azaga/，"thegloriouscharm，"andmanyothers。Thelasttworefertohisbeingthegodwho，byhiskindness，obtainedfromhisfatherêa，dwellingintheabyss，thosecharmsandincantationswhichbenefitedmankind，andrestoredthesicktohealth。Inthisconnection，afrequenttitlegiventohimis"themercifulone，"butmostmercifulwasheinthathesparedthelivesofthegodswho，havingsidedwithTaiwath，werehisenemies，asisrelatedinthetabletofthefifty—onenames。Inconnectionwiththefightheborealsothenames，"annihilatoroftheenemy，""rooteroutofallevil，""troubleroftheevilones，""lifeofthewholeofthegods。"FromthesenamesitisclearthatMerodach，indefeatingTiawath，annihilated，atthesametime，thespiritofevil，Satan，theaccuser，ofwhichshewas，probably，theBabyloniantype。ButunliketheSaviourintheChristiancreed，hesavednotonlyman，atthattimeuncreated，butthegodsofheavenalso。As"kingoftheheavens，"hewasidentifiedwiththelargestoftheplanets，Jupiter，aswellaswithotherheavenlybodies。Traversingtheskyingreatzigzags，JupiterseemedtotheBabylonianstosuperintendthestars，andthiswasregardedasemblematicofMerodachshepherdingthem——"pasturingthegodslikesheep，"asthetablethasit。

AlonglistofgodsgivesasitwerethecourtofMerodach，heldinwhatwasapparentlyaheavenly/ê—sagila/，andamongthespiritualbeingsmentionedare/Mina—？kul—bêli/and/Mina—i？t？—bêli/，"whatmylordhaseaten，"and"whathasmylorddrunk，"/Nadin—mê—gati/，"hewhogiveswaterforthehands，"alsothetwodoor—keepers，andthefourdogsofMerodach，whereinpeopleareinclinedtoseethefoursatellitesofJupiter，which，itisthought，wereprobablyvisibletocertainofthemoresharp—sightedstargazersofancientBabylonia。

Thesedogswerecalled/Ukkumu/，/Akkulu/，/Ik？suda/，and/Iltebu/，"Seizer，""Eater，""Grasper，"and"Holder。"Imagesofthesebeingswereprobablykeptinthetempleofê—sagilaatBabylon。

Zer—pan？tum。

ThiswasthenameoftheconsortofMerodach，andisgenerallyreadSarp（b）anitum——atranscriptionwhichisagainstthenativeorthographyandetymology，namely，"seed—creatress"（Zer—ban？tum）。ThemeaningattributedtothiswordispartlyconfirmedbyanothernamewhichLehmannhaspointedoutthatshepossessed，namely，/Erua/or/Aru’a/，who，inaninscriptionofAntiochusSoter（280—260B。C。）iscalled"thequeenwhoproducesbirth，"butmoreespeciallybythecircumstance，thatshemustbeidenticalwithAruru，whocreatedtheseedofmankindalongwithMerodach。Whyshewascalled"theladyoftheabyss，"andelsewhere"thevoiceoftheabyss"（/Me—abzu/）isnotknown。Zer—pan？tumwasnomerereflectionofMerodach，butoneofthemostimportantgoddessesintheBabylonianpantheon。Thetendencyofscholarshasbeentoidentifyherwiththemoon，Merodachbeingasolardeityandthemeaning"silvery"——/Sarpanitum/，from/sarpu/，oneofthewordsfor"silver，"wasregardedassupportingthisidea。ShewasidentifiedwiththeElamitegoddessnamedElagu，andwiththeLahamumoftheislandofBahrein，theBabylonianTilmun。

NeboandTa？mêtum。

As"theteacher"and"thehearer"thesewereamongthemostpopularofthedeitiesofBabyloniaandAssyria。Nebo（inSemiticBabylonianNab？）wasworshippedatthetemple—towerknownasê—zida，"theever—

lastinghouse，"atBorsippa，nowtheBirsNimroud，traditionallyregardedasthesiteoftheTowerofBabel，thoughthattitle，ashasalreadybeenshown，wouldbestsuitthesimilarstructureknownasê—sagila，"thehouseofthehighhead，"inBabylonitself。Incompositionwithmen’snames，thisdeityoccursmorethananyother，evenincludingMerodachhimself——aclearindicationoftheestimationinwhichtheBabyloniansandAssyriansheldthepossessionofknowledge。Thecharacterwithwhichhisnameiswrittenmeans，withthepronunciationof/ak/，"tomake，""tocreate，""toreceive，""toproclaim，"andwiththepronunciationof/me/，"tobewise，""wisdom，"

"openofear，""broadofear，"and"tomake，ofahouse，"thelastprobablyreferringtothedesignratherthantotheactualbuilding。

Underthenameof/Dim—？ara/hewas"thecreatorofthewritingofthescribes，"as/Ni—zu/，"thegodwhoknows"（/zu/，"toknow"），as/Mermer/，"thespeeder（？）ofthecommandofthegods"——ontheSumeriansideindicatingsomeconnectionwithAdduorRimmon，thethunderer，andontheSemiticsidewithênu—rê？tu，whowasoneofthegods’

messengers。AsmallfragmentintheBritishMuseumgavehisattributesasgodofthevariouscitiesofBabylonia，butunfortunatelytheirnamesarelostorincomplete。Fromwhatremains，however，weseethatNebowasgodofditching（？），commerce（？），granaries（？），fasting（？），andfood；itwashewhooverthrewthelandoftheenemy，andwhoprotectedplanting；and，lastly，hewasgodofBorsippa。

