ByDrDavidLivingstoneMissionaryTravelsandResearchesinSouthAfrica。

Alsocalled，TravelsandResearchesinSouthAfrica；

or，JourneysandResearchesinSouthAfrica。

MissionaryTravelsandResearchesinSouthAfrica；

IncludingaSketchofSixteenYears’ResidenceintheInteriorofAfrica，andaJourneyfromtheCapeofGoodHopetoLoandaontheWestCoast；

ThenceAcrosstheContinent，DowntheRiverZambesi，totheEasternOcean。

ByDavidLivingstone，LL。D。，D。C。L。，FellowoftheFacultyofPhysiciansandSurgeons，Glasgow；

CorrespondingMemberoftheGeographicalandStatisticalSocietyofNewYork；

GoldMedalistandCorrespondingMemberoftheRoyalGeographicalSocietiesofLondonandParisF。S。A。，Etc。，Etc。

Dedication。

ToSIRRODERICKIMPEYMURCHISON，PresidentRoyalGeographicalSociety，F。R。S。，，CorrInstofFrance，andMemberoftheAcademiesofStPetersburg，Berlin，Stockholm，Copenhagen，Brussels，Etc。，ThisWorkisaffectionatelyofferedasaTokenofGratitudeforthekindinteresthehasalwaystakenintheAuthor’spursuitsandwelfare；

andtoexpressadmirationofhiseminentscientificattainments，nowheremorestronglyevidencedthanbythestrikinghypothesisrespectingthephysicalconformationoftheAfricancontinent，promulgatedinhisPresidentialAddresstotheRoyalGeographicSocietyin1852，andverifiedthreeyearsafterwardbytheAuthoroftheseTravels。

WhenhonoredwithaspecialmeetingofwelcomebytheRoyalGeographicalSocietyafewdaysaftermyarrivalinLondoninDecemberlast，SirRoderickMurchison，thePresident，invitedmetogivetheworldanarrativeofmytravels；andatasimilarmeetingoftheDirectorsoftheLondonMissionarySocietyIpubliclystatedmyintentionofsendingabooktothepress，insteadofmakingmanyofthosepublicappearanceswhichwereurgeduponmeThepreparationofthisnarrative*hastakenmuchlongertimethan，frommyinexperienceinauthorship，Ihadanticipated。

*Severalattemptshavingbeenmadetoimposeuponthepublic，asmine，spuriousnarrativesofmytravels，Ibegtotendermythankstotheeditorsofthe`Times’andofthe`Athenaeum’foraidingtoexposethem，andtothebooksellersofLondonforrefusingtoSUBSCRIBE

foranycopies。

Greatersmoothnessofdictionandasavingoftimemighthavebeensecuredbytheemploymentofapersonaccustomedtocompilation；

butmyjournalshavingbeenkeptformyownprivatepurposes，nooneelsecouldhavemadeuseofthem，orhaveenteredwithintelligenceintothecircumstancesinwhichIwasplacedinAfrica，farfromanyEuropeancompanionThosewhohavenevercarriedabookthroughthepresscanformnoideaoftheamountoftoilitinvolves。

Theprocesshasincreasedmyrespectforauthorsandauthoressesathousand-fold。

Icannotrefrainfromreferring，withsentimentsofadmirationandgratitude，tomyfriendThomasMaclear，Esq。，theaccomplishedAstronomerRoyalattheCapeIshallneverceasetorememberhisinstructionsandhelpwithrealgratitudeTheintercourseIhadtheprivilegetoenjoyattheObservatoryenabledmetoformanideaofthealmostinfinitevarietyofacquirementsnecessarytoformatrueandgreatastronomer，andIwasledtotheconvictionthatitwillbelongbeforetheworldbecomesoverstockedwithaccomplishedmembersofthatprofession。

Letthembealwayshonoredaccordingtotheirdeserts；

andlongmayMaclear，Herschel，Airy，andotherslivetomakeknownthewondersandgloryofcreation，andtoaidinrenderingthepathwayoftheworldsafetomariners，andthedarkplacesoftheearthopentoChristians！

IbegtooffermyheartythankstomyfriendSirRoderickMurchison，andalsotoDrNortonShaw，thesecretaryoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety，foraidingmyresearchesbyeverymeansintheirpower。

HisfaithfulmajestyDonPedroV。，havingkindlysentoutorderstosupportmylatecompanionsuntilmyreturn，relievedmymindofanxietyontheiraccountButforthisactofliberality，IshouldcertainlyhavebeencompelledtoleaveEnglandinMaylast；andithasaffordedmethepleasureoftravelingover，inimagination，everysceneagain，andrecallingthefeelingswhichactuatedmeatthetime。

IhavemuchpleasureinacknowledgingmydeepobligationstothehospitalityandkindnessofthePortugueseonmanyoccasions。

