NATURE(theartwherebyGodhathmadeandgovernstheworld)isbytheartofman，asinmanyotherthings，sointhisalsoimitated，thatitcanmakeanartificialanimal。Forseeinglifeisbutamotionoflimbs，thebeginningwhereofisinsomeprincipalpartwithin，whymaywenotsaythatallautomata(enginesthatmovethemselvesbyspringsandwheelsasdothawatch)haveanartificiallife？Forwhatistheheart，butaspring；andthenerves，butsomanystrings；andthejoints，butsomanywheels，givingmotiontothewholebody，suchaswasintendedbytheArtificer？Artgoesyetfurther，imitatingthatrationalandmostexcellentworkofNature，man。ForbyartiscreatedthatgreatLEVIATHANcalledaCOMMONWEALTH，orSTATE(inLatin，CIVITAS)，whichisbutanartificialman，thoughofgreaterstatureandstrengththanthenatural，forwhoseprotectionanddefenceitwasintended；andinwhichthesovereigntyisanartificialsoul，asgivinglifeandmotiontothewholebody；themagistratesandotherofficersofjudicatureandexecution，artificialjoints；rewardandpunishment(bywhichfastenedtotheseatofthesovereignty，everyjointandmemberismovedtoperformhisduty)

arethenerves，thatdothesameinthebodynatural；thewealthandrichesofalltheparticularmembersarethestrength；saluspopuli(thepeople’ssafety)itsbusiness；counsellors，bywhomallthingsneedfulforittoknowaresuggesteduntoit，arethememory；equityandlaws，anartificialreasonandwill；concord，health；sedition，sickness；andcivilwar，death。Lastly，thepactsandcovenants，bywhichthepartsofthisbodypoliticwereatfirstmade，settogether，andunited，resemblethatfiat，ortheLetusmakeman，pronouncedbyGodintheCreation。

Todescribethenatureofthisartificialman，IwillconsiderFirst，thematterthereof，andtheartificer；bothwhichisman。

Secondly，how，andbywhatcovenantsitismade；whataretherightsandjustpowerorauthorityofasovereign；andwhatitisthatpreservethanddissolvethit。

Thirdly，whatisaChristianCommonwealth。

Lastly，whatistheKingdomofDarkness。

Concerningthefirst，thereisasayingmuchusurpedoflate，thatwisdomisacquired，notbyreadingofbooks，butofmen。

Consequentlywhereunto，thosepersons，thatforthemostpartcangivenootherproofofbeingwise，takegreatdelighttoshowwhattheythinktheyhavereadinmen，byuncharitablecensuresofoneanotherbehindtheirbacks。Butthereisanothersayingnotoflateunderstood，bywhichtheymightlearntrulytoreadoneanother，iftheywouldtakethepains；andthatis，Nosceteipsum，Readthyself：

whichwasnotmeant，asitisnowused，tocountenanceeitherthebarbarousstateofmeninpowertowardstheirinferiors，ortoencouragemenoflowdegreetoasaucybehaviourtowardstheirbetters；buttoteachusthatforthesimilitudeofthethoughtsandpassionsofoneman，tothethoughtsandpassionsofanother，whosoeverlookethintohimselfandconsiderethwhathedothwhenhedoesthink，opine，reason，hope，fear，etc。，anduponwhatgrounds；heshalltherebyreadandknowwhatarethethoughtsandpassionsofallothermenuponthelikeoccasions。Isaythesimilitudeofpassions，whicharethesameinallmen，-desire，fear，hope，etc。；

notthesimilitudeoftheobjectsofthepassions，whicharethethingsdesired，feared，hoped，etc。：forthesetheconstitutionindividual，andparticulareducation，dosovary，andtheyaresoeasytobekeptfromourknowledge，thatthecharactersofman’sheart，blottedandconfoundedastheyarewithdissembling，lying，counterfeiting，anderroneousdoctrines，arelegibleonlytohimthatsearchethhearts。Andthoughbymen’sactionswedodiscovertheirdesignsometimes；yettodoitwithoutcomparingthemwithourown，anddistinguishingallcircumstancesbywhichthecasemaycometobealtered，istodecipherwithoutakey，andbeforthemostpartdeceived，bytoomuchtrustorbytoomuchdiffidence，ashethatreadsishimselfagoodorevilman。

Butletonemanreadanotherbyhisactionsneversoperfectly，itserveshimonlywithhisacquaintance，whicharebutfew。Hethatistogovernawholenationmustreadinhimself，notthis，orthatparticularman；butmankind：whichthoughitbehardtodo，harderthantolearnanylanguageorscience；yet，whenIshallhavesetdownmyownreadingorderlyandperspicuously，thepainsleftanotherwillbeonlytoconsiderifhealsofindnotthesameinhimself。