TheworshipofNebowasnotalwaysaspopularasitbecameinthelaterdaysoftheBabylonianempireandafteritsfall，andJastrowisofopinionthatHammurabiintentionallyignoredthisdeity，givingthepreferencetoMerodach，thoughhedidnotsuppresstheworship。Whythisshouldhavetakenplaceisnotbyanymeanscertain，forNebowasadeityadoredfarandwide，asmaybegatheredfromthefactthattherewasamountainbearinghisnameinMoab，uponwhichMoses——alsoan"announcer，"addsJastrow——died。Besidesthemountain，therewasacityinMoabsonamed，andanotherinJud？a。ThatitwastheBabylonianNebooriginallyisimpliedbytheform——theHebrewcorrespondingwordis/nabi/。

HowoldtheworshipofTa？mêtum，hisconsort，is，isdoubtful，buthernamefirstoccursinadateofthereignofHammurabi。Detailsconcerningherattributesarerare，andJastrowregardsthisgoddessastheresultofBabylonianreligiousspeculations。Itisnoteworthythatherworshipappearsmoreespeciallyinlatertimes，butitmaybedoubtedwhetheritisaproductofthoselatetimes，especiallywhenwebearinmindtheremarkableseal—impressiononanearlytabletof3500—4500B。C。，belongingtoLordAmherstofHackney，inwhichweseeamalefigurewithwide—openmouthseizingastagbyhishorns，andafemalefigurewithnomouthatall，butwithveryprominentears，holdingabullinasimilarmanner。Herewehavethe"teacher"andthe"hearer"personifiedinaveryremarkablemanner，anditmaywellbethatthisprimitivepictureshowstheideathenprevailingwithregardtothesetwodeities。ItistobenotedthatthenameofTa？mêtumhasaSumerianequivalent，namely，/Kurnun/，andthattheideographbywhichitisrepresentedisonewhosegeneralmeaningseemstobe"tobind，"perhapswiththeadditionalsignificationof"toaccomplish，"

inwhichcase"shewhohears"wouldalsobe"shewhoobeys。"？ama？andhisconsort。

AtalltimestheworshipofthesuninBabyloniaandAssyriawasexceedinglypopular，as，indeed，wastobeexpectedfromhisimportanceasthegreatestoftheheavenlybodiesandthebrightest，withoutwhosehelpmencouldnotlive，anditisanexceedinglynoteworthyfactthatthisdeitydidnotbecome，likeRainEgypt，theheadofthepantheon。ThisplacewasreservedforMerodach，alsoasun—god，butpossessingattributesofafarwiderscope。？ama？ismentionedasearlyasthereignofê—anna—tum，whosedateissetatabout4200B。C。，andatthisperiodhisSemiticnamedoesnot，naturally，occur，thecharacterusedbeing/Utu/，or，initslongerform，/Utuki/。

Itisworthyofnotethat，inconsequenceoftheBabylonianideaofevolutioninthecreationoftheworld，lessperfectbeingsbroughtforththosewhichweremoreperfect，andthesunwasthereforetheoffspringofNannaraorSin，themoon。Inaccordancewiththesameidea，theday，withtheSemites，beganwiththeevening，thetimewhenthemoonbecamevisible，andthusbecomestheoffspringofthenight。

Intheinscriptions？ama？isdescribedas"thelightofthingsaboveandthingsbelow，theilluminatoroftheregions，""thesupremejudgeofheavenandearth，""thelordoflivingcreatures，thegraciousoneofthelands。"Dawninginthefoundationofthesky，heopenedthelocksandthrewwidethegatesofthehighheavens，andraisedhishead，coveringheavenandearthwithhissplendour。Hewastheconstantlyrighteousinheaven，thetruthwithintheearsofthelands，thegodknowingjusticeandinjustice，righteousnesshesupporteduponhisshoulders，unrighteousnessheburstasunderlikealeatherbond，etc。Itwillthusbeseen，thatthesun—godwasthegreatgodofjudgmentandjustice——indeed，heisconstantlyalludedtoas"thejudge，"thereasoninallprobabilitybeing，thatasthesunshinesupontheearthalldaylong，andhislightpenetrateseverywhere，hewasregardedasthegodwhoknewandinvestigatedeverything，andwasthereforebestinapositiontojudgearight，anddeliverajustdecision。ItisforthisreasonthathisimageappearsattheheadofthesteleinscribedwithHammurabi’slaws，andlegalceremonieswereperformedwithintheprecinctsofhistemples。Thechiefseatsofhisworshipwerethegreattemplescalledê—babbara，"thehouseofgreatlight，"inthecitiesofLarsaandSippar。

Theconsortof？ama？wasAa，whosechiefseatwasatSippar，sidebysidewith？ama？。Thoughonlyaweakreflexofthesun—god，herworshipwasexceedinglyancient，beingmentionedinaninscriptionofMan—i？tusu，whoisregardedashavingreignedbeforeSargonofAgadé。

Fromthefactthat，inoneofthelists，shehasnamesformedbyreduplicatingthenameofthesun—god，/Utu/，shewouldseemoncetohavebeenidenticalwithhim，inwhichcaseitmaybesupposedthatshepersonifiedthesettingsun——"thedoublesun"fromthemagnifieddiscwhichhepresentsatsunset，when，accordingtoahymntothesettingsunsungatthetempleatBorsippa，Aa，intheSumerianlineKur—nirda，wasaccustomedtogotoreceivehim。Accordingtothelistreferredtoabove，Aa，withthenameofBuridainSumerian，wasmoreespeciallytheconsortof？a—zu，"himwhoknowstheheart，"oneofthenamesofMerodach，whowasprobablythemorningsun，andthereforetheexactcounterpartofthesunatevening。