Ihavenotenteredintotheearlylabors，trials，andsuccessesofthemissionarieswhoprecededmeintheBechuanacountry，becausethathasbeendonebythemuchablerpenofmyfather-in-law，RevRobertMoffat，ofKuruman，whohasbeenanenergeticanddevotedactorinthesceneforupwardoffortyyearsAslightsketchonlyisgivenofmyownattempts，andthechiefpartofthebookistakenupwithadetailoftheeffortsmadetoopenupanewfieldnorthoftheBechuanacountrytothesympathiesofChristendom。

TheprospectstheredisclosedarefairerthanIanticipated，andthecapabilitiesofthenewregionleadmetohopethatbytheproductionoftherawmaterialsofourmanufactures，AfricanandEnglishinterestswillbecomemorecloselylinkedthanheretofore，thatbothcountrieswillbeeventuallybenefited，andthatthecauseoffreedomthroughouttheworldwillinsomemeasurebepromoted。

DrHooker，ofKew，hashadthekindnesstonameandclassifyforme，asfaraspossible，someofthenewbotanicalspecimenswhichIbroughtover；

DrAndrewSmith(himselfanAfricantraveler)hasaidedmeinthezoology；

andCaptainNeedhaslaidopenformyusehisportfolioofAfricansketches，forallwhichactsofliberalitymythanksaredeservedlydue，aswellastomybrother，whohasrenderedmewillingaidasanamanuensis。

AlthoughIcannotprofesstobeadraughtsman，Ibroughthomewithmeafewroughdiagram-sketches，fromoneofwhichtheviewoftheFallsoftheZambesihasbeenpreparedbyamoreexperiencedartist。

October，1857。

MissionaryTravelsandResearchesinSouthAfrica。

Introduction。

PersonalSketchHighlandAncestorsFamilyTraditions

GrandfatherremovestotheLowlandsParentsEarlyLaborsandEffortsEveningSchoolLoveofReadingReligiousImpressions

MedicalEducationYouthfulTravelsGeologyMentalDiscipline

StudyinGlasgowLondonMissionarySocietyNativeVillage

MedicalDiplomaTheologicalStudiesDepartureforAfrica

NoClaimtoLiteraryAccomplishments。

Myowninclinationwouldleadmetosayaslittleaspossibleaboutmyself；

butseveralfriends，inwhosejudgmentIhaveconfidence，havesuggestedthat，asthereaderlikestoknowsomethingabouttheauthor，ashortaccountofhisoriginandearlylifewouldlendadditionalinteresttothisbookSuchismyexcuseforthefollowingegotism；

and，ifanapologybenecessaryforgivingagenealogy，Ifinditinthefactthatitisnotverylong，andcontainsonlyoneincidentofwhichIhavereasontobeproud。

Ourgreat-grandfatherfellatthebattleofCulloden，fightingfortheoldlineofkings；andourgrandfatherwasasmallfarmerinUlva，wheremyfatherwasbornItisoneofthatclusteroftheHebridesthusalludedtobyWalterScott：

“AndUlvadark，andColonsay，AndallthegroupofisletsgayThatguardfamedStaffaround。”*

*LordoftheIsles，canto4。

Ourgrandfatherwasintimatelyacquaintedwithallthetraditionarylegendswhichthatgreatwriterhassincemadeuseofinthe“TalesofaGrandfather“

andotherworksAsaboyIrememberlisteningtohimwithdelight，forhismemorywasstoredwithanever-endingstockofstories，manyofwhichwerewonderfullylikethoseIhavesinceheardwhilesittingbytheAfricaneveningfiresOurgrandmother，too，usedtosingGaelicsongs，someofwhich，asshebelieved，hadbeencomposedbycaptiveislanderslanguishinghopelesslyamongtheTurks。

Grandfathercouldgiveparticularsofthelivesofhisancestorsforsixgenerationsofthefamilybeforehim；andtheonlypointofthetraditionIfeelproudofisthis：Oneofthesepoorhardyislanderswasrenownedinthedistrictforgreatwisdomandprudence；

anditisrelatedthat，whenhewasonhisdeath-bed，hecalledallhischildrenaroundhimandsaid，“Now，inmylifetime，IhavesearchedmostcarefullythroughallthetraditionsIcouldfindofourfamily，andInevercoulddiscoverthattherewasadishonestmanamongourforefathersIf，therefore，anyofyouoranyofyourchildrenshouldtaketodishonestways，itwillnotbebecauseitrunsinourblood：itdoesnotbelongtoyou。

Ileavethispreceptwithyou：Behonest。”If，therefore，inthefollowingpagesIfallintoanyerrors，Ihopetheywillbedealtwithashonestmistakes，andnotasindicatingthatIhaveforgottenourancientmottoThiseventtookplaceatatimewhentheHighlanders，accordingtoMacaulay，weremuchliketheCapeCaffres，andanyone，itwassaid，couldescapepunishmentforcattle-stealingbypresentingashareoftheplundertohischieftain。