Forthiskindofdoctrineadmittethnootherdemonstration。

CONCERNINGthethoughtsofman，Iwillconsiderthemfirstsingly，andafterwardsintrainordependenceupononeanother。Singly，theyareeveryonearepresentationorappearanceofsomequality，orotheraccidentofabodywithoutus，whichiscommonlycalledanobject。

Whichobjectworkethontheeyes，ears，andotherpartsofman’sbody，andbydiversityofworkingproducethdiversityofappearances。

Theoriginalofthemallisthatwhichwecallsense，(forthereisnoconceptioninaman’smindwhichhathnotatfirst，totallyorbyparts，beenbegottenupontheorgansofsense)。Therestarederivedfromthatoriginal。

Toknowthenaturalcauseofsenseisnotverynecessarytothebusinessnowinhand；andIhaveelsewherewrittenofthesameatlarge。Nevertheless，tofilleachpartofmypresentmethod，Iwillbrieflydeliverthesameinthisplace。

Thecauseofsenseistheexternalbody，orobject，whichpresseththeorganpropertoeachsense，eitherimmediately，asinthetasteandtouch；ormediately，asinseeing，hearing，andsmelling：whichpressure，bythemediationofnervesandotherstringsandmembranesofthebody，continuedinwardstothebrainandheart，causeththerearesistance，orcounter-pressure，orendeavourofthehearttodeliveritself：whichendeavour，becauseoutward，seemethtobesomematterwithout。Andthisseeming，orfancy，isthatwhichmencallsense；andconsisteth，astotheeye，inalight，orcolourfigured；

totheear，inasound；tothenostril，inanodour；tothetongueandpalate，inasavour；andtotherestofthebody，inheat，cold，hardness，softness，andsuchotherqualitiesaswediscernbyfeeling。

Allwhichqualitiescalledsensibleareintheobjectthatcauseththembutsomanyseveralmotionsofthematter，bywhichitpressethourorgansdiversely。Neitherinusthatarepressedaretheyanythingelsebutdiversemotions(formotionproducethnothingbutmotion)。

Buttheirappearancetousisfancy，thesamewakingthatdreaming。

Andaspressing，rubbing，orstrikingtheeyemakesusfancyalight，andpressingtheearproducethadin；sodothebodiesalsowesee，orhear，producethesamebytheirstrong，thoughunobservedaction。Forifthosecoloursandsoundswereinthebodiesorobjectsthatcausethem，theycouldnotbeseveredfromthem，asbyglassesandinechoesbyreflectionweseetheyare：whereweknowthethingweseeisinoneplace；theappearance，inanother。Andthoughatsomecertaindistancetherealandveryobjectseeminvestedwiththefancyitbegetsinus；yetstilltheobjectisonething，theimageorfancyisanother。Sothatsenseinallcasesisnothingelsebutoriginalfancycaused(asIhavesaid)bythepressurethatis，bythemotionofexternalthingsuponoureyes，ears，andotherorgans，thereuntoordained。

Butthephilosophyschools，throughalltheuniversitiesofChristendom，groundeduponcertaintextsofAristotle，teachanotherdoctrine；andsay，forthecauseofvision，thatthethingseensendethforthoneverysideavisiblespecies，(inEnglish)avisibleshow，apparition，oraspect，orabeingseen；thereceivingwhereofintotheeyeisseeing。Andforthecauseofhearing，thatthethingheardsendethforthanaudiblespecies，thatis，anaudibleaspect，oraudiblebeingseen；which，enteringattheear，makethhearing。Nay，forthecauseofunderstandingalso，theysaythethingunderstoodsendethforthanintelligiblespecies，thatis，anintelligiblebeingseen；which，comingintotheunderstanding，makesusunderstand。Isaynotthis，asdisapprovingtheuseofuniversities：butbecauseIamtospeakhereafteroftheirofficeinaCommonwealth，Imustletyouseeonalloccasionsbythewaywhatthingswouldbeamendedinthem；amongstwhichthefrequencyofinsignificantspeechisone。