Besides？ama？andUtu，thelatterhisordinarySumerianname，thesun—

godhadseveralothernon—Semiticnames，including/Gi？nu/，[*]"thelight，"/Ma—banda—anna/，"thebarkofheaven，"/U—ê/，"therisingsun，"/Mitra/，apparentlythePersianMithra；/Ume—？ima？/andNahunda，Elamitenames，andSahi，theKassitenameofthesun。HealsosometimesbearsthenamesofhisattendantsKittuandMê？aru，"Truth"

and"Righteousness，"whoguidedhimuponhispathasjudgeoftheearth。

[*]Itisthegroupexpressingthiswordwhichisusedfor？ama？inthenameof？ama？—？um—uk？n（Saosduchinos），thebrotherofA？？ur—

bani—apli（Assurbanipal）。TheGreekequivalentimpliesthepronunciation/？awa？/，aswellas/？ama？/。

TammuzandI？tar。

ThedateoftheriseofthemythofTammuzisuncertain，butasthenameofthisgodisfoundontabletsofthetimeofLugal—andaandUru—ka—gina（about3500B。C。），itcanhardlybeoflaterdatethan4000B。C。，andmaybemuchearlier。Asheisrepeatedlycalled"theshepherd，"andhadadomainwherehepasturedhisflock，ProfessorSayceseesinTammuz"DaonusorDaos，theshepherdofPantibibla，"

who，accordingtoBerosus，ruledinBabyloniafor10/sari/，or36，000

years，andwasthesixthkingofthemythicalperiod。Accordingtotheclassicstory，themotherofTammuzhadunnaturalintercoursewithherownfather，beingurgedtheretobyAphroditewhomshehadoffended，andwhohaddecidedthustoavengeherself。Beingpursuedbyherfather，whowishedtokillherforthiscrime，sheprayedtothegods，andwasturnedintoatree，fromwhosetrunkAdoniswasafterwardsborn。Aphroditewassocharmedwiththeinfantthat，placinghiminachest，shegavehimintothecareofPersephone，who，however，whenshediscoveredwhatatreasureshehadinherkeeping，refusedtopartwithhimagain。Zeuswasappealedto，anddecidedthatforfourmonthsintheyearAdonisshouldbelefttohimself，fourshouldbespentwithAphrodite，andfourwithPersephone，andsixwithAphroditeonearth。Hewasafterwardsslain，whilsthunting，byawildboar。

NothinghascomedowntousasyetconcerningthislegendexcepttheincidentofhisdwellinginHades，whitherI？tar，theBabylonianVenus，wentinsearchofhim。Itisnotbyanymeansunlikely，however，thatthewholestoryexistedinBabylonia，andthencespreadtoPh？nicia，andafterwardstoGreece。InPh？niciaitwasadaptedtothephysicalconditionsofthecountry，andtheplaceofTammuz’sencounterwiththeboarwassaidtobethemountainsofLebanon，whilsttherivernamedafterhim，Adonis（nowtheNahrIbrahim），whichranredwiththeearthwasheddownbytheautumnrains，wassaidtobesocolouredinconsequenceofbeingmingledwithhisblood。ThedescentofTammuztotheunderworld，typifiedbytheflowingdownoftheearth—ladenwatersoftheriverstothesea，wasnotonlycelebratedbythePh？nicians，butalsobytheBabylonians，whohadatleasttwoseriesoflamentationswhichwereusedonthisoccasion，andwereprobablytheoriginalsofthosechantedbytheHebrewwomeninthetimeofEzekiel（about597B。C。）。Whilstonearth，hewastheonewhonourishedtheeweandherlamb，thegoatandherkid，andalsocausedthemtobeslain——probablyinsacrifice。"Hehasgone，hehasgonetothebosomoftheearth，"themournerscried，"hewillmakeplentytooverflowforthelandofthedead，foritslamentationsforthedayofhisfall，intheunpropitiousmonthofhisyear。"Therewasalsolamentationforthecessationofthegrowthofvegetation，andoneofthesehymns，afteraddressinghimastheshepherdandhusbandofI？tar，"lordoftheunderworld，"and"lordoftheshepherd’sseat，"

goesontolikenhimtoagermwhichhasnotabsorbedwaterinthefurrow，whosebudhasnotblossomedinthemeadow；tothesaplingwhichhasnotbeenplantedbythewatercourse，andtothesaplingwhoseroothasbeenremoved。Inthe"Lamentations"intheManchesterMuseum，I？tar，oroneofherdevotees，seemstocallforTammuz，saying，"Return，myhusband，"asshemakesherwaytotheregionofgloominquestofhim。Ere？—ê—gala，"theladyofthegreathouse"

（Persephone），isalsoreferredto，andthetextseemstoimplythatI？tarenteredherdomaininspiteofher。Inthistextothernamesaregiventohim，namely，/Tumu—giba/，"sonoftheflute，"/Ama—elaggi/，and/？i—umunnagi/，"lifeofthepeople。"

ThereferencetosheepandgoatsintheBritishMuseumfragmentrecallsthefactthatinanincantationforpurificationthepersonusingitistoldtogetthemilkofayellowgoatwhichhasbeenbroughtforthinthesheep—foldofTammuz，recallingtheflocksoftheGreeksun—godHelios。Thesewerethecloudsilluminatedbythesun，whichwerelikenedtosheep——indeed，oneoftheearlySumerianexpressionsfor"fleece"was"sheepofthesky。"ThenameofTammuzinSumerianisDumu—zi，orinitsrarefullestform，Dumu—zida，meaning"true"or"faithfulson。"Thereisprobablysomelegendattachedtothiswhichisatpresentunknown。