OurancestorswereRomanCatholics；theyweremadeProtestantsbythelairdcomingroundwithamanhavingayellowstaff，whichwouldseemtohaveattractedmoreattentionthanhisteaching，forthenewreligionwentlongafterward，perhapsitdoessostill，bythenameof“thereligionoftheyellowstick“。

FindinghisfarminUlvainsufficienttosupportanumerousfamily，mygrandfatherremovedtoBlantyreWorks，alargecottonmanufactoryonthebeautifulClyde，aboveGlasgow；andhissons，havinghadthebesteducationtheHebridesafforded，weregladlyreceivedasclerksbytheproprietors，MonteithandCo。

Hehimself，highlyesteemedforhisunflinchinghonesty，wasemployedintheconveyanceoflargesumsofmoneyfromGlasgowtotheworks，andinoldagewas，accordingtothecustomofthatcompany，pensionedoff，soastospendhisdecliningyearsineaseandcomfort。

Ourunclesallenteredhismajesty’sserviceduringthelastFrenchwar，eitherassoldiersorsailors；butmyfatherremainedathome，and，thoughtooconscientiousevertobecomerichasasmalltea-dealer，byhiskindlinessofmannerandwinningwayshemadetheheart-stringsofhischildrentwinearoundhimasfirmlyasifhehadpossessed，andcouldhavebestoweduponthem，everyworldlyadvantage。

HerearedhischildreninconnectionwiththeKirkofScotland

areligiousestablishmentwhichhasbeenanincalculableblessingtothatcountrybutheafterwardleftit，andduringthelasttwentyyearsofhislifeheldtheofficeofdeaconofanindependentchurchinHamilton，anddeservedmylastinggratitudeandhomageforpresentingme，frommyinfancy，withacontinuouslyconsistentpiousexample，suchasthatidealofwhichissobeautifullyandtruthfullyportrayedinBurns’s“Cottar’sSaturdayNight“HediedinFebruary，1856，inpeacefulhopeofthatmercywhichweallexpectthroughthedeathofourLordandSaviorIwasatthetimeonmywaybelowZumbo，expectingnogreaterpleasureinthiscountrythansittingbyourcottagefireandtellinghimmytravelsIreverehismemory。

TheearliestrecollectionofmymotherrecallsapicturesooftenseenamongtheScottishpoorthatoftheanxioushousewifestrivingtomakebothendsmeetAttheageoftenIwasputintothefactoryasa“piecer“，toaidbymyearningsinlesseningheranxietyWithapartofmyfirstweek’swagesIpurchasedRuddiman’s“RudimentsofLatin“，andpursuedthestudyofthatlanguageformanyyearsafterward，withunabatedardor，ataneveningschool，whichmetbetweenthehoursofeightandtenThedictionarypartofmylaborswasfolloweduptilltwelveo’clock，orlater，ifmymotherdidnotinterferebyjumpingupandsnatchingthebooksoutofmyhandsIhadtobebackinthefactorybysixinthemorning，andcontinuemywork，withintervalsforbreakfastanddinner，tilleighto’clockatnight。

Ireadinthiswaymanyoftheclassicalauthors，andknewVirgilandHoracebetteratsixteenthanIdonowOurschoolmasterhappilystillalive

wassupportedinpartbythecompany；hewasattentiveandkind，andsomoderateinhischargesthatallwhowishedforeducationmighthaveobtaineditManyavailedthemselvesoftheprivilege；

andsomeofmyschoolfellowsnowrankinpositionsfarabovewhattheyappearedeverlikelytocometowheninthevillageschool。

IfsuchasystemwereestablishedinEngland，itwouldproveanever-endingblessingtothepoor。

Inreading，everythingthatIcouldlaymyhandsonwasdevouredexceptnovelsScientificworksandbooksoftravelsweremyespecialdelight；thoughmyfather，believing，withmanyofhistimewhooughttohaveknownbetter，thattheformerwereinimicaltoreligion，wouldhavepreferredtohaveseenmeporingoverthe“CloudofWitnesses“，orBoston’s“FourfoldState“。

Ourdifferenceofopinionreachedthepointofopenrebelliononmypart，andhislastapplicationoftherodwasonmyrefusaltoperuseWilberforce’s“PracticalChristianity“Thisdisliketodrydoctrinalreading，andtoreligiousreadingofeverysort，continuedforyearsafterward；

buthavinglightedonthoseadmirableworksofDrThomasDick，“ThePhilosophyofReligion“and“ThePhilosophyofaFutureState“，itwasgratifyingtofindmyownideas，thatreligionandsciencearenothostile，butfriendlytoeachother，fullyprovedandenforced。

GreatpainshadbeentakenbymyparentstoinstillthedoctrinesofChristianityintomymind，andIhadnodifficultyinunderstandingthetheoryofourfreesalvationbytheatonementofourSavior，butitwasonlyaboutthistimethatIreallybegantofeelthenecessityandvalueofapersonalapplicationoftheprovisionsofthatatonementtomyowncase。

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