OFIMAGINATION

THATwhenathingliesstill，unlesssomewhatelsestirit，itwillliestillforever，isatruththatnomandoubtsof。Butthatwhenathingisinmotion，itwilleternallybeinmotion，unlesssomewhatelsestayit，thoughthereasonbethesame(namely，thatnothingcanchangeitself)，isnotsoeasilyassentedto。Formenmeasure，notonlyothermen，butallotherthings，bythemselves：

andbecausetheyfindthemselvessubjectaftermotiontopainandlassitude，thinkeverythingelsegrowswearyofmotion，andseeksreposeofitsownaccord；littleconsideringwhetheritbenotsomeothermotionwhereinthatdesireofresttheyfindinthemselvesconsisteth。Fromhenceitisthattheschoolssay，heavybodiesfalldownwardsoutofanappetitetorest，andtoconservetheirnatureinthatplacewhichismostproperforthem；ascribingappetite，andknowledgeofwhatisgoodfortheirconservation(whichismorethanmanhas)，tothingsinanimate，absurdly。

Whenabodyisonceinmotion，itmoveth(unlesssomethingelsehinderit)eternally；andwhatsoeverhindrethit，cannotinaninstant，butintime，andbydegrees，quiteextinguishit：andasweseeinthewater，thoughthewindcease，thewavesgivenotoverrollingforalongtimeafter；soalsoithappenethinthatmotionwhichismadeintheinternalpartsofaman，then，whenhesees，dreams，etc。Foraftertheobjectisremoved，ortheeyeshut，westillretainanimageofthethingseen，thoughmoreobscurethanwhenweseeit。AndthisisittheLatinscallimagination，fromtheimagemadeinseeing，andapplythesame，thoughimproperly，toalltheothersenses。ButtheGreekscallitfancy，whichsignifiesappearance，andisaspropertoonesenseastoanother。

Imagination，therefore，isnothingbutdecayingsense；andisfoundinmenandmanyotherlivingcreatures，aswellsleepingaswaking。

Thedecayofsenseinmenwakingisnotthedecayofthemotionmadeinsense，butanobscuringofit，insuchmannerasthelightofthesunobscureththelightofthestars；whichstarsdonolessexercisetheirvirtuebywhichtheyarevisibleinthedaythaninthenight。Butbecauseamongstmanystrokeswhichoureyes，ears，andotherorgansreceivefromexternalbodies，thepredominantonlyissensible；thereforethelightofthesunbeingpredominant，wearenotaffectedwiththeactionofthestars。Andanyobjectbeingremovedfromoureyes，thoughtheimpressionitmadeinusremain，yetotherobjectsmorepresentsucceeding，andworkingonus，theimaginationofthepastisobscuredandmadeweak，asthevoiceofamanisinthenoiseoftheday。Fromwhenceitfolloweththatthelongerthetimeis，afterthesightorsenseofanyobject，theweakeristheimagination。Forthecontinualchangeofman’sbodydestroysintimethepartswhichinsenseweremoved：sothatdistanceoftime，andofplace，hathoneandthesameeffectinus。Forasatagreatdistanceofplacethatwhichwelookatappearsdim，andwithoutdistinctionofthesmallerparts，andasvoicesgrowweakandinarticulate：soalsoaftergreatdistanceoftimeourimaginationofthepastisweak；andwelose，forexample，ofcitieswehaveseen，manyparticularstreets；andofactions，manyparticularcircumstances。Thisdecayingsense，whenwewouldexpressthethingitself(Imeanfancyitself)，wecallimagination，asIsaidbefore。

Butwhenwewouldexpressthedecay，andsignifythatthesenseisfading，old，andpast，itiscalledmemory。Sothatimaginationandmemoryarebutonething，whichfordiverseconsiderationshathdiversenames。

Muchmemory，ormemoryofmanythings，iscalledexperience。

Again，imaginationbeingonlyofthosethingswhichhavebeenformerlyperceivedbysense，eitherallatonce，orbypartsatseveraltimes；theformer(whichistheimaginingthewholeobject，asitwaspresentedtothesense)issimpleimagination，aswhenoneimaginethaman，orhorse，whichhehathseenbefore。Theotheriscompounded，whenfromthesightofamanatonetime，andofahorseatanother，weconceiveinourmindacentaur。Sowhenamancompoundeththeimageofhisownpersonwiththeimageoftheactionsofanotherman，aswhenamanimagineshimselfaHerculesoranAlexander(whichhappenethoftentothemthataremuchtakenwithreadingofromances)，itisacompoundimagination，andproperlybutafictionofthemind。Therebealsootherimaginationsthatriseinmen，thoughwaking，fromthegreatimpressionmadeinsense：asfromgazinguponthesun，theimpressionleavesanimageofthesunbeforeoureyesalongtimeafter；andfrombeinglongandvehementlyattentupongeometricalfigures，amanshallinthedark，thoughawake，havetheimagesoflinesandanglesbeforehiseyes；

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