InallprobabilityI？tar，thespouseofTammuz，isbestknownfromherdescentintoHadesinquestofhimwhenwithPersephone（Ere？—ki—gal）

intheunderworld。Inthisshehadtopassthroughsevengates，andanarticleofclothingwastakenfromherateach，untilshearrivedintheunderworldquitenaked，typifyingtheteaching，thatmancantakenothingawaywithhimwhenhedepartsthislife。Duringherabsence，thingsnaturallybegantogowrongupontheearth，andthegodswereobligedtointervene，anddemandherrelease，whichwasultimatelygranted，andateachgate，asshereturned，theadornmentswhichshehadleftweregivenbacktoher。Itisuncertainwhetherthehusbandwhomshesoughttoreleasewassetfree，buttheendoftheinscriptionseemstoimplythatI？tarwassuccessfulinhermission。

Inthisstoryshetypifiesthefaithfulwife，butotherlegendsshowanothersideofhercharacter，asinthatofGilgame？，rulerofhercityErech，towhomshemakeslove。Gilgame？，however，knowingthecharacterofthedivinequeenofhiscitytoowell，reproachesherwithhertreatmentofherhusbandandherotherlovers——Tammuz，towhom，fromyeartoyear，shecausedbitterweeping；thebrightcolouredAllalabird，whomshesmoteandbrokehiswings；thelionperfectinstrength，inwhomshecutwounds"bysevens"；thehorsegloriousinwar，towhomshecausedhardshipanddistress，andtohismotherSililibitterweeping；theshepherdwhoprovidedforherthingswhichsheliked，whomshesmoteandchangedtoajackal；I？ullanu，herfather’sgardener，whomshetried，apparently，topoison，butfailing，shesmotehim，andchangedhimtoastatue（？）。Onbeingthusremindedofhermisdeeds，I？tarwasnaturallyangry，and，ascendingtoheaven，complainedtoherfatherAnuandhermotherAnatu，theresultbeing，thatadivinebullwassentagainstGilgame？andEnki—du，hisfriendandhelper。Thebull，however，waskilled，andaportionoftheanimalhavingbeencutoff，Enki—duthrewitatthegoddess，sayingatthesametimethat，ifhecouldonlygetholdofher，hewouldtreathersimilarly。ApparentlyI？tarrecognisedthattherewasnothingfurthertobedoneinthematter，so，gatheringthehand—maidens，pleasure—

womenandwhores，intheirpresencesheweptovertheportionofthedivinebullwhichhadbeenthrownather。

TheworshipofI？tar，shebeingthegoddessofloveandwar，wasconsiderablymorepopularthanthatofherspouse，Tammuz，who，asamongthewesternSemiticnations，wasadoredratherbythewomenthanthemen。Herworshipwasinallprobabilityofequalantiquity，andbranchedout，sotosay，inseveraldirections，asmaybejudgedbyhermanynames，eachofwhichhadatendencytobecomeadistinctpersonality。Thusthesyllabariesgivethecharacterwhichrepresentshernameashavingalsobeenpronounced/Innanna/，/Ennen/，and/Nin/，whilstanotuncommonnameinotherinscriptionsis/Ama—Innanna/，"motherI？tar。"TheprincipalseatofherworshipinBabyloniawasatErech，andinAssyriaatNineveh——alsoatArbela，andmanyotherplaces。Shewasalsohonoured（atErechandelsewhere）undertheElamitenamesofTi？pakand？u？inak，"theSusiangoddess。"

Nina。

Fromthename/Nin/，whichI？tarbore，thereishardlyanydoubtthatsheacquiredtheidentificationwithNina，whichisprovableasearlyasthetimeoftheLaga？itekings，Lugal—andaandUru—ka—gina。AsidentifiedwithAruru，thegoddesswhohelpedMerodachtocreatemankind，I？tarwasalsoregardedasthemotherofall，andintheBabylonianstoryoftheFlood，sheismadetosaythatshehadbegottenman，butlike"thesonsofthefishes，"hefilledthesea。

Nina，then，asanotherformofI？tar，wasagoddessofcreation，typifiedintheteeminglifeoftheocean，andhernameiswrittenwithacharacterstandingforahouseorreceptacle，withthesignfor"fish"within。HerearliestseatwasthecityofNinainsouthernBabylonia，fromwhichplace，inallprobability，colonistswentnorthwards，andfoundedanothershrineatNinevehinAssyria，whichafterwardsbecamethegreatcentreofherworship，andonthisaccountthecitywascalledafterherNinaaorNinua。Astheirtutelarygoddess，thefishermenintheneighbourhoodoftheBabylonianNinaandLaga？wereaccustomedtomaketoher，aswellastoInnannaorI？tar，largeofferingsoffish。

Asthemasculinedeitieshadfeminineforms，soitisnotbyanymeansimprobablethatthegoddesseshadmasculineforms，andifthatbethecase，wemaysupposethatitwasamasculinecounterpartofNinawhofoundedNineveh，which，asiswellknown，isattributedtoNinos，thesamenameasNinawiththeGreekmasculinetermination。

Nin—Gursu。

ThisdeityisprincipallyofimportanceinconnectionwiththeancientBabylonianstateofLaga？，thehomeofanoldandimportantlineofkingsandviceroys，amongthelatterbeingthecelebratedGudea，whosestatuesandinscribedcylindersnowadorntheBabyloniangalleriesoftheLouvreatParis。Hisnamemeans"LordofGirsu，"whichwasprobablyoneofthesuburbs，andtheoldestpart，ofLaga？。ThisdeitywassonofEn—lilaorBêl，andwasidentifiedwithNirigorênu—rê？tu。

Toallappearancehewasasun—deity。Thedialecticformofhisnamewas/U—Mersi/，ofwhichavariant，/En—Mersi/，occursinanincantationpublishedinthefourthvolumeofthe/CuneiformInscriptionsofWesternAsia/，pl。27，where，fortheSumerian"TakeawhitekidofEn—Mersi，"theSemitictranslationis"ofTammuz，"

showingthathewasidentifiedwiththelattergod。InthesecondvolumeofthesameworkNin—Girsuisgivenasthepronunciationofthenameofthegodofagriculturalists，confirmingthisidentification，Tammuzbeingalsogodofagriculture。

Bau。

ThisgoddessatalltimesplayedaprominentpartinancientBabylonianreligion，especiallywiththerulersbeforethedynastyofHammurabi。Shewasthe"mother"ofLaga？，andhertemplewasatUru—azaga，adistrictofLaga？，thechiefcityofNin—Girsu，whosespouseshewas。LikeNin—Girsu，sheplanted（notonlygrainandvegetation，butalsotheseedofmen）。Inhercharacterofthegoddesswhogavelifetomen，andhealedtheirbodiesinsickness，shewasidentifiedwithGula，oneofthosetitlesis"theladysavingfromdeath"。Ga—tum—duga，whosenameprobablymeans"makingandproducinggood，"wasalsoexceedinglypopularinancienttimes，andthoughidentifiedwithBau，isregardedbyJastrowhashavingbeenoriginallydistinctfromher。

Ere？—ki—galorAllatu。

AstheprototypeofPersephone，thisgoddessisoneofmuchimportanceforcomparativemythology，andthereisalegendconcerningherofconsiderableinterest。ThetextisoneofthosefoundatTel—el—

Armana，inEgypt，andstatesthatthegodsoncemadeafeast，andsenttoEre？—ki—gal，sayingthat，thoughtheycouldgodowntoher，shecouldnotascendtothem，andaskinghertosendamessengertofetchawaythefooddestinedforher。Thisshedid，andallthegodsstooduptoreceivehermessenger，exceptone，whoseemstohavewithheldthistokenofrespect。Themessenger，whenhereturned，apparentlyrelatedtoEre？—ki—galwhathadhappened，andangeredthereat，shesenthimbacktothepresenceofthegods，askingforthedelinquenttobedeliveredtoher，thatshemightkillhim。Thegodsthendiscussedthequestionofdeathwiththemessenger，andtoldhimtotaketohismistressthegodwhohadnotstoodupinhispresence。

Whenthegodswerebroughttogether，thattheculpritmightberecognised，oneofthemremainedinthebackground，andonthemessengeraskingwhoitwaswhodidnotstandup，itwasfoundtobeNerigal。Thisgodwasdulysent，butwasnotatallinclinedtobesubmissive，forinsteadofkillinghim，asshehadthreatened，Ere？—

ki—galfoundherselfseizedbythehairanddraggedfromherthrone，whilstthedeath—dealinggodmadereadytocutoffherhead。"Donotkillme，mybrother，letmespeaktothee，"shecried，andonhisloosinghisholduponherhair，shecontinued，"thoushaltbemyhusband，andIwillbethywife——Iwillcauseyoutotakedominioninthewideearth。Iwillplacethetabletofwisdominthinehand——thoushaltbelord，Iwillbelady。"Nerigalthereupontookher，kissedher，andwipedawayhertears，saying，"Whateverthouhastaskedmeformonthspastnowreceivesassent。"

Ere？—ki—galdidnottreatherrivalintheaffectionsofTammuzsogentlywhenI？tardescendedtoHadesinsearchofthe"husbandofheryouth。"Accordingtothestory，notonlywasI？tardeprivedofhergarmentsandornaments，butbytheordersofEre？—ki—gal，Namtarsmoteherwithdiseaseinallhermembers。ItwasnotuntilthegodsintervenedthatI？tarwassetfree。Themeaningofhernameis"ladyofthegreatregion，"adescriptionwhichissupposedtoapplytoHades，andofwhichavariant，Ere？—ki—gal，"ladyofthegreathouse，"

occursintheHymnstoTammuzintheManchesterMuseum。

Nergal。

Thisnameissupposedtomean"lordofthegreathabitation，"whichwouldbeaparalleltothatofhisspouseEre？—ki—gal。HewastherulerofHades，andatthesametimegodofwarandofdiseaseandpestilence。Aswarrior，henaturallyfoughtonthesideofthosewhoworshippedhim，asinthephrasewhichdescribeshimas"thewarrior，thefiercestorm—floodoverthrowingthelandoftheenemy。"AspointedoutbyJastrow，hediffersfromNirig，whowasalsoagodofwar，inthathesymbolises，asgodofdiseaseanddeath，themiseryanddestructionwhichaccompanythestrifeofnations。Itisinconsequenceofthissideofhischaracterthatheappearsalsoasgodoffire，thedestroyingelement，andJensensaysthatNerigalwasgodofthemiddayorofthesummersun，andthereforeofallthemisfortunescausedbyanexcessofhisheat。

ThechiefcentreofhisworshipwasCuthah（/Kut？/，Sumerian/Gudua/）

nearBabylon，nowrepresentedbythemoundsofTelIbrahim。TheidentitywiththeGreekAriesandtheRomanMarsisprovedbythefactthathisplanetwas/Mu？tabarr？—m？tanu/，"thedeath—spreader，"whichisprobablythenameofMarsinSemiticBabylonian。

Amurru。

AlthoughthisisnotbyanymeansafrequentnameamongthedeitiesworshippedinBabylonia，itisworthyofnoticeonaccountofitsbearinguponthedateofthecompilationofthetabletwhichhasbeentakenasabasisofthislistofgods。Hewasknownas"Lordofthemountains，"andhisworshipbecameverypopularduringtheperiodofthedynastytowhichHammurabibelonged——sayfrom2200to1937B。C。，whenAmurruwasmuchcombinedwiththenamesofmen，andisfoundbothontabletsandcylinder—seals。Theideographicmannerofwritingitis/Mar—tu/，awordthatisusedfor/Amurru/，thelandoftheAmorites，whichstoodfortheWestingeneral。AmoriteshadenteredBabyloniainconsiderablenumbersduringthisperiod，sothatthereisbutlittledoubtthathispopularitywaslargelyduetotheirinfluence，andthetabletcontainingthesenameswasprobablydrawnup，oratleasthadtheSemiticequivalentsadded，towardsthebeginningofthatperiod。

SinorNannara。

Thecultofthemoon—godwasoneofthemostpopularinBabylonia，thechiefseatofhisworshipbeingatUru（nowMuqayyar）theBiblicalUroftheChaldees。TheoriginofthenameSinisunknown，butitisthoughtthatitmaybeacorruptionofZu—ena，"knowledge—lord，"asthecompoundideographexpressinghisnamemaybereadandtranslated。

Besidesthiscompoundideograph，thenameofthegodSinwasalsoexpressedbythecharacterfor"30，"providedwiththeprefixofdivinity，anideographwhichisduetothethirtydaysofthemonth，andisthoughttobeoflatedate。WithregardtoNannar，JastrowexplainsitasbeingforNarnar，andrendersit"light—producer。"Inalonghymntothisgodheisdescribedinmanylinesas"thelord，princeofthegods，whoinheavenaloneissupreme，"andas"fatherNannar。"Amonghisotherdescriptivetitlesare"greatAnu"（Sum。/anagale/，SemiticBab。/Anurab？/）——anotherinstanceoftheidentificationoftwodeities。Hewasalso"lordofUr，""lordofthetempleGi？nu—gala，""lordoftheshiningcrown，"etc。Heisalsosaidtobe"themightysteerwhosehornsarestrong，whoselimbsareperfect，whoisbeardedwithabeardoflapis—stone，[*]whoisfilledwithbeautyandfullness（ofsplendour）。"

[*]Probablyofthecolouroflapisonly，notmadeofthestoneitself。

BesidesBabyloniaandAssyria，hewasalsoworshippedinotherpartsoftheSemiticeast，especiallyatHarran，towhichcityAbrahammigrated，scholarssay，inconsequenceofthepatron—deitybeingthesameasatUroftheChaldees，wherehehadpassedtheearlieryearsofhislife。TheMountainofSinaiandtheDesertofSin，bothbearhisname。

AccordingtokingDungi（about2700B。C。），thespouseofSinorNannarawasNin—Uruwa，"theladyofUr。"SargonofAssyria（722—705

B。C。）callsherNin—gala。

AdduorRammanu。

ThenumerousnameswhichHadadbearsintheinscriptions，bothnon—

SemiticandSemitic，testifytothepopularitywhichthisgodenjoyedatalltimesinBabylonia。Amonghisnon—SemiticnamesmaybementionedMer，Mermer，Muru，all，itmaybeimagined，imitative。AdduisexplainedasbeinghisnameintheAmoritelanguage，andavariantform，apparently，whichhaslostitsfirstsyllable，namely，Dadu，alsoappears——theAssyriansseemalwaystohaveusedtheterminationlessformofAddu，namely，Adad。InallprobabilityAddu，Adad，andDaduarederivedfromtheWestSemiticHadad，buttheothername，Rammanu，isnativeBabylonian，andcognatewithRimmon，whichisthusshownbytheBabylonianformtomean"thethunderer，"orsomethingsimilar。Hewasthegodofwinds，storms，andrain，fearedonaccountoftheformer，andworshipped，andhisfavoursought，onaccountofthelast。InhisnameBirqu，heappearsasthegodoflightning，andJastrowisofopinion，thatheissometimesassociatedonthataccountwith？ama？，bothofthembeing（althoughindifferentdegrees）godsoflight，andthisisconfirmedbythefactthat，incommonwiththesun—god，hewascalled"godofjustice。"IntheAssyrianinscriptionsheappearsasagodofwar，andthekingsconstantlycomparethedestructionwhichtheirarmieshadwroughtwiththatof"Adadtheinundator。"Forthemhewas"themightyone，inundatingtheregionsoftheenemy，landsandhouses，"andwasprayedtostrikethelandofthepersonwhoshowedhostilitytotheAssyrianking，withevil—workinglightning，tothrowwant，famine，drought，andcorpsestherein，toorderthatheshouldnotliveonedaylonger，andtodestroyhisnameandhisseedintheland。

TheoriginalseatofhisworshipwasMuruinSouthBabylonia，towhichthepatesiofGirsuinthetimeofIbi—Sinsentgrainasanoffering。

Itssiteisunknown。Otherplaces（oraretheyothernamesofthesame？）wherehewasworshippedwereEnnigiandKakru。TheconsortofAdduwas？ala，whoseworshipwaslikewiseverypopular，andtowhomthereweretemples，notonlyinBabyloniaandAssyria，butalsoinElam，seeminglyalwaysinconnectionwithAddu。

A？？ur。

Inallthedeitiestreatedofabove，weseethechiefgodsoftheBabylonianandAssyrianpantheon，whichwereworshippedbybothpeoplesextensively，noneofthembeingspecificallyAssyrian，thoughworshippedbytheAssyrians。Therewasonedeity，however，whosenamewillnotbefoundintheBabylonianlistsofgods，namely，A？？ur，thenationalgodofAssyria，whowasworshippedinthecityofA？？ur，theoldcapitalofthecountry。

Fromthiscircumstance，itmayberegardedascertain，thatA？？urwasthelocalgodofthecitywhosenamehebore，andthatheattainedtothepositionofchiefgodoftheAssyrianpantheoninthesamewayasMerodachbecamekingofthegodsinBabylonia——namely，becauseA？？urwasthecapitalofthecountry。Hisacceptanceaschiefdivinity，however，wasmuchmoregeneralthanthatofMerodach，astemplestohimweretobefoundallovertheAssyriankingdom——acircumstancewhichwasprobablyduetoAssyriabeingmorecloselyunitedinitselfthanBabylonia，causinghisnametoarousepatrioticfeelingswhereveritmightbereferredto。Thiswasprobablypartlyduetothefact，thatthekinginAssyriawasmoretherepresentativeofthegodthaninBabylonia，andthatthegodfollowedhimonwarlikeexpeditions，andwhenengagedinreligiousceremonies——indeed，itisnotbyanymeansimprobablethathewasthoughttofollowhimwhereverhewent。

Onthesculpturesheisseenaccompanyinghimintheformofacircleprovidedwithwings，inwhichisshownsometimesafull—lengthfigureofthegodinhumanform，sometimestheupperpartonly，facingtowardsanddrawinghisbowagainstthefoe。Inconsequenceofitsgeneralappearance，theimageofthegodhasbeenlikenedtothesunineclipse，thefar—stretchingwingsbeingthoughttoresemblethelongstreamersvisibleatthemomentoftotality，anditmustbeadmittedasprobablethatthismayhavegiventheideaofthesymbolshownonthesculptures。Asasun—god，andatthesametimenotthegod？ama？，heresembledtheBabylonianMerodach，andwaspossiblyidentifiedwithhim，especiallyas，inatleastonetext，Bêltu（Bêltis）isdescribedashisconsort，whichwouldpossiblyidentifyA？？ur’sspousewithZer—pan？tum。TheoriginalformofhisnamewouldseemtohavebeenAu？ar，"water—field，"probablyfromthetractwherethecityofA？？urwasbuilt。HisidentificationwithMerodach，ifthatwaseveraccepted，mayhavebeenduetothelikenessofthewordtoAsari，oneofthatdeity’snames。ThepronunciationA？？ur，however，seemstohaveledtoacomparisonwiththeAn？arofthefirsttabletoftheCreation—story，thoughitmayseemstrangethattheAssyriansshouldhavethoughtthattheirpatron—godwasadeitysymbolisingthe"hostofheaven。"Nevertheless，theGreektranscriptionofAn？ar，namely，/Assoros/，givenbyDamascius，certainlystrengthenstheindicationsoftheideographinthismatter。DelitzschregardsthewordA？？ur，orA？ur，ashereadsit，asmeaning"holy，"andquotesalistofthegodsofthecityofNineveh，wherethewordA？？uroccursthreetimes，suggestingtheexclamation"holy，holy，holy，"or"theholy，holy，holyone。"Inallprobability，however，therepetitionofthenamethreetimessimplymeansthattherewerethreetemplesdedicatedtoA？？urinthecitiesinquestion。[*]JastrowagreeswithDelitzschinregardingA？urasanotherformofA？ir（foundinearlyCappadociannames），buthetranslatesitratheras"overseer"or"guardian"ofthelandandthepeople——theterminationlessformof/a？iru/，whichhasthismeaning，andisappliedtoMerodach。

[*]OrtheremayhavebeenthreeshrinestoA？？urineachtemplereferredto。

Astheuseofthecharacters/An—？ar/forthegodA？？uronlyappearsatalatedate（JastrowsaystheeighthcenturyB。C。），thiswouldseemtohavebeentheworkofthescribes，whowishedtoreadintothenametheearliersignificationofAn？ar，"thehostofheaven，"anexplanationfullyinaccordwithJastrow’sreasoningswithregardtothenatureofthedeity。Asherepresentednopersonificationorpowerofnature，hesays，butthegeneralprotectingspiritoftheland，theking，thearmy，andthepeople，thecapitalofthecountrycouldbetransferredfromA？？urtoCalah，fromtherebacktoA？？ur，andfinallytoNineveh，withoutaffectingthepositionoftheprotectinggodofthelandinanyway。Heneedednotemple——thoughsuchthingswereerectedtohim——hehadnoneedtofearthatheshouldsufferinesteembythepreferenceforsomeothergod。AstheembodimentofthespiritoftheAssyrianpeoplethepersonalsideofhisbeingremainedtoacertainextentinthebackground。Ifhewasthe"hostofheaven，"allthedeitiesmightberegardedashavingtheirbeinginhim。

SuchwasthechiefdeityoftheAssyrians——anationalgod，graftedonto，butalwaysdistinctfrom，therestofthepantheon，which，ashasbeenshown，wasofBabylonianorigin，andalwaysmaintainedthecharacteristicsandstampofitsorigin。

ThespouseofA？？urdoesnotappearinthehistoricaltexts，andhermentionelsewhereunderthetitleofBêltu，"thelady，"doesnotallowofanyidentificationbeingmade。Inoneinscription，however，A？？urituiscalledthegoddess，andA？？urthegod，ofthestarSib—zi—

anna，identifiedbyJensenwithRegulus，whichwasapparentlythestarofMerodachinBabylonia。This，however，bringsusnonearer，forA？？urituwouldsimplymean"theAssurite（goddess）。"

Theminordivinities。

Amongthehundredsofnameswhichthelistsfurnish，afewareworthyofmention，eitherbecauseofmorethanordinaryinterest，orinconsequenceoftheirfurnishingthenameofsomedeity，chiefinitslocality，butidentifiedelsewherewithoneofthegreatergods。

Aa。——Thismayberegardedeitherasthegodêa（thoughthenameiswrittendifferently），orasthesun—godassumingthenameofhisconsort；or（whatis，perhaps，moreprobable）asawayofwritingA’uorYa’u（theHebrewJah），withouttheendingofthenominative。Thislastisalsofoundundertheform/Aa’u/，/ya’u/，/yau/，and/ya/。

Abil—addu。——Thisdeityseemstohaveattainedacertainpopularityinlatertimes，especiallyamongimmigrantsfromtheWest。As"thesonofHadad，"hewastheequivalentoftheSyrianBen—Hadad。AtabletinNewYorkshowsthathisnamewasweakenedinformto/Ablada/。

Aku，themoon—godamongtheheavenlybodies。ItisthisnamewhichisregardedasoccurringinthenameoftheBabyloniankingEri—Aku，"servantofthemoon—god，"thebiblicalArioch（Gen。xiv。）。

Amma—an—ki，êaorAaaslordofheavenandearth。

Amna。——Anameonlyfoundinasyllabary，andassignedtothesun—god，fromwhichitwouldseemthatitisaformoftheEgyptianAmmon。

Anunitum，thegoddessofoneofthetwoSippars，calledSipparofAnunitum，whowasworshippedinthetempleê—ulma？withinthecityofAgadé（Akkad）。Sayceidentifies，onthisaccount，thesetwoplacesasbeingthesame。Inalistofstars，Anunitumiscoupledwith？inunutum，whichareexplainedas（thestarsof）theTigrisandEuphrates。ThesewereprobablynamesofVenusasthemorningandevening（oreveningandmorning）star。

Apsu。——ThedeepdissociatedfromtheevilconnectionwithTiawath，andregardedas"thehouseofdeepwisdom，"i。e。thehomeofthegodêaorAa。

Aruru。——OneofthedeitiesofSipparandAruru（inthetimeofthedynastyofHammurabicalledYa’ruru），ofwhichshewasthechiefgoddess。Aruruwasoneofthenamesofthe"ladyofthegods，"andaidedMerodachtomaketheseedofmankind。

Bêl。——Asthisnamemeans"lord，"itcouldbeapplied，likethePh？nicianBaal，tothechiefgodofanycity，asBêlofNiffur，BêlofHursag—kalama，BêlofAratta，BêlofBabylon，etc。Thisoftenindicatesalsothestarwhichrepresentedthechiefgodofaplace。

Bêltu。——InthesamewayBêltu，meaning"lady，"meantalsothechiefgoddessofanyplace，as"Aruru，ladyofthegodsofSipparofAruru，"

"Nin—mah，ladyofthegodsofê—mah，"acelebratedtemplewithinBabylon，recentlyexcavatedbytheGermans，"Nin—hur—saga，ladyofthegodsofKê？，"etc。

Bunene。——Agodassociatedwith？ama？andI？taratSipparandelsewhere。He"gave"and"renewed"tohisworshippers。

Dagan。——Thisdeity，whoseworshipextendsbacktoanexceedinglyearlydate，isgenerallyidentifiedwiththePh？nicianDagon。HammurabiseemstospeakoftheEuphratesasbeing"theboundaryofDagan，"whomhecallshiscreator。InlaterinscriptionstheformDaguna，whichapproachesnearertotheWestSemiticform，isfoundinafewpersonalnames。ThePh？nicianstatuesofthisdeityshowedhimwiththelowerpartofhisbodyintheformofafish（see1Sam。v。4）。Whetherthedeitiesclothedinafish’sskinintheNimroudgallerybeDagonornotisuncertain——theymaybeintendedforêaorAa，theOannesofBerosus，whowasrepresentedinthisway。Probablythetwodeitieswereregardedasidentical。

Damu。——agoddessregardedasequivalenttoGulabytheBabyloniansandAssyrians。Shewasgoddessofhealing，andmadeone’sdreamshappy。

Dumu—zi—abzu，"TammuzoftheAbyss。"——ThiswasoneofthesixsonsofêaorAa，accordingtothelists。Hisworshipisexceedinglyancient，andgoesbacktothetimeofE—anna—tumofLaga？（about4000B。C。）。

Whatconnection，ifany，hemayhavewithTammuz，thespouseofI？tar，isunknown。Jastrowapparentlyregardshimasadistinctdeity，andtranslateshisname"thechildofthelifeofthewater—deep。"

Elali。——AdeityidentifiedwiththeHebrewHelal，thenewmoon。OnlyfoundinnamesofthetimeoftheHammurabidynasty，inoneofwhichheappearsas"acreator。"

En—nugiisdescribedas"lordofstreamsandcanals，"and"lordoftheearth，lordofno—return。"Thislastdescription，whichgivesthemeaningofhisname，suggeststhathewasoneofthegodsoftherealmofEre？—ki—gal，thoughhemayhavebornethatnamesimplyasgodofstreams，whichalwaysflowdown，neverthereverse。

Gibil。——Oneofthenamesofthegodoffire，sometimestranscribedGirrubyAssyriologists，themeaningapparentlybeing"thefire—

bearer"or"light—bearer。"Girruisanothernameofthisdeity，andtranslatesanideographicgroup，renderedbyDelitzsch"great"or"highestdecider，"suggestingthecustomoftrialbyordeal。HewasidentifiedwithNirig，inSemiticênu—rê？tu。

Gu？qi—bandaorKuski—banda，oneofthenamesofêa，probablyasgodofgold—workers。

I？um，"theglorioussacrificer，"seeminglyanameofthefire—godasameanswherebyburntofferingsweremade。N？r—I？um，"lightofI？um，"isfoundasaman’sname。

Kaawanu，theplanetSaturn。

Lagamal。——AgodidentifiedwiththeElamiteLagamar，whosenameisregardedasexistinginChedorlaomer（cf。Gen。xiv。2）。HewasthechiefgodofMair，"theship—city。"

Lugal—AmaradaorLugal—Marad。——Thisnamemeans"kingofMarad，"acityasyetunidentified。ThekingofthisplaceseemstohavebeenNerigal，ofwhom，therefore，Lugal—Maradisanothername。

Lugal—banda。——Thisnamemeans"thepowerfulking，"orsomethingsimilar，andthegodbearingitissupposedtobethesameasNerigal。

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